arusha | jun-14 | on the impacts from renewable energy systems, sverker molander
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Environmental impacts
On the impacts from renewable energy systems
Sverker Molander Environmental Systems Analysis, Chalmers University of Technology
Gothenburg, Sweden
Smart Villages First Workshop on Energy for Off-‐grid Villages in Africa Arusha, Tanzania 2014-‐06-‐03
Renewable Energy in the Context of Sustainable Development
• Social… • Economic… • Cultural… • Technical… • InsStuSonal… • Environmental… • Win – win – win – WIN…
Costs…
• Environmental
• Social
Avoid problem-‐shiVing
Assessments
• Technology • LocalizaSon • ImplementaSon
• Scoping • AlternaSves • Baseline • Impacts • Monitoring
Environmental impacts are caused by THE COMBINATION of a
technology AND
local condiSons
Environmental impacts -‐ cause-‐effect chains…
human acSviSes – emissions/agents – objects of protecSon
Stressors
Environmental indicators along pathways or for
effects on environmental endpoints (PSI-indicators)
Impact categories
(incl. specific endpoints)
• Climate change • Ozone depleSon • Human toxicity, cancer • Human toxicity, non-‐
cancer • Respiratory inorganics • Ionising radiaSon,
humans • Ionising radiaSon,
ecosystems • Photochemical ozone
formaSon • Ecotoxicity • AcidificaSon • EutrophicaSon,
terrestrial, aquaSc • Land use/biodiversity • Resource depleSon,
water, mineral, fossil and renewable
Emissions • Carbon dioxide • Methane • Metals – Cu, Pb, Hg,
Ag… • PesScides • Dust • VOCs • CFCs • Sulfur dioxide Resource extracSon / use • Land use / land use
change / habitat destrucSon
• Water • Minerals, fossil and
renewables
Stressors
Environmental indicators along pathways or for
effects on environmental endpoints (PSI-indicators)
Impact categories
(incl. specific endpoints)
Life-cycle stage of (renewable) energy
source
Production of raw materials
& manufacturing of power generating infrastructure
resource extraction,
emissions from mining, emissions from power
production for manufacturing
emitted amount of specific
substance like copper emitted from mining [ton/year]
atmospheric energy
balance, nutrient status of sea water
Installation
habitat destruction or disturbance
area occupied by installations [ha]
specific species, or
biodiversity in general
Operation and maintenance
emissions from operations
resources consumption during operations
emitted amount of specific
substance, like greenhouse gas emissions [ton/year],
collisions caused by moving turbines [no. of individuals of
specific specie]
atmospheric energy
balance, nutrient status of sea water, specific species,
or biodiversity in general
Decommissioning & waste handling
toxic emissions from waste
handling, disturbances
emitted amount of specific toxic substance, like leakage of lead
from landfills [ton/year]
specific species, or
biodiversity in general
Stressors
Environmental indicators along pathways or for
effects on environmental endpoints (PSI-indicators)
Impact categories
(incl. specific endpoints)
Life-cycle stage of (renewable) energy
source
e.g.
e.g.
e.g.
Production of raw materials
& manufacturing of power generating infrastructure
resource extraction,
emissions from mining, emissions from power
production for manufacturing
emitted amount of specific
substance like copper emitted from mining [ton/year]
atmospheric energy
balance, nutrient status of sea water
Installation
habitat destruction or disturbance
area occupied by installations [ha]
specific species, or
biodiversity in general
Operation and maintenance
emissions from operations
resources consumption during operations
emitted amount of specific
substance, like greenhouse gas emissions [ton/year],
collisions caused by moving turbines [no. of individuals of
specific specie]
atmospheric energy
balance, nutrient status of sea water, specific species,
or biodiversity in general
Decommissioning & waste handling
toxic emissions from waste
handling, disturbances
emitted amount of specific toxic substance, like leakage of lead
from landfills [ton/year]
specific species, or
biodiversity in general
Technology ma_ers…
Mean annual net production
[GWh]
Annual mean net electricity production per appropriated area
[GWh/ha]
Biotope categories
Area before installations
[ha]
Area after installations
[ha]
Change of biotope category
[ha]
Change of biotope per annually generated
electricity [ha/GWh]
Wind farm - on-shore 240 4.3 Critical Biotope 5.4 0 -5.4 -1.2Stor-Rotliden Rare Biotope 21 0 -20.7 -4.8(Northern Norrland) General Biotope 39 10 -29.5 -6.8
Technotope 5.7 61 55.5 12.8
Wind farm - off-shore 320 1400 Critical Biotope 1.8 1.8 -0.03 -1.9 E-05Lillgrund Rare Biotope 2.3 2.27 -0.05 -3.9 E-05(Öresund) General Biotope 2.9 2.76 -0.15 -1.1 E-04
Technotope 0.18 0.41 0.23 1.6 E-04
Hydro power 13800 2.0 Critical biotope 5870 0 -5870 -2920Lule River Rare biotope 863 35 -829 -413(Northern Norrland) General biotope 3650 3500 -157 -78
Technotope 110 6960 6850 3410
Sites ma_ers…
Hertwich, E. dx.doi.org/10.1021/es401820p | Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 47, 9604−9611
Scale ma_ers…
Hertwich, E. dx.doi.org/10.1021/es401820p | Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 47, 9604−9611
Land-‐use pracSces
Soil erosion “InsStuSonal” intervenSons
Threat to technical system
Scale ma_ers, for intertwined social, technical and ecological aspects…
• poor farmers' livelihoods and their agricultural pracSce,
• hydropower installaSons • the environment
Trading-‐off…
• All sustainability aspects • Possible to handle non-‐moneSzed values (social, ecological…)
• COMBINE insights from sustainability assessments AND environmental assessments
• WIN-‐WIN-‐WIN-‐WIN is possible! Learning by doing
Acknowledgements Socio-‐Technical-‐Ecological EvaluaSons of PotenSal Renewable Energy Systems
(STEEP-‐RES) The research team
• Prof Sverker Jagers • Prof Erik Ahlgren • Prof Cuthbert Kimambo • Prof Lence Rutashobwa • Prof Andrea NighSngale • Patrik Söderholm • PhLic Helene Ahlborg • PhD Linus Hammar • PhD Jimmy Ehnberg • PhD Frida Boräng • PhD George Mwaluko • PhD Lennart Bångens • PhD Hans Nylund • MEng Elias Hartvigsson • MEng Joseph Ngowi • MEng Said Ibrahim • … a number of masters students and local collaborators
The funders • The Futura FoundaSon • SIDA • The Swedish Research Council • Adlerbertska Research FoundaSon • Chalmers University of Technology, AoA
Energy
Thank you for your a_enSon!
sverker.molander@chalmers.se
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