an

incr

ease

pro

duce

s G

LOB

AL

WA

RM

ING

-

it is

rem

oved

by

PH

OTO

SY

NTH

ES

IS

© J. L. HOPTON 2008

All

you

need

to k

now

abo

ut ..

. O

CR

21s

t Cen

tury

Sci

ence

Mod

ule

B2

MIC

RO

OR

GA

NIS

MS

V

IRU

S

BA

CTE

RIU

M

F

UN

GU

SSi

ze20

-300

nm

1-5

mm

50+

mm

eg

‘flu

, pol

ioto

nsill

itis

athl

ete’

s fo

ot

com

mon

col

d

tub

ercu

losi

sth

rush

RE

SIS

TIN

G IN

FEC

TIO

NT

he b

ody

has

barr

iers

to p

reve

nt m

icro

orga

nism

s en

teri

ng•

sk

in•

muc

ous

•

acid

•te

ars

•

whi

te b

lood

cel

ls

A w

hite

blo

od c

ell i

nges

ting

a m

icro

be

VA

CC

INA

TIO

NS

•pr

ovid

e pr

otec

tion

from

mic

roor

gani

sms

•es

tabl

ish

antib

odie

s be

fore

any

infe

ctio

n •

has

a sa

fe fo

rm o

f the

dis

ease

-car

ryin

g or

gani

sm•

are

neve

r com

plet

ely

safe

•ca

n ha

ve s

ide

effe

cts

•yo

u ha

ve to

way

up

the

risks

of p

ossi

ble

side

-effe

cts

•va

ccin

atin

g a

smal

l num

ber o

f peo

ple

is u

sele

ss•

high

per

cent

age

of th

e po

pula

tion

mus

t be

vacc

inat

ed•

a ‘fl

u vi

rus

chan

ges

quic

kly

•ne

w ‘f

lu v

acci

nes

have

to b

e de

velo

ped

regu

larly

•fin

ding

a v

acci

ne a

gain

st th

e H

IV v

irus

is d

iffic

ult

- th

e vi

rus

dam

ages

the

imm

une

syst

em-

ther

e is

a h

igh

mut

atio

n ra

te

HE

AR

T D

ISE

AS

E•

hear

t mus

cle

cells

nee

d th

eir o

wn

bloo

d su

pply

•ar

teri

es c

arry

blo

od a

way

from

hea

rt -

grea

ter p

ress

ure

- thi

ck•

vein

s bri

ng b

lood

to th

e he

art -

less

pre

ssur

e - t

hinn

er•

whe

n si

tting

dow

n yo

ur h

eart

bea

ts a

bout

70

times

a m

inut

e

Hea

rt a

ttac

ks•

caus

ed b

y fa

tty d

epos

its in

blo

od v

esse

ls•

caus

ed b

y lif

esty

le a

nd/o

r gen

etic

fact

ors

•no

t cau

sed

by m

icro

orga

nism

s•

lifes

tyle

fact

ors

poor

die

tst

ress

smok

ing

exce

ss a

lcoh

ol in

take

•he

art d

isea

se is

ver

y co

mm

on in

the

UK

•he

art d

isea

se is

less

com

mon

in n

on-i

ndus

tria

lised

cou

ntri

es•

regu

lar e

xerc

ise

redu

ces

the

risk

of h

eart

atta

cks

Thin

gs w

e ca

n’t c

hang

e:

Age

– o

lder

peo

ple

are

mor

e lik

ely

to d

evel

op h

eart

dis

ease

.G

ende

r –

men

are

mor

e lik

ely

to d

evel

op h

eart

dis

ease

than

wom

en

Gen

es –

you

are

at g

reat

er ri

sk if

you

r par

ents

hav

e he

art d

isea

se

Thin

gs w

e ca

n ch

ange

: Sm

okin

g –

mor

e th

an d

oubl

es th

e ri

sk o

f hea

rt d

isea

se.

Hig

h bl

ood

pres

sure

– in

crea

ses

the

risk

of h

eart

dis

ease

. H

igh

bloo

d ch

oles

tero

l – a

hig

h-fa

t die

t, pa

rtic

ular

ly a

nim

al fa

tsfr

om m

eat a

nd d

airy

pro

duct

s, ra

ises

the

bloo

d ch

oles

tero

l lev

el,

whi

ch in

crea

ses

the

risk

of h

eart

atta

cks.

Be

ing

over

wei

ght –

can

mak

e yo

ur b

lood

pre

ssur

e go

up

and

rais

eyo

ur c

hole

ster

ol le

vels

. Bot

h in

crea

se y

our r

isk

of a

hea

rt a

ttack

.

Die

t –

heal

thy,

bal

ance

d, lo

w-f

at d

iets

redu

ce ri

sk o

f a h

eart

atta

ck.

Exer

cise

– s

tren

gthe

ns th

e he

art a

nd h

elps

to k

eep

wei

ght d

own.

Ital

so d

ecre

ases

blo

od p

ress

ure,

and

impr

oves

the

chol

este

rol b

alan

ce.

Stre

ss –

can

cau

se p

eopl

e to

eat

mor

e, e

xerc

ise

less

, and

sm

oke

mor

e. S

o st

ress

incr

ease

s th

e ri

sk o

f a h

eart

atta

ck.

TES

TIN

G D

RU

GS

Any

new

dru

g is

che

cked

in m

any

way

s be

fore

it is

test

ed o

n pe

ople

.

STA

GE

1 –

Hum

an c

ells

STA

GE

2 –

Ani

mal

test

s•

The

cel

ls a

re g

row

n in

a la

bora

tory

.•

If e

arly

test

s ha

ve s

how

n th

at th

e dr

ug c

ould

wor

k .

• S

cien

tists

use

diff

eren

t typ

es o

f cel

ls w

ith th

e di

seas

e.•

If it

pas

ses

test

s on

hum

an c

ells

it is

test

ed o

n an

imal

s.

• T

hey

try d

iffer

ent c

once

ntra

tions

of t

he d

rug

on th

e ce

lls.

• S

cien

tists

app

ly fo

r a li

cenc

e to

test

a d

rug

on a

nim

als.

•

Oth

er s

cien

tists

che

ck th

e re

sults

of t

heir

wor

k.S

TAG

E 3

– H

uman

tria

ls•

Tes

ts o

n pe

ople

are

cal

led

hum

an tr

ials

or c

linic

al tr

ials

. It t

akes

man

y ye

ars

befo

re s

cien

tists

get

to th

is s

tage

.•

If th

e dr

ug p

asse

s an

imal

test

s, th

e sc

ient

ists

writ

e a

plan

for h

uman

tria

ls.

• S

cien

tists

mus

t app

ly fo

r a li

cenc

e to

do

the

test

s.•

Firs

tly, t

he d

rug

is te

sted

on

heal

thy

peop

le -

his

give

s da

ta a

bout

how

saf

e it

is to

take

.AN

TIB

IOTI

CS

•ki

ll ba

cter

ia•

kill

fung

i•

don’

t kill

viru

ses

•ba

cter

ia a

nd fu

ngi c

an b

ecom

e re

sist

ant t

o an

tibio

tics

•on

ly u

se a

ntib

iotic

s w

hen

nece

ssar

y•

alw

ays

finis

h th

e co

urse

to b

uild

up

resi

stan

ce

BA

CTE

RIA

•re

prod

uce

by c

ells

spl

ittin

g in

to tw

o ne

w c

ells

•th

ey p

refe

r - w

arm

th, m

oist

ure

and

nutr

ient

s•

num

bers

can

dou

ble

ever

y 20

min

utes

GE

NE

TIC

MA

TER

IAL

CE

LLW

ALL B

AC

TER

IUM

GE

NE

S

PR

OTE

INC

OA

T

VIR

US

FUN

GI

arte

ry

vein

LUN

GS

RE

ST

OF

THE

BO

DY

HE

AR

T

DIG

ES

TIV

E S

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TEM

vein

arte

ry