applying human factors principles chapter 10 section b aeronautical decision making

Applying Human Factors Principles

Chapter 10Section BAeronautical Decision Making

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Risk Elements

Pilot – fitness, competency, currency, experience

Aircraft – performance, limits, equipment, airworthiness

Environment – wx., airport conditions, ATC svcs.

Operation – purpose of flight

Situation – situational awareness of all above

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Decision-making Process

D – detect E – estimate C – choose I – identify D – do E – evaluate

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Accidents – Incidents

Accident – – An occurrence in which any person on board the

aircraft suffers death or serious injury, or in which the aircraft receives substantial damage

Incident – – An occurrence other than an accident which

affects the safety of operations

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NTSB

National Transportation Safety Board– Investigates every U. S. civil aviation accident– Issues safety recommendations– Maintains database– Conducts research on safety issues– www.ntsb.gov

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Poor Judgment Chain

aka error chain

Accidents and incidents rarely, if ever, are the result of a single cause

Usually a series of errors occurs which lead to the accident or incident

Break one link in the chain and sequence of events would be stopped

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Risk

Flight activities where accidents are most likely to occur

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When do aviation accidents happen?

57.2% of GA accidents occur during 6% of flight timeTakeoff/initial climb, Approach, Landing

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PIC Responsibility

Read top half of page 10-28

Judgment– Learned

From your mistakes From other experiences From the experiences of others

– Ability to exercise good judgment affected by Stressors

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Stressors

Three categories– Physical stress– Physiological stress– Psychological stress

Personal checklist

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Stress

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Improving Judgment

Anticipate decisions Train and practice in critical areas Match individual skills with the job Standardize whenever possible Maintain positive attitudes Practice effective communications Be deliberate in decision making

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Hazardous Attitudes

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Communication

Sending Listening Feedback

Good ATC radio procedures help

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Communication

When the rear-seat pilot of a dual-piloted T-33 aircraft attempted to adjust his position, he inadvertently deployed the life raft in the seat bucket survival kit. As the raft inflated, it pushed the stick forward, which caused the aircraft to pitch nose down. The front seat pilot attempted to correct the dive, but met resistance when he pulled the stick back.

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Communication, continued

Meanwhile, the back seater found and deployed the raft deflation tool. The front seater, trying to solve the control problem, heard an explosion as the cockpit filled with talcum powder from inside the raft, which looked very much like smoke. He identified the problem as an engine failure, closed the throttle and secured the engine.

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Communication, continued

As the haze cleared in the back, the back seater noticed the apparent engine flameout and ejected. The front seater then dead-sticked the aircraft into a field. Throughout this entire sequence, not a word was spoken.

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Barriers to Sending

Poor choice of words Silence Assumptions Tone Over load Volume

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Barriers to Listening

Boredom Complacency Distractions Impatience Anger

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Feedback

Ask for clarification until you understand Acknowledge Restate Confirm Observe Question Disagree Answer

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Double Check When You Hear . . .

Probably Possibly I think so I hope so Maybe Should

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Internal Barriers to Communication

Rank Attitude Choice of words Misinterpretation Hearback

– Hear what you want to hear or are expecting– Mixing/switching numbers 200-220, 120,210

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External Barriers to Communications

High noise Uncomfortable temperatures High workload Uncertain of policies/procedures Unable to see the other person

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Resources

Internal – in the cockpit during flight

External – outside of the cockpit during flight

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Workload Management

Plan Prepare Prioritize

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Overload

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Compare

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Situational Awareness

An accurate perception of the operational and environmental factors which affect the aircraft, pilot, and passengers during a specific period of time.

Fixating on one thing

Complacency

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ADM Works!

United Flight 232 Captain Al Haynes

– “We had 103 Years of flying experience in that cockpit . . . but not one minute of that 103 years had been spent operating an airplane the way we were trying to fly it. If we had not worked together, with everybody coming up with ideas and discussing what we should do next and how we were going to do it, I do not think we would have made it to Sioux City.”