atlantic world 2013 americas, africa

1450 - 1750

Janet Pareja, Signature School AP World History, Evansville, Indiana, outdoes herself in this now Legendary power point. Re-released in 2015 for your enjoyment.

Spain & Portugal: Kick-off!

Prince Henry the Navigator – 1488

Bartolomeu Diaz – 1488

Vasco da Gama- 1497 Rounded tip of Africa India

Columbus – 1492…

Amerigo Vespucci – 1500

S. America =huge!

Ponce de Leon – 1513

Florida, Spain

Vasco de Balboa – 1513

C. Am., Spain, Pacific!

Ferdinand Magellan – 1519 Around tip of S. Am. – Port.

Died: Phillippines; Crew Circumnavigated

England, Netherlands, France join the game!

Verrazano – 1524 – N. Am for France

Sir Francis Drake – 1578 – 1st English to circumnavigate; Explored Pacific & sought NW passage

John Cabot – 1597 – N. Am coast – Eng.

Henry Hudson – 1609 – Dutch –sought north passage, Hudson River & claimed New York for Dutch

Volta do

Mar

Demonstrates the role / power of the Church

Significance?

New Technologies Available:

Advanced Cartography

Astrolabe

Compass

Sternpost Rudder

Lateen Sails

Three-MastedGalleon & Caravel: Large sails, provision & cargo

space… Faster, lighter than Spanish

Galleon…

Desired luxury goods / wealth Merchants – personal wealth! Crown –tax & prestige & war!

Fierce competition! Prestige, wealth. Wealthy & Strong Monarchs

“Renaissance Effect” - Innovation & Imagination

Humanism:belief that Man CAN do anythingwith God’s help…For God, King and Profit!

Missionary fervor

Desire for more land for growing population?

Nouveau riche?

One of the few crops both hemispheres had in common: COTTON.

Grape vines, peas, beef & dairy cattle,

pigs, fowl, sheep, horses…

Squash, peppers, chilis, yams…

Plants, Animals:

Food…Cash Crops –Wheat, grapes, corn, potatoes… tobacco, sugar…

Food, pack animals, dairy, leather - Horse, cows, sheep, pigs… domestic animals.

PLAGUE of PEOPLE: Colonists Armies & Administrators Slaves

Few: New strains of Syphilis Chagas Disease (S. America) Possibly Tuberculosis

Most of humanity’s worst inflictions:

Smallpox Malaria Yellow Fever Measles Cholera Typhoid Bubonic Plague…

“The Great Dying:”

YOU tell ME… No, SHOW me!

Signature School Community

Service 1 Week

1st encounter

Columbus

Trading Posts

Forced Labor

Smallpox & Death

Meso America

Hernan Cortes – 1519

450 Men

Mexico - Aztec

Tenochtitlan

Quetzacoatl Guests

Aztec tributaries’ role

Montezuma

Gold

Disease!

Francisco Pizarro – 1531 Fewer than 200 Men Overland to Andes Inca civil war Guests Atahualpa Hostage System Gold Conversion & Murder Disease!

South America

Rembrandt:

Man in a Gold Helmet,

1650

Spanish Advantage: Helmets, armor Guns & swords HORSES! Aztec religious beliefs Aztec trust Aztec enemies SMALL POX!

St. Augustine, Fla.

Panama City, Fla.

Concepcion, Chile

Buenos Aires, Argentina

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Salvador, Brazil

Exaggeration?

Native Americans were not immune to Old World diseases, notably Small Pox.

Many were worked to death in the mines

and fields.

Others were put to death when they revolted.

Yet others committed suicide, throwing

themselves off cliffs or consuming poisonous leaves, to escape their cruel masters.

Some scholars suggest that by 1531 their

population shrunk between 80% and 90%.

“There were 60,000 people living on this island

[when I arrived in 1508], including the Indians;

so that from 1494 to 1508, over three million

people had perished from war, slavery and the

mines. Who in future generations will believe

this?”

The Spaniards "made bets as to who would slit

a man in two, or cut off his head at one blow; or

they opened up his bowels. They tore the

babes from their mothers breast by their feet,

and dashed their heads against the rocks...they

spitted the bodies of other babes, together with

their mothers and all who were before them, on

their swords....and by thirteens, in honor and

reverence for our Redeemer and the twelve

Apostles they put wood underneath and, with

fire, they burned the Indians alive…"

Convert the indigenous people

Often gathered them on church land, converted, to save from slavery

Interrupted their culture

Infectious European diseases spread

Mexico City & Lima, Peru

Viceroys – “in the name of”-representatives of Spanish King Tremendous power Not royals usually

Audencias – review courts & legislators

Capitancias- military districts countries later

Strictly Hierarchical System

1. Peninsulares select group of Spanish-born

officials governed the colonies

Don Rafael Montero

Born in colonies to Spanish parents

Looked down upon because not born in Spain. Could not hold highest posts.

Educated, wealthy, inherited land…

After many generations demanded recognition

Elena

Alejandro Murrieta

African ---- Spaniard -----Spaniard -----Amerindian -----African

Mulatto Creole Mestizo Zambo

1. De Español y d'India, Mestisa2. De español y Mestiza, Castiza3. De Español y Castiza, Español4. De Español y Negra, Mulata5. De Español y Mulata, Morisca6. De Español y Morisca, Albina7. De Español y Albina, Torna atrás8. De Español y Torna atrás, Tente en el aire9. De Negro y d'India, China cambuja.10. De Chino cambujo y d'India; Loba11. De Lobo y d'India, Albarazado12. De Albarazado y Mestiza, Barcino13 De Indio y Barcina; Zambuigua14. De Castizo y Mestiza; Chamizo15. De Mestizo y d'India; Coyote16. Indios gentiles (Heathen Indians)

Peninsulares given: Land & everything

on/under it… mineral rights, agriculture, rivers, etc.

Native workers for Agriculture, Mining, Manufacture… slaves!

Peninsulares required to “Protect” & Convert native workers

Church protested to Viceroys, King, Pope…

Spanish Forced Labor System

Still required to work mines &

haciendas, BUT: Limited work hours, days Minimal Wages

BUT, State projects were still requiredBased on:

MITA Labor/Tribute System

Inca roads SILVER MINES

Abusive, though paid – never returned!

Potosi: Mountain of Silver!

“Rich as Potosi!”

1/5 of silver production directly Spanish Crown

Tax on all mineral products

Funded: Spanish wars in Europe

Hapsburgian Rulers Spanish Armada Trade with China, Europe

Silver Trade

Manila Galleons

Sugar Cane Plantations!

Engenhos Machine

1542 began to “mill”

“engenheiro”

Slaves: indigenous Imported from Africa…

Agricultural goods: - Sugar- Cachaca- Tobacco- Cotton- Wood - Rubber- Gold- Coffee

The Sugar Cycle: 1530-1700

Colonial society created to resemble the IDEAL Europe - ideal, that is, for the Entrepreneur!

Strongly hierarchical government & society, under power of home monarchy: Spain or Portugal

“For God, King and Profit!” - Missionary, Patriotic & Entrepreneurial Motives

Key products: Sugar and Silver (Brazil and New Spain)

Indigenous labor Indenture Slave Labor

EXPLOITATION NATURAL RESOURCES

PEOPLE!!

Did not bring Wives,

Families, Possessions

From Spain…

How did that affect Spanish

Colonial Society?

1450 – 1750

English, Dutch, French…

Under Direct Control of Private Investors, NOT home government! Port Royal, Quebec Jamestown & Massachusetts Bay New Amsterdam

New Spain: North America:- No families/women; - Immigration – women,

- children, families

- Intermingling; - No intermingling;

- More slaves - More Indentured Servants

- Indentured later - Slaves later

“English concept of, and DEMAND for, PRIVATE OWNERSHIP of LAND was a strange & threatening concept for indigenous population.”

WHY?

English Enclosure

Laws1750-1800’s & beforeNo free range farming

Colonists hungry for land…

Church on the side of Entrepreneurs!

Do whatever it takes to earn the most money!

The “Beauty” of a Joint Stock Company: Pools investments – proportional risk & profit

Shares / stock in companies

Church revised ban on lending and

charging interest Banking respectable

Caravel - Huge & FAST

“Free” Goods – exploited…

Large Wealthy Merchant Class

MONOPOLIES granted

on Trade Routes:

British East India Company

VOC – Dutch - Spice Islands (Indonesia)

Royal Muscovy Company –

British to Russia

Original Red Coat

1. Import inexpensive raw materials;

Export expensive finished /manufactured products

2. COLONIZE! Produce raw materials for Mother Buy finished products from Mother

3. Competition between countries: Tariffs on outsider imports No tariffs on imports from/to own

colonies/Mother (part of same family, right?)

Are in competition with all other European countries

You have colonies, and you MUST HAVE COLONIES! You IMPORT RAW MATERIALS ($) and EXPORT

MANUFACTURED GOODS ($$$)

TAX GOODS imported from other countries outside the mother-country-colony system.

Have a powerful, wealthy ruler and a very wealthy new MERCHANT CLASS…

who are also starting to feel

somewhat powerful!

MERCANTILISM

WHO GETS RICH in this system ????

American Revolution Sample…

1763 - 1776Philadelphia

12-16-17731770

1765

1764

17631772

1776

Abigail Adams

1787

1789 signed, 1791 ratified

Looking back, John Adams concluded in 1818:

"The Revolution was effected before the war commenced. The Revolution was in the minds and hearts of the people....This radical change in the principles, opinions, sentiments, and affections of the people was the real American Revolution."

USE MLA format!!!

1450 – 1750

Cheap Plantation labor Needed for Mercantilism to work!

(Ghana, Mali) Songhai fell to Moroccan guns small regional kingdoms Portuguese built forts &

churches along coast Began to trade & convert…

and buy slaves.

Swahili City States –> Portuguese cannons &

navy – 1505 Disrupted trade w/ Arabs Portuguese picked up

trade… Swahili City States never

fully recovered.

Centralized state along Congo River 1483- Portuguese began commercial

relations

Emissaries to Portugal from Kongo. Portuguese sent priests, artisans,

European goods, including a printing press.

King converted to Christianity; sent son to school in Portugal, returned as Catholic bishop to Kongo.

Court spoke Portuguese, European etiquette, etc. King changed name to Afonso I .

Sought mutually beneficial trade relationship with Portugal…including a carefully controlled slave trade…

"Each day the traders are kidnapping our

people - children of this country, sons of our

nobles and vassals, even people of our own

family. This corruption and depravity are so

widespread that our land is entirely depopulated. We need in this kingdom only priests and schoolteachers, and no merchandise, unless it is wine and flour for Mass. It is our wish that this Kingdom not be a place for the trade or transport of slaves.”

“Many of our subjects eagerly lust after Portuguese merchandise that your subjects have brought into our domains. To satisfy this inordinate appetite, they seize many of our … free subjects.... They sell them. After having taken these prisoners [to the coast] secretly or at night..... (and) As soon as the captives are in the hands of white men they are branded with a red-hot iron….”

By the mid-1600’s European colonists living in

the area went to war with the next King of Kongo…

and beheaded him.

The Portuguese moved on to Angola…

What is the Significance of learning about the Kingdom of Kongo?

Colony for Portuguese slave trade

King Nzinga Allied w/ Dutch to drive out the

Portuguese; then expelled the Dutch!

Wanted to create a vast central African empire

After her death, Angola became the first fully European colony in Africa.

Significance?

Regional Kingdoms

1652 - Dutch trade trading post at Cape Town

1700 – Colonists

Became the most prosperous European colony in Sub-Saharan Africa

Significance??

1745 - 1797

Ex-Slave

Abolitionist

Painting in Royal Albert Museum

Overcrowding Ventilation Sanitation Food Sea Sickness Disease Bedwarmers Death Insanity Suicide- starvation,

jump Revolt

Diversion of trade away from Muslim world: Trans-Atlantic largely replaced trans-

Saharan trade. Europe side-steps Arab “middle man”

for cotton, sugar cane, coffee, gold, etc. Silver mining – trade with China via Europe

& Manila Galleons

European wealth & capital increased. Merchants & Monarchs profited. More economic change, ie:

Industrial Revolution

Some African merchants, rulers, states benefited.

Weakened trade inside Africa: Internal trade not a priority. Trade with Islamic Caliphate

changed/suffered.

Demographics changed : for generations, impacting cultures and economies.

With “guns for slaves” trade, political instability in African slave trading states and nearby states… which continues today.

Nigeria

Darfur

Somalia

?

1771 - James Somerset Escaped slavery in the US and came to England. His

master pursued him, and the British government refused to return him to his previous owner. Somerset was set free. But slaves continued to be sold in Britain and British slaves ships continued taking slaves to the Caribbean.

1780's - Quakers under Granville Sharp publicly campaigned against slavery.

WILLIAM WILBERFORCE became a leading abolitionist, tirelessly lobbying public opinion and parliament.

Abolitionists also resettled freed slaves in Africa.

?

Industrial Revolution in Britain

Efficiency in marketplace of products and jobs Free trade , not Mercantilism Free labor, not slaves who had no purchasing

power and had to be maintained when their health was poor

American Revolution - Britain lost her colonies in N. America – 1776.

French RevolutionUniversal liberty,

brotherhood, and equality

Britain … mechanizing…

1807 the British government declared buying, transporting, selling of slaves illegal. WHY?

1834 – Illegal to OWN slaves &do business with Britain: Freed all children under six in the West Indies. All other ex-slaves were called apprentices and

had to work for nothing for six years. Planters were compensated totaling £20 million.

1838 - Apprenticeships outlawed in Britain as “cruel & repressive” British abolitionists toured the world, speaking out. Great resentment from Americans.

1865 - Slavery abolished in the United States after the Civil War. But the freed slave in the south continued to suffer.

1888 - Brazil was the last country in Americas to abolish slavery.