arusha presentation · 2017. 6. 14. · ed s u nfl o w er s oya ltr/oil/ha. 22 what more caused the...

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Introduction

1. About the author

2. Jatropha curcas in a global perspective

1. What caused the Jatropha hype

2. Now that the hype is over (?), what is left?

3. What will (could) be the Jatropha future world wide

4. What will (could) be the Jatropha future in East Africa

5. Conclusions and recommendations

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Oldest horticultural college in NL. 1885

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First married couple contracted by the Dutch Government for foreign aid (SNV)

Ivory Coast 1969-1971

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Tanzanian experienceHorti Tengeru 1982-1985

First Lada Niva imported in Tanzania

Pepper trees planted in 1982, audited in 2009

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First Jatropha experienceornamental Jatropha podagrica

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First Jatropha curcas experienceD1 Agronomy director in Asia 2005-2008

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1. About the author

1. Jatropha curcas in a global perspective

1. What caused the Jatropha hype

2. Now that the hype is over (?), what is left?

2. What will (could) be the Jatropha future world wide

3. What will (could) be the Jatropha future in East Africa

4. Conclusions and recommendations

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International Jatropha experience 2005-2008

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Potential Jatropha growing area

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Criteria of potential Jatropha growing area

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0-34-56-78-12Dry months

600-1500600-2000<300>2000<200Rain mm

<600600-900900-1200>1200Altitude (mtr. above sl)

Well drainedMedium drainedClaySoil

15S/N15-30 S/N30-45 S/N<45 SLatitude

>9<4>9>2<4<2Minimum temperature °C

>25>20<25>10<20<10Average temperature °C

OptimalSub-optimalMarginalUnsuitable

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Potential Jatropha growing area

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Potential Jatropha growing area

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Minimal conditions for a Jatropha growing area

The bad news with Jatropha is that no one has ever domesticated it.

The good news with Jatropha is that no one has ever domesticated it

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Basic information about Jatropha

Jatropha is a wild tropical plant, originatingfrom Central America

-requires minimum temperatures above 9 °C-survives maximum temperatures above 40 °C

-prefers temp. conditions above 25 °C like most tropical plants

-is sensitive for altitude related low temperatures and cannot stand frost

-needs water and nutrients to grow like most plants

-will be attacked by all kind of diseases-Needs a minimum of 600-1500 mm to grow

- survives high rainfall (> 3500)- accepts any type of soil

-but does not like wet feet-has a highly variable yield!!

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What caused the Jatropha hype?

Jatropha is a wild tropical plant, originatingfrom Central America

•Jatropha curcas is a drought resistant shrub (bush, tree),grows on marginal soils and has

seeds with an oil content of 20-40 %.

•Oil!•The yield varies between 0.250 and 2.500 tonnes of oil per ha

•2.500 tonnes of oil per ha!

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What pushed the Jatropha hype?

Rising fossil fuel prices, concerns over the increased CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions, climate change, and concerns over the depletion of global oil reserves have all contributed to interest in bio-energy developments. (The BEFS analyses for Tanzania, FAO 2010)

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What caused the Jatropha hype?

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Food follows Fuel

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There is not a food shortage, there is an income distribution problem.

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Speculation!

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What helped the Jatropha hype?

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0500

100015002000250030003500400045005000

Oil palm

Coconut

Jatropha

Babbasu palm

Rapeseed

Sunflower

Soya

ltr/oil/ha

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What more caused the Jatropha hype?

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Actual? info from www.jatrophabook.com

? Where is :

BrazilIndia

ZambiaMozambique

KenyaNamibiaMalaysia

ChinaThailand

CambodiaLaos

Vietnam

What caused the Jatropha hype?

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Verification of existing Jatropha area

• Visits to• China, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand,

Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, India, South Africa, Mali, Senegal, Tanzania, Brazil.

• Contacts with• Mike Lu, president of the Brazilian

association of Jatropha producers.• Virgilio Vilancio, program leader of

the Jatropha program at the University of Los Baños in the Philippines.

• Vincent Volkaert, Business director of Quinvita (formerly D1plantscience)

• Dr. Siva, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI)

• Dr. Penjit Srinophakun of the Katesart University in Bangkok, Thailand.

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1924.0900.01024.0Honduras

2050.01550.0500.0Guatemala

2200.01700.0500.0Laos

2500.01250.01250.0Ghana

3300.03000.0300.0Malawi

3500.03000.0500.0Ethiopia

3870.03870.0Mozambique

3954.02350.01604.0Philippines ??

4500.04500.0Mali

5000.05000.0Mexico

5980.04380.01600.0Zambia

5500.0500.05000.0Thailand

5976.02610.03366.0Tanzania

6000.01000.05000.0Argentina

10000.02000.08000.0China ??

9800.09150.0650.0Uganda

15000.010000.05000.0Myanmar

20040.87233.312807.Indonesia

50080.026000.024080.Brazil

60202.01550.058652.Madagascar ??

106350.101000.5350.0India

TotalOutfarmPlantCountry 1420.0900.0520.0Malaysia

1010.01000.010.0Egypt

1000.01000.0Bourkina Faso

1000.0500.0500.0Peru

333848.187073.146775.Total

0.0Namibia ??

0.00.00.0Haiti ??

2.02.0Niger

5.05.0Congo DR

10.010.0Ivory coast

15.015.0Morocco

20.020.0Cameroon

40.040.0Sri Lanka

75.075.0Senegal

100.0100.0El Salvador

200.0200.0Vietnam

200.0200.0Nicaragua

200.0200.0Belize

210.0210.0Kenya

215.0215.0Pakistan ??

400.0400.0Burundi

Actual worldwide Jatropha plantings January 2011- 350K ha

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Actual worldwide Jatropha plantings January 2011- 350K ha

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Actual worldwide Jatropha plantings January 2011- 350K ha

0.0

10000.0

20000.0

30000.0

40000.0

50000.0

60000.0

70000.0

80000.0

90000.0

100000.0

IndiaM

adagascar

BrazilIndones iaM

yamar

UgandaChinaArgentinaTanzaniaThailandZam

biaM

exicoM

al iPhilippin

es

Mozambique

EthiopiaM

alawiGhanaLaosGuat emala

Hondura sM

alaysiaEgyptBourkina ...

Peru

Plantation Outfarming

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Worldwide % plantation versus outfarming 350K ha

Plantation44% Outfarming

56%

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Available potential of rain-fed arable land in Africa

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% land allocated to investors (FAO)

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Potential of rain-fed arable land in Tanzania

(The BEFS analyses for Tanzania, FAO 2010)00:00:20

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1. About the author

1. Jatropha curcas in a global perspective

1. What caused the Jatropha hype

2. Now that the hype is over (?), what is left?

2. What will (could) be the Jatropha future world wide

3. What will (could) be the Jatropha future in East Africa

1. Conclusions and recommendations

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Global perspective for Jatropha curcas products

Jatropha products

• PPO

• Seedcake

• CO2

Jatropha markets

Export

X

X*

X

*detoxified

Local

X

X

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Global perspective for Jatropha curcas products

Jatropha products

• PPOAdapted diesel engines

Energy production (heat andelectricity)

Biodiesel

Soap

Jatropha markets

Export

X

-

X

Local

X

X

X

X

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Global perspective for Jatropha curcas products

Jatropha products

• SeedcakeFertilizer

Bio Gaz-fertilizer

Briquettes

Jatropha markets

ExportLocal

X

X

X

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Global perspective for Jatropha curcas products

Jatropha products

CO2

1 carbon credit =

1 MT CO2= €5

(Actually between 0.5 and 10)

1 ha Jatropha (1600,

2x2) absorbs about 10 MT Carbon

= 10 x 5 =

€ 50 per ha/year

• http://www.jatropha.pro/PDF%20bestanden/southpole.pdf

Jatropha markets

Export

XLocal

00:00:48

Global perspective for Jatropha curcas products

Actual worldwide jatropha oil production on 350.000 ha x 3 mt seed per ha =

1.050.000 mt seed.With 28% oil extraction there will be roughly

300.000 mt of Jatropha oil3 tankers of 100.000 mt/year!

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Global perspective for Jatropha curcas products

X 10

Actual? info from www.jatrophabook.com

≈1.000.000 mt

2015??

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Global perspective for Jatropha curcas products

X 10

Jatropha oil1.000.000

mt/year

Shipped crude oil2.000.000.000

mt/year

X 20.000

Seawise Giant500.000 + mt

2015??

0.05 %

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Global perspective for Jatropha curcas products

Aviation consumes 2% of all fossil fuels burnt. In 2005 this wasabout 200.000.000 Mt

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Global perspective for Jatropha curcas products

Aviation only consumes 2% of all fossil fuels burnt. In 2005 this was about 200.000.000 Mt

•Since air transport is a relatively "compact" indus try, it would be

logical for the air transport industry to be one of the first sectors within

the transport industry to take the lead by using al ternative fuels.

•However, the challenge is that aviation's demand may not be

•sufficient to justify the important investments requ ired. ATAG report 2006

In April 2011, Lufthansa is to begin a six-month tr ial with an Airbus A321 on scheduled commercial flights on the Hamburg-Frankfu rt-Hamburg route.

Lufthansa is currently making intensive preparation s for the practical tests. Aside from the actual research project, the acquisi tion of biofuel in sufficient volume and the complex logistics it involves is pro ving a challenge in the run-up to the trial

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1. About the author

1. Jatropha curcas in a global perspective

1. What caused the Jatropha hype

2. Now that the hype is over (?), what is left?

2. What will (could) be the Jatropha future world wide

3. What will (could) be the Jatropha future in Tanzania?

1. Conclusions and recommendations

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Feasibility study fair trade Jatropha

• Max Havelaar fair trade

• Eneco Energy

• ICCO

• Kagera Co-operative UnionKCU

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Max Havelaar Foundation Feasibility study on 3 locations

Bukoba

(Ruhanga)

Kilimanjaro

(Mbosho)

Mbinga

(Muhekela)

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Introduction of Jatropha in a mixed farming system in Tanzania

40% Jatropha curcas and 60% food crop

maizesweet potatoground nutbeanssesame seedwheatpigeon peassunflower

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Area and number of farmers.Number of farmers Total area (ha)

(potential is 25% of total number of co-operative m embers)

Bukoba 15000 5500

Kilimanjaro 17000 6000

Mbinga 2000 800

34000 12300

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Tanzania perspective for Jatropha curcas products

climate moshi

0

50

100

150

200

250

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

20

20.5

21

21.5

22

22.5

23

total mm

average temp.

Maximum yield prodictions based on climate (kg seed/Ha)

Moshi-2500 kg/ha (2.5mt)

Bukoba 4000 kg/ha (4.0mt)

Mbinga 3500 kg/ha (3.5 mt)

Average`3333 kg/ha

Bukoba Climate

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

mm rain

20.5

21

21.5

22

22.5

23

23.5

centigrades

total mm

av temp

Mbinga climate

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

20.00

21.00

22.00

23.00

24.00

25.00

26.00

total mm

av.temp

Estimated area in 2015 50.000 ha? = 165.000 mt seed =46.200 mt oil

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Expected Jatropha yield in Tanzania based on Jatrophabook scenario in 2015 (50.000 ha)

≈50.000 Mt of oil

X 2500 X 0.5

20 mt/truck

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How to increase Jatropha oil production

• Select better area,s

• Increase area

• Select better plants

• Improve agricultural practices

• Improve seed collection system

• Improve oil expelling.

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How to increase Jatropha oil productionIncrease area!!

• Select better area,s

• Increase area

• Select better plants

• Improve agricultural practices

• Improve seed collection system

• Improve oil expelling.

Conditions

• Environment

• Society

• Climate

• Realistic

• Economical viable

• Interesting for farmers!

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How to increase Jatropha oil productionSelection!

• Select better area,s

• Increase area

• Select better plants

• Improve agricultural practices

• Improve seed collection system

• Improve oil expelling.

High yielding and disease resistant

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Average yearly yield of 20 individual plants docum ented over 4 years.Source: G. Francis, K. Becker, Jatropha biodiesel f rom eroded land –

potential for multiple benefits in Madagascar, Anta nanarivo, Dec. 2004

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Plant numbers

average/year

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How to increase Jatropha oil productionSelection!

• Select better area,s

• Increase area

• Select better plants

• Improve agricultural practices

• Improve seed collection system

• Improve oil expelling.

High yielding and disease resistant

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Total cumulative oil yield per ha over 5 seasons

3007 3009 3001 05-0011 05-0002 AVER 05-0041 05-0038

Yie

ld (

kg/h

a)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000Total season 1Total season 2Total season 3Total season 4Subtotal season 5

3364

3146

3139

2870

2846

2168

1203

836

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How to increase Jatropha oil production

• Select better area,s

• Increase area

• Select better plants

• Improve agricultural practices

• Improve seed collection system

• Improve oil expelling.

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Agricultural production in Tanzania

• is one of the lowest in the world due to:– poor agronomic practices– poor planting material,

– lack of fertilization – exhausted and eroded soils

– irregular rain pattern

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How to increase Jatropha oil production

• Select better area's

• Increase area

• Select better plants

• Improve agricultural practices

• Improve seed collection system

• Improve oil expelling.

• Local collection area’s

• No middle man?

• Fair price

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How to increase Jatropha oil production

• Select better area's

• Increase area

• Select better plants

• Improve agricultural practices

• Improve seed collection system

• Improve oil expelling.

Localize expelling. (seedcake back to farmer)

• Improve expellers regarding efficiency

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Increase the local Jatropha market in order to increase the chance of Jatropha oil export (pulling in stead of pushing)

• Substitute diesel by PPO

• Increase local use of PPO trough electricity production (MFP)

• Increase local soap production

• Improve seedcake fertilizer

• Improve seedcake briquettes

Limitations

• Regulations and technique, workshops

• Logistics

• Research and marketing

• A logistical nightmare, production of fertilizer pellets.

• Money, technology

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Increase the local Jatropha market in order to increase the chance of Jatropha oil export

• Substitute diesel by PPO

• Increase local use of PPO trough electricity production (MFP)

• Increase local soap production

• It is cheaper to convert a diesel engine to PPO than to use PPO for the production of bio-diesel

• One Multifunctional platform can improve the standard of living of 100+ households

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Soap, low market value because medical claims not proven.

Soap, low market value because no professional packaging

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Jatropha Soap

•With proper marketing based on research regarding the pharmaceutical characteristics Jatropha soap production could become an important (local) industry.

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1. About the author

1. Jatropha curcas in a global perspective

1. What caused the Jatropha hype

2. Now that the hype is over (?), what is left?

2. What will (could) be the Jatropha future world wide

3. What will (could) be the Jatropha future in Tanzania?

4. Conclusions and recommendations

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Wrap up-Conclusions and recommendations

• Regular export of Jatropha oil out of Tanzania is far away.

• All the energy spend on Jatropha should be directed to local projects. Oil production should be based and used locally.

• Planting seed orchards for Jatropha selection should be started yesterday and large scale in climatologically different area’s.

• Planting of Jatropha has to increase drastically in order to create volume.!!!!

• Selling CO2 credits could become an important source of capital to develop larger Jatropha schedules.

• Farmers should be trained to plant both Jatropha and food crops trough the introduction of a mixed farming system.

6400:05:25