anatomy foot and ankle. resources: getbodysmart.com

A N AT O M Y

FOOT AND ANKLE

RESOURCES:

• Getbodysmart.com• http://www.getbodysmart.com/

BONES

• The foot is made up of 26 bones• The lower leg is comprised of 2 bones• Forming the foot and ankle mortise of 28 bones

BONES OF THE FOOT

MUSCLES

• There are 19 muscles and tendons (tendon attaches muscle to bone)•  muscles acting on the foot can be classified into

extrinsic muscles, those originating on the anterior or posterior aspect of the lower leg, and intrinsic muscles, originating on the dorsal (top) or plantar (base) aspects of the foot.

ANTERIOR COMPARTMENT

Muscle Origin Insertion Action

tibialis anteriorshaft of tibia and interosseous membrane

medial cuneiform & base of first metatarsal

extends the foot; inverts foot; supports medial longitudinal arch

extensor digitorumshaft of fibula and interosseous membrane

extensor expansion of lateral four toes

extends toes; dorsiflexes (extends) foot

extensor hallucis longus

shaft of fibula & interosseous membrane

base of distal phalanx of big toe

extends big toe; dorsiflexes (extends) foot; inverts foot at subtalar and transverse tarsal joints

LATERAL COMPARTMENT

peroneus longusshaft

of fibula

base of 1st MT & medial

cuneiform

plantar flexes foot; everts foot at subtalar & transverse tarsal

joints; supports lateral longitudinal and transverse

arches of foot

peroneus brevis shaft of fibula

base of 5th metatarsal

bone

plantar flexes foot; everts foot at subtalar & transverse tarsal joints; supports lateral longitudinal arch

POSTERIOR COMPARTMENT

gastrocnemiusmedial and lateral condyles of femur

by way of Achilles tendon to calcaneum

plantar flexes foot; flexes leg

plantarislateral supracondylar ridge of femur

calcaneum plantar flexes foot; flexes leg

soleusshafts of tibia and fibula

by way of achilles tendon into calcaneum

with gastrocnemius & plantaris is powerful plantar flexor of foot; provides main propulsive force in walking & running

popliteuslateral condyle of femur

shaft of tibiaflexes leg; unlocks full extension of knee by laterally rotating femur on tibia

flexor digitorum longus

shaft of tibiadistal phalanges of lateral four toes

flexes distal phalanges of lateral four toes; plantar flexes foot; supports medial and lateral longitudinal arches of foot

flexor hallucis longus

shaft of fibulabase of distal phalanx of big toe

flexes distal phalanx of big toe; plantar flexes foot; supports medial longitudinal arch

DORSUM OF FOOT

extensor digitorum brevis

calcaneum

by four tendons into the proximal phalanx of big toe and long extensor tendons to 2nd, 3rd and 4th toes

extends toes

1ST LAYER OF SOLE

abductor hallucismedial tubercle of calcaneum; flexor retinaculum

medial side, base of proximal phalanx of big toe

flexes, abducts big toe; supports medial arch

flexor digitorum brevismedial tubercle of calcaneum

middle phalanx of four lateral toes

flexes lateral four toes; supports medial & lateral longitudinal arches

abductor digiti minimimedial & lateral tubercles of calcaneum

lateral side base of proximal phalanx 5th toe

flexes, abducts 5th toe; supports lateral longitudinal arch

MUSCLES OF LOWER LEG

MUSCLES OF FOOT

LIGAMENTS

• The lateral and medial ligaments of the ankle support and strengthen the joint.• The deltoid ligament is stronger than the lateral

ligaments. The strength of the deltoid prevents most eversions.

PRIMARY

Primary ligaments of ankle include:• medial• Deltoid ligament - This strong ligament attaches to the

medial malleolus. It has four parts named for the bones that they attach to: the tibionavicular, the tibiocalcaneal, the anterior tibiotalar, and the posterior tibiotalar

• Calcaneonavicular ligament (Spring Ligament) 

• lateral• Syndesmosis (includes AITFL, PITFL, TTFL, IOL, ITL)• Anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL)• Posterior talofibular ligament (PTFL)• Calcaneal fibular ligament (CFL)• Lateral talocalcaneal ligament (LTCL)

• If you’ve ever sprained an ankle, you injured one or more of the ligaments that hold the joint together. The lateral ligaments are damaged more often than the stronger medial ligament.

LATERAL VIEW

MEDIAL VIEW

SIMPLIFIED VIEW (LATERAL)

ARCHES OF THE FOOT

MEDIAL/LATERAL

MEDIAL/LATERAL

• Medial arch is higher than the lateral longitudinal arch. It is made up by the calcaneus, the talus, the navicular, the three cuneiforms, and the first, second, and third metatarsals

• The lateral arch is composed of the calcaneus, the cuboid, and the fourth and fifth metatarsals

ON A PERSON

PROBLEM WITH ARCHES

LOWER LEG

PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER

IN CLASS..

• Begin Body Diagram…• Draw foot bones• Draw lateral and medial ligaments

HOMEWORK

• Color worksheet pages