battery integration & technology compare 7-7-15
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Battery Integration &Energy Storage Options
Jake McKeeVice President Engineering, Solar PVE.ON Climate & Renewables
Energy Storage USAJuly 8th, 2015
Opportunities and monetizing
PG&E, PJM, TEP
Experiences in Puerto Rico
Developing, Engineering & Optimizing – Solar & Battery Projects
Design Considerations
Battery Technologies
Contracting
Overview
OPPORTUNITIES AND MONETIZING
BATTERIES
4
(Source: IHS)
How PG&E plans to use Energy Storage (ES) procured through their RFO? -From their 2014 Energy Storage RFO Update 2-11-15
PG&E seeks ES that can be scheduled into the California Independent System Operator (“CAISO”) market, or
ES capable of enhancing system reliability, such as deferring distribution system upgrades
6
PJM, ERCOT - Frequency Response Projects
(Source: IHS)
Tucson Electric Power (TEP) Energy Storage RFP
Frequency Response Real Power – ESS automatically delivers 10MW
real power within 2 seconds and lasting 60 seconds then linearly ramping
down to 0 in 15 seconds
Reserve Power – Deliver 10MW real power for up to 15 minutes upon
manual command
Fault Response – Automatically dispatch reactive power when the utility
POI voltage falls below 0.8 p.u.
Voltage Control – ESS provides proportional reactive power when POI
voltage deviates outside defined deadband
PUERTO RICO EXAMPLE
PREPA and MTRs!!
Ramp Rate + Frequency Control
What if these happens at the same time?
MTRs led to a cost benefit sizing of battery
Complex language to measure violations
Ramp Rate Control
The PV facility shall be able to control the rate
of change of power output
Rate of decrease of power!
A 10 % per minute rate (based on AC capacity)
11
Frequency Response
The PV facility shall provide an
immediate real power primary
frequency response of at least 10%
of the maximum AC active power
capacity
The time response (full 10%
frequency response) shall be less
than 1 second
The facility frequency response shall
be maintained for at least 9 minutes
Options Considered for PR/Island Grid Requirements
Fly Wheels, lacking longevity
Diesel Generators, lacking response time
Super Capacitors, lacking longevity
Forecasting, not mature of a field to finance
Batteries
Various combinations of the above
PURE BATTERY SOLUTION WON
MOST PROMINENT ES TECHNOLOGY…FOR DEVELOPERS ?
-
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
(MW
)
NAS BatteryCAESPumped HydroAdvanced Lithium IonAdvanced Lead AcidFlywheelAdvanced Flow BatteryHydrogenSMH
Energy Storage Technology Forecast, World Markets: 2013-2023
(Source: Navigant Research)
Advanced Lithium Ion will Continue to Increase in Demand and Lead Other Technologies
(Source: IHS)
Battery Installations Have Shifted Towards Li-ion
DEVELOPING, ENGINEERING & OPTIMIZING –SOLAR AND ES PROJECTS
Design Considerations
Battery Technologies
Contracting
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
18
What to Consider
What is the primary need for the storage?
Any peripheral uses?
Choosing a storage technology
Choosing a battery provider
Choosing an integrator
Choosing an installer
19
Goals for the Storage
Renewable Energy Smoothing (ramp rate)
Renewable Energy Shifting and Firming
Ancillary Services
Arbitrage
Peaking Capacity
Transmission and distribution investment deferment
Distributed Generation Support / Distributed Storage
BATTERY TECHNOLOGIES
Selecting the Battery Technology for your Project
Flow
NaS
Li-Ion
Advanced Lead Acid
Selecting the Battery Technology for your Project
Flow technologies
Higher Cycle Lifetimes
Low Maintenance
Quick Response Time
Applications requiring longer duration
Break point to go to flow is ~2 hours
Selecting the Battery Technology for your Project
NaS
High Energy Density
High Efficiency
High Cycle Life
High Energy to Capacity Ratios
Selecting the Battery Technology for your Project
Li-Ion
High Energy Density
Microsecond Response Time
Better Round Trip Efficiency than NaS and Flow
25
Technology to Fit the Application
Current grid-connected battery product offeringsManufacturer Chemistry Standard “duration” at
rated capacityTarget grid applications Major customers
Altairnano Lithium titanate 15 minutes Frequency regulation, renewables shaping
Hawaiian Electric Company
Toshiba Lithium titanate 15 minutes Distributed storage -Mitsubishi Lithium ion 15 minutes Frequency regulation AES (in Chile)Saft Li-ion / Nickel-
Cadmium15 minutes to 1 hour Multiple Cowesses First Nations
EnerDel Lithium titanate 15 minutes to 2 hours Multiple Wanxiang, Portland General Electric
Ecoult Advanced lead acid 15 minutes to 3 hours Multiple Public Service of New Mexico
A123 Systems (Wanxiang Group)
Lithium iron phosphate
15 minutes to 4 hours Frequency regulation, renewables shaping
AES Energy Storage
BYD Lithium iron phosphate
1–2 hours Multiple Chevron
Samsung Lithium manganese 1–2 hours Multiple Xtreme Power
Panasonic Lithium ion 1–2 hours Distributed storage, renewables shaping
Solar City
ZBB Zinc-flow 2 hours Distributed storage, T&D US MilitaryPrimus Power Zinc-flow 2–3 hours T&D, capacity credit,
renewables shapingModesto Irrigation District
GE Sodium nickel chloride
2–6 hours Renewables shaping, T&D, distributed storage
-
Enervault Redox-flow 4–6 hours Capacity credit RaytheonNGK Sodium sulfur 6–7 hours T&D, renewables shaping,
capacity creditAEP, PG&E
Prudent Energy Vanadium redox flow 6–8 hours T&D, capacity credit, distributed storage
Gills Onions
Note: Includes primary product offerings for grid-scale applications.
Source: IHS © 2014 IHS
Hig
he
r p
ow
er
Hig
he
r d
ura
tio
n
(Source: IHS)
Comparison of three Li-Ion Chemistries
Nickel Manganese Cobalt (NMC)
Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP)
Lithium Titanate Oxide (LTO)
Charge-Rate Should Fit the Application
A C-rate is a measure of the rate at which a battery is
discharged relative to its maximum capacity
A 1C rate means that the discharge current will
discharge the entire battery in 1 hour
A C-Rate should be closely sized to the capacity and
time requirements/goals of the Energy Storage System
Nickel manganese cobalt (NMC)
Many factories (use in consumer electronics and vehicles) Tailored to high specific power and/or energy; but not both!
(Source: BatteryUniversity.com)
Lithium iron phosphate (LFP)
Many factories due to use in consumer electronics and vehicles Higher current rating Higher lifetime
(Source: BatteryUniversity.com)
Lithium titanate oxide (LTO)
Capable of charging/discharging at higher C-Rates (4-C or greater) Higher prices due to less applications
(Source: BatteryUniversity.com)
31
Cost
Cost per MWhr
Battery
Cost per MW
Battery
BOP
CONTRACTING
Contracting the BESS
Wrap as much as possible
Battery supplier, integrator, installer, O&M
A wrap?
With a large balance sheet
If tied to a longer solar PPA Battery replacement plan
Not to exceed replacement price
Lifetime NPV evaluation
34
Contracting – Nameplate Capacity (MWs, MWhrs)
What is the nameplate of the battery system?
The batteries have more capability than the nameplate since they should not
be charged or discharged completely
The batteries can be run at different charge/discharge rates affecting the
cycle life!
35
Limiting factors with
the batteries can be
calendar life or cycle
life
“Charge Acceptance”
can be the weak point
for batteries
Charge Acceptance
Contracting -- Guarantees
Language to guarantee performance
Rigorous Approach
Typical weather year for ramp
Standard deviation doesn’t exceed
Existing grid frequency data for frequency
Cycles and DOD - standard deviation again
Number of cycles
Define a Depth of Discharge (DOD) for the cycle
Guarantees come at a price
37
Pricing – MWhr/Cells are the most variable
Li-ion NaNiCl Flow NaS Metal air0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
2010 2020 2030
Ba
tte
ry m
od
ule
pri
ce
(U
S$
/kW
h)
IHS battery module price forecast (real 2013$)
© 2014 IHS
Note: These costs are representative module prices for each technology. Data is based on public reports and IHS interviews with manufacturers and project developers. Source: IHS, US Department of Energy, Sandia National Laboratory, Electric Power Research InstituteSource: IHS
The price for the cells is the most variable Battery chemistry chosen Project specifics Battery supplier
(Source: IHS)
Accounting for Your Battery.. w/ and w/ out Solar
“round-trip efficiency” of the battery
system
batteries dissipate when storing
over periods of time; too minor or
not?
From Solar or Grid!
Sign a utility contract
These are losses from the
solar production
Statistical efficiency
through operating
projects
Guaranteed
efficiency
Battery (round-trip)
Inverter (round-trip)
Transformer (round-trip)
*if vendor provide the
transformer
Parasitic Load (round-trip)
Direct Grid Interconnected Project.. Utilities Procurement Still Figuring Out How to Contract
How to monitor the energy stored and the energy
used by the system
Two lines and meters running to the ES For charging For parasitics (e.g. lights, controls, cooling)
Retail rates vs. Wholesale rates
Contact:
Jake McKeeVice President Engineering, PVE.ON Climate & Renewablesjake.mckee@eon.com
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