art history important notes
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Art History Important NotesChapter one: pre-Historic Art
Most important artworks:
- Venus of Willendorfo 28,00025,000 BCEo Femaleo Huge Breasts, bellyo The cap on her head, 70 bumpso Carved from limestoneo One of the Venus figurineso Anthropomorphism: Fertilityo Importance of women in that timeo The idea of a cycle and re-birtho A deity, the god of fertilityo May have been used as a piece of jewelry
- Human with Feliene Heado 30,00028,000 BCEo Some of the earliest surviving artworks from the Paleolithic period in Europe are small
statuettes of humans.
o An ivory Sculpture, the oldest known zoomorphic (animal-shaped) sculpture in theworld.
o Anthropomorphism: an animal having the characteristics of humans.o Could be a deity
Vocabulary
- Deity: God- Speculate: to guess- Anthropomorphism: the attribution of human characteristics or behavior to a god.
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Chapter 2: SANBAN
- Neolithic Revolution : When humans gave up the roles of hunter and gatherer for the morepredictable life of farmer and gatherer.
- First occurred in Mesopotamia, a Greek word that means the "land between the [Tigris andEuphrates] rivers.- The Sumerians occupied the lower valley between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in what is
now southern Iraq.
- They established urban communities and developed the earliest known writing system.- Beginning around 3200 BCE, the Sumerians constructed ziggurats and -- produced small-scale sculptures and objects carved from alabaster, gypsum, lapis lazuli,
limestone, marble, and wood.
- Details and decorative elements were often inlaid using shell, lapis lazuli, red limestone, blacklimestone, and gold.
- Ancient Sumer was not a unified nation but was made up of a dozen or so independent city-states.Each was thought to be under the protection of a different Mesopotamian deity.
- The Sumerian city plan reflected the central role of the local god in the daily life of the of hecity-states occupants. The temple was not only the focus of local religious practice but also an
administrative and economic center.
SANBAN kingdoms
- Sumer- Akkad- Neo- Sumer- Babylon- Assyria- Neo-Babylon-
Vocabulary
- sacerdotal intermediary- Aptropaic: a guardian to push away evil spirits.- Speculate: to think, meditate or reflect on a subject; to deliberate or cogitate.- Votive: somebody beseeching- Hierarchical proportions- Liminality: the sensation the designer wants you to feel once you enter a building
o Latin base: lmen, meaning "a threshold"- Register of Friezes: the technique used by early Sumerians to depict a story (dividing lines.)- Civilization: Latin base: Citizen of a city- Ancient near east
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Philosophy
- Sacero Latin for sacred not only holyo Unreal, unfamiliar
- Profanuso Latin for profane not only BADo Means familiar, what is known, what is safe
- They wanted to know what to do with known things and unknown thingso 3000 Gods, Needso Sacerdotal intermediately
Priest A link to the gods
oSumer
Kings aren't as important as priests, they want to be more important, they namethemselves GODS.
Sumerians
- 4000 BCE- Why the first civilization?
o There are other people doing the same things simultaneously- Invented
o writingo Wheelo Plow: farmingo Writing
- First to plan a city- Location
o Modern day Iraqo Mesopotamia, Fertile crescent
2 rivers: Tigers, and EuphratesAkkadian
- Semitic based: they were a near east people who spoke a language related to Hebrew andArabic.
- Their language was entirely different from the language of sumer, but they used the sameCuneiform Sumerians did.
- Founder was Sargon of Akkad, who founded the city of Akkad, the capital.
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Assyria
- Many of the kings share begging of the nameo Assur-something > Assur is a god!
- AssurNasirpal- Makes a new palace, a new capital
o Walls of the palace nailed up skins and flesh of enemieso Skulls in a columno A hill of bloodo Fearsome, powerful, blood thirsty
- His imageo Horned cap: sacerdotal intermediaryo Profile picture! But some changes
Bearded Winged
o Fighting lion- Picture with the tree of life
o Devine- The palace
o A modern-day drawing of the palace Colorful Half lion half man Action shots: horses, winged creatures >> nervous
o From outside Skin of enemies nailed up them A tower of skulls A hill full of blood
o Inside Colorfull Full of pannels
Assyrian walls, Bas-Relief: carving the wall- Sargon II- Reaching back to Sumer, Sargon II- Lamasu:
o Hugeo New-York, London, Pariso Apotropaic
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Chapter 3: Egypt
Introduction
Time
Lasted 3000 years United, Circa: 3000 BCE
Scale
Pyramidso 13.5 acerso 2.5 millions blockso Block= 5000 lbso Tallest structures on earth for 4000 years
Then comes in Eiffel 1889.
Mystery All are fascinated by Egypt: Americans, French, Romans. Writing unknown
o 15000 years, to know the writingo Napoleon found the Rosetta stone
1799
Vocabulary
Ferocity Portal Circa: approximately Iconography
o Graphy: Depictiono Icon: Symbol
Funerary: afterlife Composite view Semiotics: how people understand codes Androgynies: not male nor female Ankh: life Djet: Stability Appropriate Ephemeral Commemorate Encaustic
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Important artworks
Palette of narmer 3000 BCE Made of slate
Story Narmer unifying EgyptCelebrating the unionTotal Fearo Narmer is beating someoneo Servant holding shoeso 10 decapitate bodies: dont miss with narmer
Symbols and Ideas In Egypt Fashion doesnt change/continuity/same art
Composite view
Hores, the bird, flies into the sun without fearo When narmer dies he becomes Horeso Pharos are god like
Symbols of both halves of Egypto Two hats
The bullo One of the gods/strength of Egypt
Hanging in publico Propaganda
Continuity and transformation Narm-sinGudea
Step Pyramid of King Djoser 2650 BCE Sandstone
Story A showy tomb400 Years after Narmer
Symbols and Ideas First artist known in historyo Imhotep
Ka Vs. Ba /sacer Vs. ProfanusTombs were always on the left
side.
Continuity and transformation Sacer and profanusZiggurat influence
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Great Pyramid of Gizeh Sandstone 2500 BCE
Story Khufu, khafre, menkareu
Symbols and Ideas Orientation of the compass Tips in
gold/Transformation Geometry
o Square totriangle/Tetragon
o Control geometry Not really a tomb, the
pasage into immortality Boarder between life and
after life
Inside, everything youneed for afterlife
Passages anddoorways>travelling
Continuity and transformation Ziggurato Orientation
Great Sphinx Sandstone 2500 BCEo Apotropaico Nimeso Pythagoras: numbers of spiritual value
Statue of Khafre Diorite 2500 BCE
Story o They put the food infornt of him in the afterlifeo This was not public art, meant for the gods and servants in the
tombSymbols and Ideas Hores the falcon
Lions head/powerNimesTwo flowerso Popirous and lotuso Lower and upper egypt
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diorite Stable Immortal No subtraction in the rock
Statue of Menkaure and wife Diorite 2480 BCE
Story o Hands make a fistSymbols and Ideas o Lower and upper egypt
o Femininityo Nimes
Egyptian Glyphs:- Ankh: A symbol of life, all over the arts Djet: Stability
o Columnso Symbolizing stability in buildings
Egyptians art follows same path, with some continuity Ba: Bird that carries thee soul to the afterlife Scarab: A symbol for rebirth
o Looks like a coackroach
Name Ti watching a hippopotamus
Date/Form Circa 2400
Story Tio He is not a phraoh, wealthy classo He is in charge of all the buildings in his town
Found in his a mastabao Important enough to have a mastaba
Depiction of a normal Scene: watching a haunt. \
Symbols and Ideas Hierarchal proprtionscomposite view
Hippo: disturbs cropso Evil, must be destroyedo Becomes a symbol of evilness then becomes a symbol for Seth
Cautionary tale: you have to destroy evil.
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Name Seated scribe
Date/Form normal stone
Story A writero Very important, because they write for people to get to the after
lifeFunction: making sure they go to the afterlife
Symbols and Ideas The less the formality the more normal features are portrayedThink Vs. the pharoh
Name Hatchapsut statue
Date/Form Circa 1450 BCE
Story A woman Pharoh, husband dies, she decides to take overYou cant question a pharaoh, nobody talks about her being a woman.
o Wear a Nimes: Everything is goodSon decides to take over after he became 18 yearso He destroys the art works of her
Symbols and Ideas The Art is still the same even 1000 years later
Name Funerary temple Hatshepsut
Date/Form 1450 BCE
Story The base of the mountain
Name Akhnaten
Date/Form
Story Changes the Canon of proportionsOne exception, he makes Egypt monotheisticTransformation in Egypto The god is only the sun god: ATEN
On his time the priests were so powerful, he wantedto limit it
o Moves the capital, from thieves to Amanao Changes the rule book of are, cthe canon of proportions >o Changes his name from Amonhpoteop IV to Akhenaton
(who serves Akhenaton)His mummy was not found
Symbols and Ideas Curves
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o Amarna phase of Egyptian artContinuity and
transformation
Combining pre historic power: woman with Egyptian power: a
man
Name The tomb of TUT
Date/Form Circa 1323
Story Pharaoh for 10 years, his tomb wasn't robbedWhen the found it 1920o 5000 OBJECTS
Symbols and Ideas Cobra: apotropaic
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Chapter 4 and 5: pre-Greek and Greek Art
Vocabulary
Repousse Panethon Arete Polyprogmosyne Homeric Ideal Ephebe
o young men my age!o Round educationo Hoemric ideal
Krater: a pot in a magbara Gigantomachy: battle between human and darkness Ponder
Ethos: serenity Symposia Symmetria: make order out of non order. Classic
o Best example, modle Allegory
o Digging into something deepero Allegorical debate.
Contrapastoo Balance of the legs
Nike: victory Psycha-gagia: the power of art to sway your emotions.
o Semiotics Narcissism Acropolis: Highest point at a city.
Doric: Comes from a place in Greece where the men are really manly. (doric capital) Ionic: comes from a place in Greece where the men are seen as womanly. (ionic capital) Empathos Quotidian: everyday life
Minoans- Themes
o Harmony with natureo Taking stuff form china
Daoism- Centered at Crete
o Knossos, peaceful No forts no walls
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Philosophyo Frescoes in the palace
Nature Composite view Imitating Egypt
o Thrown room Pretty stuff!
o All over the palace, bulls Coming of age! Celebrating sex!
o Snake goddess Dozens of them A cat on her head: a popular pet at Egypt
A symbol of sensuality Snake
A symbol for time Changing skin: rebirth
Need to be conscious about timeGreek basics
Pantheono All godso Pan: allo Theo: godo Gods are envisioned
They are anthropomorphic In the form of human: Human attributes. Greeks like them selves, they could be a god.
The greatness of humans. God's aren't perfect > just like humans. They are portrayed as humans in Art
o Gods lives on mount Olympus. Oracle at Delphi
o Apollo: sun, light, music Delphi is surrounded by a python, he slays the big snake. Becomes a symbol of human intelligence fighting dark forces. Gigantomachia
o To the Greeks delphi is the center of human intelligenceo The navel of the wordo Everything is measured by distance from delphi.o Oracle: Sacerdotal intermediary
Trojan waro 1200 BCE, may or may not have been a war.o 1977: Heinrich schliemann
Found the ruins of the city, and the mask >> Agamemnon WE DONT KNOW IF CORRECT Germany was brand new, they wanted stuff from the ancient world.
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Connect to old things.o Full of sex and violenceo After the war there is a dark age!o Skip 300 years
Homero Circa 800, rote 2 books.o The illiad and Odysseyo Explains where Greeks won.o Journeyo
Arete Striving for excellence
Polyprogmosyne Energy it takes to be successful
Homeric Ideal Your life should be spent striving to be good
Olympicso 776, first olympicso Athens, mount olympuso Not just sports it everything!o Laurel Wreath
Come from the tree Apollo sits under.o Meet every 4 years
Geometric Age
Dipylon Cemetery Krater 740 BCE
Story Found In a symmetryo Funerary art
Made of CLAY!
Symbols and Ideas Greeks are fascinated by death not Obsessed!Death is interesting its Sacar.They focus on the human emotions of the death
The pour oil in to the vase, connecting to the dead.At the top, is something called a meandero Symbol in Greek arto Greek keyo Means eternity, the Spirit will last forever
Continuity and transformation Compare to Egypt
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o Nothing like Egypt in after lifeo Sacer vs. Profanus
Herakels and nessos Bronze 740 BCE
Story Herakels is fighting the half man half animal, Centuar.
Symbols and Ideas The human body is not yet in shape.NudityGigantomachy: battle between humans and centuars.
Continuity and transformation Assyriao Assurbanipalo Lamassu
Lady of auxerre Limestone Circa 650
Story
Symbols and Ideas Frontalityo Not like Egyptians in the composite
UnnaturalBare feeto Priestess or goddess
Provenance:
Continuity and transformation Egypt
The archaic age
Kourus Marble 600 BCE
Story
Symbols and Ideas Ephebe is alive this is dead.o The word means ideal young man
Semiotics: inspired by what a young person can do.
Continuity and transformation Compare to Menkaureo Negative spaceo Both funerary
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Grave stele of a youth and a little girl Marble 530 BCE
Story Storyo A young man and his sister.o Something in his arm
A pot of oil!o The beauty of the physical body
Symbols and Ideas 13 ft steleo Link to the heavens
A fruit in his hando Pomegranate
A symbol of death and rebirtho
Your spirit will surviveSphinxo It was put up their to Cultivate a debateo Not apotrapaico
Ethos: calm serenity Power and brutality
Ejected at the face Ejected in the legs
o Paradox Vs. Balance
Continuity and
transformation
Jesus hands 1500 years later pomegrant
Achilles and penthesilea Terracotta Amphora Exekias 450 BCE
Story Trojan warAchillies a great warrior, and a pantheslia.o Amazon women warrior groups.o Amazon choose the Trojan to side with in the trojan war
Things that surprise u in life, he was just about to kill her, but now he
fell in love with hero Very Theatrical
Symbols and Ideas SymopsiaSmaller bottom than a topIts not painted, wet clay with pastery bag.Meander
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Ajax and Achillies playing Dice Teracotta amphora Exekias 540 BCE
Story During the war they are playing a game!
Symbols and Ideas EthosParadox Vs. Balance
Symmetria: Balance out of Chaos
Continuity and transformation More realistic
Athena Charioteering Herakles to Olympus Teracotta Amphora Exekias 540 BCE
Death of sarpedon Terracotta Amphora Euphronius 515 BCE
Story Metropoltain museum for a million dollarso Thomas hoving
The hot pot is commercialized!o You'll understand the world better if u see ito 1970: vietnam .. Understand the frustration
One of Zeus' sons dies, zeus just weeps, he cant do anything
about it.
Symbols and Ideas Sleep and death on left and right
Panatheniac Prize Terracotta amphora Euphranious 530 BCE
Story No story
Symbols and Ideas We all should be like Apollo.
Continuity and transformation
Hetaerae Symposium Terracotta amphora Euphranious 515 BCE
Symbols and Ideas Dinosiso God of a lot of things: music harmony, epiphanies, wineo He can die and come back to life
Architecture
Four buildings, all from 600 - 490
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They are not scary, not like ziggurat, Its pride in achievement Whats inside:
o Statue of the goddess or godo the tresury
An apotropic figure to protect the money from thieves They worship geometry and math. Count the columns when you go into the temple
Temple of Hera Paestum, italy 550-540 BCE
Story Colonists from Greece, expanding out.Everything inside was robbed
Symbols and Ideas Read architectural designso Count the columns on the east and westren sides.
Sun rise sun down
o 9 columns Culmination of life's journey Thinking about human knowledge
o Rectangular in shape: EternityPeripetral style: columns in one row.o "Greeks devised a pertipal style of the columns."
Continuity and
transformation
Taking out Egypt's Djet, its not just stability its reaching up for
heavens and reaching out to nature.
Temple of Artemis Island of Corfu 600 - 580
o Goddesso Angle Corfuo Also built from rich people olive oilo Pediment: a triangle roof, on it a storyo Apotropaic figure: medusa
Practicing! Not as complicated
Treasury of Siphians Sanctuary of Apollo Delphi 530 - 525 BCE
o A group of a temple complex to apolloo But this temple was named after this group they are rhcih Gold tradeo Caryatid: The columns are women!o Acknowledgment of women.
They are only for supporto Take advantage of another guy of pidement, bas reliefe a freeze.
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Trojan war Like
Temple of Aphibao Goddesso Rhich ppl // shipping wineo Count the columns
Feminineo The capital on top f the column: rectangular
Doric capital Symbol of muscularity and power
o 6 columns + Doric capital = balance Women and men
o Pediment: improved!The Greek miracle
5th century BCE, "the Greek miracle"
Development of democracyo Demos: peopleo Cracy: rule or government.o Greece isn't unified, city states (polis)o Athens, they dont like the king, they get rid of it.
What do we do? All rich business men get in charge
Still dis-statisfaction of the people To grumble
o Cleisthenes Committee Invest each citizen into the running of Athens Vote on thingsm each Citezens
Citizen = pure Greeks Not citzs = women, slaves.
10% only could vote!! The Persian wars
o Most important war in historyo Greeks have connections using trades.
Athens encouraging stop of monarchy and empires So all other empires go after it.
o 490 BCE: battle of the marathon!! The TINY GREEKS WON! Keber ras-hom We won because of the system!
o 480 BCE: Persians coming back to retaliate Every polis wants to take the battle to be remembered. Defeat of the Greeks, losing democracy!
They become motivated
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o 479 BCE: Athens is burnt as the Persian go back. A play called: the Oresteia
o Sex, violence and revengeo The end of the play Athena appears, and orders to stop the stupid revenge
"order and harmony must win" Not about killing each other, it is about we must be civil.
o Who rote it was a soldier in the Persian war The golden age of Athens
o 5th century BCEo Arete, polyprogmosyne: Rebuild Athenso Golden age
Peace Prosperity Explosion of culture
o 479 - 429 BCE, GOLDEN AGE only 50 years. Pericles
o Guides the olden ageo In charge of Athens for 30 yearso He isn't a king he Is democratically elected each year.
Doesnt seize power .o Also a general!o Public money on art
Create a city that teaches the entire world how to be civilized "Athens is school hellas"
Athens is a perfect Socity which all the world must learn from.
The art is supposed to teach you, support Athens
Delian leauageo An alliance of all the poliso Protectivenesso Each polis gives money!o 454 BCE: the treasury was moved from the town Delaus to Athenso He gets the other states mad.o Most of the golden age art around 450 BCE
Protaeraso Statement that describes all the art workso "man is the measure of all things"o The gods are not the standard, each Ephebe is the Standard.
Pan-athenaic processiono Every year they go on the parade
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o 5 stops Cemetery: Dipylon cemetery
Potential Edges of the cemetery, the Cyprus tree, it means hope
Schools Ephebes
Agora Business are, rich Good at business because well educated
Areopagus Mountain of Ares Where they meet to discuss wars
Acropolis Highest point in the city, thrilled and amazed by the city You are invested in the project
Classical Age
Diskobolos Myron Marble Statue (Roman Copy) Myorn Circa 450
Story Doing sports nakedOlympics
Symbols and Ideas Ethos: not stressed.Were not to be emotional were to
celebrate the human bodyDynamicRoman copyo The tree behind, the Romans
aren't as confident in balance.
Continuity and transformation Compare to Kouros
Temple of zeus Circa 450
Story "Apollo Decreeing order"
o He I saying "STOP, we musthave order"
"Athena, Herakles, and Atlas"
Symbols and Ideas Templeo Meander, Ionic Style, Columns
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Apollo's figureo One arm out, one armo down:
SymmetriaHerkaleso He is holding up the world, he
has the ability to do that.o Athena is behind him maybe
supporting himo "The Triumph of marathon gave
Athenians confidence"o Ethos
Charioteer the sanctuary of Apollo Bronze Statue 470
o Messing a lot of stuff!o This is not a woman
o Ethos
Zeus or Poseidon Bronze Statue 450
o Bronzeo Balance of the legso Humanism
The Parthenon Athena sculpture thereo Every year they change their skirts
Acropolis complexo 448 - 432o Periclies want to buildo Circa 450o Athena's Parthenon
Iktinos & kalikrates Perfect equation to build the temple Not architects ? x=2y+1
The most imitated building in world history 8 columns
Rebirth and music Starting over.
Illusion Everything is bent so we can have the illusion of
perfection. The Athena statue Pediment
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The birth of Athena Fight of posiedon vs. Athena Metope
Bas relief sculptures under the pediment Centaurs Vs. Lapiths
Walking up the temple Pediment with gods then metopes with allegories
then friezes with humans. Allegory: Depicts the story of the
Persian waro Natural with man made, harmony between gods and mortals
The rocks are exposed on the building. Liminality
o Some of what the Persians did is kept there. Persians are the python now. Greeks need to Learn from history Celebrate them selves
o Journey Walk on natural rock Walk through the gate on ur right the athena nike
temple.
Hellenistic Greece
Nike adjusting her sandalsStory Athena Adjusting her sandals
Symbols and Ideas "the gods are less Olympian"o Doing human like things
ContraposttaBalanceo Her wings
Amphiprostyle temple 2 porches with columns Capital: Ionic
Eroticism going outChiten The silk dress.
Apollo with the lizardo Its not philosophical
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Porch of caryatidso Contraposttao Poseidon vs. Athenao Semiotics
Reminded of a recent historical even where Athens is trying to expand The way they treat the people they capture is changed, murder the men, and in-slave
women They value slavery? Were the only ones that matter. Pericles ends 429, the golden age ends 429
Grave steleo 410 - 400o Looks like a Greek templeo Power and Prosperityo This is more about the money that they haveo A women on a grave Steleo Maid and her ownero Feminism
Interest in woman's righto Social classes
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