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“THE WAR TO END ALL WARS”

World War I (1914 - 1918)

UNDERLYING CAUSES OF WWI (Sources of Tension)

1. Complacency - There Had Not Been a Major War in Europe for 100 Years

“People Remembered the Glory, but had Forgotten the Horror"

UNDERLYING CAUSES OF WWI (Sources of Tension)

2. Nationalism

National Rivalries between Countries (France vs. Germany), (Russia vs. Austria-Hungary)

Various Nationalities Wanting Their Own Country (Serbs)

UNDERLYING CAUSES OF WWI (Sources of Tension)

3. Imperialism - Colonial Rivalries

UNDERLYING CAUSES OF WWI (Sources of Tension)

4. Arms Race - Military Spending Increased 300% from 1871 to 1914, Naval Rivalry between Great Britain and Germany

UNDERLYING CAUSES OF WWI (Sources of Tension)

5. Entangling Alliances

The Triple Alliance (1882) - Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy

The Triple Entente (1904) - France, Russia, Great Britain

THE SPARK THAT STARTS THE WAR

The Balkans = Powder Keg of Europe

Nationalism Had Caused Several Wars in the Region

Austria-Hungary and Russia Both Wanted To Dominate the Balkan Peninsula

In 1908, Austria-Hungary Annexed Bosnia And Herzegovina

On June 28, 1914 Arch-Duke Francis Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary Was Assassinated By a Serbian Nationalist in Sarajevo, Bosnia

THE SPARK THAT STARTS THE WAR

Austria-Hungary Received a "Blank Check" Of Support from Germany in Its Conflict with Serbia

Austria-Hungary Declares War on Serbia on July 28, 1914

Russia Mobilized Their Army July 29

Germany Declared War on Russia on August 1, France August 3

Germany Depended On the Von Schlieffen Plan to Win a Two-Front War Quickly

Great Britain Declares War on Germany on August 4

Von Schlieffen Plan Map

Sir Edward Grey

“The Lights were Going Out all over

Europe”

THE WAR YEARS (1914- 1918)

Central Powers Vs. Allied Powers

- Germany - France

- Austria-Hungary - Great Britain

- Ottoman Empire - Russia

- Bulgaria

Later On:

- Italy

- Japan

- U.S.A.

THE BATTLE OF THE MARNE (September 1914)

Stopped the German Advance on Paris

Foiled the Von Schlieffen Plan

A Stalemate of the Western Front Emerged As Both Sides Settled Into Trench Warfare

The War of Attrition

WWI Became a War of Attrition as Both Sides Tried To Outlast Each Other

“No Man’s Land”

“All Quiet on the Western Front”

By Erich Maria Remarque

NEW WEAPONS OF WWI

1. Machine Gun - Killed 95% of Soldiers in WWI

NEW WEAPONS OF WWI

2. Better Artillery

“Big Bertha”

NEW WEAPONS OF WWI

3. Poison Gas - Chlorine (Blindness), Mustard (Lungs)

NEW WEAPONS OF WWI

4. Tanks

NEW WEAPONS OF WWI

5. Airplanes - First Time Used In War, Mostly For Spying

NEW WEAPONS OF WWI

6. Submarines - Used Mainly By Germans (U-Boat)

EASTERN FRONT

One-Sided Victory for Germany over Russia

Battle of Tannenburg (August 1914)

Russians Are Crushed and They Retreated (100,000 Captured Troops)

EASTERN FRONT

In 1917, the Russian Revolution Overthrew the Czar

Vladimir Lenin and the Communists Came To Power; Promised “Peace, Bread and Land”

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk – Takes Russia out of the War

FIGHTING ON OTHER FRONTS

Italy Entered the War on the Allied Side In 1915, was not much help

Fighting against The Ottoman Empire:

Gallipoli Campaign (1915)

Lawrence of Arabia

German Colonies Were Seized In Africa by France and Great Britain, and in Asia by Japan

AMERICA ENTERS THE WAR ON THE ALLIED SIDE, WHY? (April 1917)

1. Unrestricted Submarine Warfare by Germany

Sinking Of the Lusitania (1915)

2. Zimmermann Telegram (1916) Germany Tried To Enter an

Entangling Alliance with Mexico

3. Two Billion Dollars in Loans to the Allies

“Wall Street War”

4. "To Make the World Safe for Democracy"

The End of the Fighting

With the Arrival of the Americans the Allies Turn the Tide and Win the War

Armistice Signed November 11th,1918 at 11:00AM

THE PEACE SETTLEMENTS

President of the U.S., Woodrow Wilson, Took the Lead Role at the Paris Peace Conference (April 1919)

Wilson's Plan for Peace Was Called "The Fourteen Points"

The Fourteen Points

1. Open Diplomacy - No Secrets

2. Freedom Of The Seas

3. Freedom of Trade

4. Reduction of Armaments

5. Reduce Imperialism

6. New Nations Based On "Clear Lines of

Nationality"

7. League Of Nations to Maintain Peace - "Peace without Victory"

THE BIG FOUR DOMINATE THE PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE

United States - Woodrow Wilson

Great Britain - David Lloyd George

France - Georges Clemenceau

Italy - Vittorio Orlando

Great Britain and France Were Determined To Make Germany Pay

THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES (June 28, 1919)

1. Germany Was Forced To Accept Sole Responsibility for Starting WWI

2. Germany Must Pay Reparations - 31 Billion Dollars

3. Germany Lost Their Colonies

4. Germany Lost 13% of Its Own Territory

5. The Size of Germany's Army and Navy Was Strictly Limited

6. New Nations Were Created: Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Finland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia

7. League Of Nations Was To Be Established

Aftermath of WWI

Germany Resents the Treaty of Versailles and It Will Be the Direct Cause of WWII, as Germany seeks Revenge

VENGEANCE IS MINE!

Aftermath of WWI

The American Senate Rejected the Treaty of Versailles

Deathbed Quote: “This Peace will

not last a Generation”