applying human factors principles chapter 10 section b aeronautical decision making
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Applying Human Factors Principles
Chapter 10Section BAeronautical Decision Making
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Risk Elements
Pilot – fitness, competency, currency, experience
Aircraft – performance, limits, equipment, airworthiness
Environment – wx., airport conditions, ATC svcs.
Operation – purpose of flight
Situation – situational awareness of all above
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Decision-making Process
D – detect E – estimate C – choose I – identify D – do E – evaluate
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Accidents – Incidents
Accident – – An occurrence in which any person on board the
aircraft suffers death or serious injury, or in which the aircraft receives substantial damage
Incident – – An occurrence other than an accident which
affects the safety of operations
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NTSB
National Transportation Safety Board– Investigates every U. S. civil aviation accident– Issues safety recommendations– Maintains database– Conducts research on safety issues– www.ntsb.gov
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Poor Judgment Chain
aka error chain
Accidents and incidents rarely, if ever, are the result of a single cause
Usually a series of errors occurs which lead to the accident or incident
Break one link in the chain and sequence of events would be stopped
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Risk
Flight activities where accidents are most likely to occur
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When do aviation accidents happen?
57.2% of GA accidents occur during 6% of flight timeTakeoff/initial climb, Approach, Landing
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PIC Responsibility
Read top half of page 10-28
Judgment– Learned
From your mistakes From other experiences From the experiences of others
– Ability to exercise good judgment affected by Stressors
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Stressors
Three categories– Physical stress– Physiological stress– Psychological stress
Personal checklist
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Stress
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Improving Judgment
Anticipate decisions Train and practice in critical areas Match individual skills with the job Standardize whenever possible Maintain positive attitudes Practice effective communications Be deliberate in decision making
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Hazardous Attitudes
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Communication
Sending Listening Feedback
Good ATC radio procedures help
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Communication
When the rear-seat pilot of a dual-piloted T-33 aircraft attempted to adjust his position, he inadvertently deployed the life raft in the seat bucket survival kit. As the raft inflated, it pushed the stick forward, which caused the aircraft to pitch nose down. The front seat pilot attempted to correct the dive, but met resistance when he pulled the stick back.
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Communication, continued
Meanwhile, the back seater found and deployed the raft deflation tool. The front seater, trying to solve the control problem, heard an explosion as the cockpit filled with talcum powder from inside the raft, which looked very much like smoke. He identified the problem as an engine failure, closed the throttle and secured the engine.
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Communication, continued
As the haze cleared in the back, the back seater noticed the apparent engine flameout and ejected. The front seater then dead-sticked the aircraft into a field. Throughout this entire sequence, not a word was spoken.
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Barriers to Sending
Poor choice of words Silence Assumptions Tone Over load Volume
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Barriers to Listening
Boredom Complacency Distractions Impatience Anger
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Feedback
Ask for clarification until you understand Acknowledge Restate Confirm Observe Question Disagree Answer
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Double Check When You Hear . . .
Probably Possibly I think so I hope so Maybe Should
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Internal Barriers to Communication
Rank Attitude Choice of words Misinterpretation Hearback
– Hear what you want to hear or are expecting– Mixing/switching numbers 200-220, 120,210
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External Barriers to Communications
High noise Uncomfortable temperatures High workload Uncertain of policies/procedures Unable to see the other person
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Resources
Internal – in the cockpit during flight
External – outside of the cockpit during flight
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Workload Management
Plan Prepare Prioritize
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Overload
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Compare
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Situational Awareness
An accurate perception of the operational and environmental factors which affect the aircraft, pilot, and passengers during a specific period of time.
Fixating on one thing
Complacency
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ADM Works!
United Flight 232 Captain Al Haynes
– “We had 103 Years of flying experience in that cockpit . . . but not one minute of that 103 years had been spent operating an airplane the way we were trying to fly it. If we had not worked together, with everybody coming up with ideas and discussing what we should do next and how we were going to do it, I do not think we would have made it to Sioux City.”