b2 summary sheet
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an
incr
ease
pro
duce
s G
LOB
AL
WA
RM
ING
-
it is
rem
oved
by
PH
OTO
SY
NTH
ES
IS
© J. L. HOPTON 2008
All
you
need
to k
now
abo
ut ..
. O
CR
21s
t Cen
tury
Sci
ence
Mod
ule
B2
MIC
RO
OR
GA
NIS
MS
V
IRU
S
BA
CTE
RIU
M
F
UN
GU
SSi
ze20
-300
nm
1-5
mm
50+
mm
eg
‘flu
, pol
ioto
nsill
itis
athl
ete’
s fo
ot
com
mon
col
d
tub
ercu
losi
sth
rush
RE
SIS
TIN
G IN
FEC
TIO
NT
he b
ody
has
barr
iers
to p
reve
nt m
icro
orga
nism
s en
teri
ng•
sk
in•
muc
ous
•
acid
•te
ars
•
whi
te b
lood
cel
ls
A w
hite
blo
od c
ell i
nges
ting
a m
icro
be
VA
CC
INA
TIO
NS
•pr
ovid
e pr
otec
tion
from
mic
roor
gani
sms
•es
tabl
ish
antib
odie
s be
fore
any
infe
ctio
n •
has
a sa
fe fo
rm o
f the
dis
ease
-car
ryin
g or
gani
sm•
are
neve
r com
plet
ely
safe
•ca
n ha
ve s
ide
effe
cts
•yo
u ha
ve to
way
up
the
risks
of p
ossi
ble
side
-effe
cts
•va
ccin
atin
g a
smal
l num
ber o
f peo
ple
is u
sele
ss•
high
per
cent
age
of th
e po
pula
tion
mus
t be
vacc
inat
ed•
a ‘fl
u vi
rus
chan
ges
quic
kly
•ne
w ‘f
lu v
acci
nes
have
to b
e de
velo
ped
regu
larly
•fin
ding
a v
acci
ne a
gain
st th
e H
IV v
irus
is d
iffic
ult
- th
e vi
rus
dam
ages
the
imm
une
syst
em-
ther
e is
a h
igh
mut
atio
n ra
te
HE
AR
T D
ISE
AS
E•
hear
t mus
cle
cells
nee
d th
eir o
wn
bloo
d su
pply
•ar
teri
es c
arry
blo
od a
way
from
hea
rt -
grea
ter p
ress
ure
- thi
ck•
vein
s bri
ng b
lood
to th
e he
art -
less
pre
ssur
e - t
hinn
er•
whe
n si
tting
dow
n yo
ur h
eart
bea
ts a
bout
70
times
a m
inut
e
Hea
rt a
ttac
ks•
caus
ed b
y fa
tty d
epos
its in
blo
od v
esse
ls•
caus
ed b
y lif
esty
le a
nd/o
r gen
etic
fact
ors
•no
t cau
sed
by m
icro
orga
nism
s•
lifes
tyle
fact
ors
poor
die
tst
ress
smok
ing
exce
ss a
lcoh
ol in
take
•he
art d
isea
se is
ver
y co
mm
on in
the
UK
•he
art d
isea
se is
less
com
mon
in n
on-i
ndus
tria
lised
cou
ntri
es•
regu
lar e
xerc
ise
redu
ces
the
risk
of h
eart
atta
cks
Thin
gs w
e ca
n’t c
hang
e:
Age
– o
lder
peo
ple
are
mor
e lik
ely
to d
evel
op h
eart
dis
ease
.G
ende
r –
men
are
mor
e lik
ely
to d
evel
op h
eart
dis
ease
than
wom
en
Gen
es –
you
are
at g
reat
er ri
sk if
you
r par
ents
hav
e he
art d
isea
se
Thin
gs w
e ca
n ch
ange
: Sm
okin
g –
mor
e th
an d
oubl
es th
e ri
sk o
f hea
rt d
isea
se.
Hig
h bl
ood
pres
sure
– in
crea
ses
the
risk
of h
eart
dis
ease
. H
igh
bloo
d ch
oles
tero
l – a
hig
h-fa
t die
t, pa
rtic
ular
ly a
nim
al fa
tsfr
om m
eat a
nd d
airy
pro
duct
s, ra
ises
the
bloo
d ch
oles
tero
l lev
el,
whi
ch in
crea
ses
the
risk
of h
eart
atta
cks.
Be
ing
over
wei
ght –
can
mak
e yo
ur b
lood
pre
ssur
e go
up
and
rais
eyo
ur c
hole
ster
ol le
vels
. Bot
h in
crea
se y
our r
isk
of a
hea
rt a
ttack
.
Die
t –
heal
thy,
bal
ance
d, lo
w-f
at d
iets
redu
ce ri
sk o
f a h
eart
atta
ck.
Exer
cise
– s
tren
gthe
ns th
e he
art a
nd h
elps
to k
eep
wei
ght d
own.
Ital
so d
ecre
ases
blo
od p
ress
ure,
and
impr
oves
the
chol
este
rol b
alan
ce.
Stre
ss –
can
cau
se p
eopl
e to
eat
mor
e, e
xerc
ise
less
, and
sm
oke
mor
e. S
o st
ress
incr
ease
s th
e ri
sk o
f a h
eart
atta
ck.
TES
TIN
G D
RU
GS
Any
new
dru
g is
che
cked
in m
any
way
s be
fore
it is
test
ed o
n pe
ople
.
STA
GE
1 –
Hum
an c
ells
STA
GE
2 –
Ani
mal
test
s•
The
cel
ls a
re g
row
n in
a la
bora
tory
.•
If e
arly
test
s ha
ve s
how
n th
at th
e dr
ug c
ould
wor
k .
• S
cien
tists
use
diff
eren
t typ
es o
f cel
ls w
ith th
e di
seas
e.•
If it
pas
ses
test
s on
hum
an c
ells
it is
test
ed o
n an
imal
s.
• T
hey
try d
iffer
ent c
once
ntra
tions
of t
he d
rug
on th
e ce
lls.
• S
cien
tists
app
ly fo
r a li
cenc
e to
test
a d
rug
on a
nim
als.
•
Oth
er s
cien
tists
che
ck th
e re
sults
of t
heir
wor
k.S
TAG
E 3
– H
uman
tria
ls•
Tes
ts o
n pe
ople
are
cal
led
hum
an tr
ials
or c
linic
al tr
ials
. It t
akes
man
y ye
ars
befo
re s
cien
tists
get
to th
is s
tage
.•
If th
e dr
ug p
asse
s an
imal
test
s, th
e sc
ient
ists
writ
e a
plan
for h
uman
tria
ls.
• S
cien
tists
mus
t app
ly fo
r a li
cenc
e to
do
the
test
s.•
Firs
tly, t
he d
rug
is te
sted
on
heal
thy
peop
le -
his
give
s da
ta a
bout
how
saf
e it
is to
take
.AN
TIB
IOTI
CS
•ki
ll ba
cter
ia•
kill
fung
i•
don’
t kill
viru
ses
•ba
cter
ia a
nd fu
ngi c
an b
ecom
e re
sist
ant t
o an
tibio
tics
•on
ly u
se a
ntib
iotic
s w
hen
nece
ssar
y•
alw
ays
finis
h th
e co
urse
to b
uild
up
resi
stan
ce
BA
CTE
RIA
•re
prod
uce
by c
ells
spl
ittin
g in
to tw
o ne
w c
ells
•th
ey p
refe
r - w
arm
th, m
oist
ure
and
nutr
ient
s•
num
bers
can
dou
ble
ever
y 20
min
utes
GE
NE
TIC
MA
TER
IAL
CE
LLW
ALL B
AC
TER
IUM
GE
NE
S
PR
OTE
INC
OA
T
VIR
US
FUN
GI
arte
ry
vein
LUN
GS
RE
ST
OF
THE
BO
DY
HE
AR
T
DIG
ES
TIV
E S
YS
TEM
vein
arte
ry
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