analysis of qualitative data india fetp. competency to be gained from this lecture appreciate the...
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Analysis of qualitative data
India FETP
Competency to be gained from this lecture
Appreciate the complexity of the analysis of qualitative data
Outline
• Principle of analysis of qualitative data• Analysis of focus groups• Enhancing the quality of the analysis• Writing the report
The interpretative nature of qualitative research
• Critical issues Self-as-instrument for data collection,
analysis and reporting Lack of guidelines for data analysis
• Possible answers Document biases, feelings and personal
experience of the investigator Explicit descriptions attesting the fidelity of
implementation of recommended procedures
Analysis principles
Main pitfall in qualitative data analysis
• Temptation Impressions on the basis of the initial review
of notes and tapes Quick move to written summary
• Blur the distinction between What was observed, heard or read (raw
data) Patterns and theme discerned
(Interpretation )
Analysis principles
Activities in qualitative data analysis
• Data reduction Selecting, focusing, simplifying, abstracting
and transforming data
• Data display Presenting data in an organized manner to
help understand what is occurring
• Conclusion drawing and verification Noting regularities, patterns, explanations
tested for plausibility, robustness and validity
Analysis principles
Qualitative analysis plan
• Lists research questions• Indicates which data collection
technique provided relevant information
Analysis principles
Example of a qualitative analysis plan
In depth interview with
field supervisor
Focus group with scholars
Observation of learning activities
What learning technique is most effective?
+ +
What obstacles prevent scholars from being more active in the field?
+ +Analysis principles
Focus group analysis
• Overview of group data• Content analysis• Deviant case analysis
Focus group analysis
Overview of group data
• Table format• List the proportion of groups raising a
subject or concern Should not be mistaken for a quantitative
analysis Does not capture how much an issue was
stressed Does not specify the context
• More in-depth analysis is neededFocus group analysis
Summarized overview of group data for FETP focus groups
Scholars Graduates State supervisors
Contact sessions too academic
2/5 1/4 0/5
Lack of field supervision
3/5 3/4 N/A
Need of technical support for outbreaks
1/5 2/4 5/5
Techniques in content analysis
• Transcript analysis with coding• Group analysis with synthetic table
Focus group analysis
Transcript analysis with coding
• Reading of the notes / transcripts• Issues colour or letter coded• Notes or colours flag issues in the
transcript Blue, red, green A, B, C
• Sub-categories possible: A1, A2 etc…
Focus group analysis
Group analysis with synthetic table
• Use of a table format• Lines:
List of groups
• Columns Issues
• Filling the table: Summary of the conclusion of the interview Meaning and intention of respondents
Focus group analysis
Summarized example of table content analysis for FETP focus
groupsContact sessions
Field experience
Outbreaks
FG1: Scholars state A
•Highly technical•Too complex
•No supervision•Contrast with class teaching
•Little support from faculty•Tools useful
FG2: Scholars state B
•Well framed•Good teaching•Xerox needed
•Local supervisor does not help with epi
•Need support to address political pressure
FG3: Scholars state C
•Lectures useful•More case studies needed
•More academic input is needed in the field
•Connectivity would improve supervision
Focus group analysis
Advantage of synthetic table
• Systematic• Stimulates collective discussion• Fast• Facilitates
Syntheses Conclusions
Focus group analysis
Reviewing content
• Identify similarities • Spot differences• Find the causes for similarities and
differences• Interpret in relation to the objectives of
the study
Focus group analysis
Ethnographic summary
• Repeated open minded readings of the transcripts
• Search for underlying meaning of emergent themes
• Beyond count of occurrences
Focus group analysis
Deviant case analysis
• Identify deviants Positive Negative
• Conduct in-depth interview
Focus group analysis
Computer software for qualitative data analysis
Stages of use• Note taking• Transcribing• Coding• Content analyzing• Data display• Report writing
Types of packages• Text retrievers• Textbase managers• Code retrieve
programmes• Code base theory
builders• Conceptual network
builders
Focus group analysis
Pro and cons of qualitative data analysis computer software
Strengths • Speed up tasks• Allow more complex
tasks• Allow consistency
and comprehensiveness
Weaknesses• Do not conduct the
qualitative analysis• Cannot be a
substitute for training of the investigator
• Require new learning
Focus group analysis
Enhancing the quality of the analysis
• Testing rival explanations • Examining negative cases
May broaden, change or cast doubts on the rule
• Triangulation
Quality of analysis
Triangulation
• Term taken from land surveying• No single method adequately solves the
problem of rival explanations• Guard against systematic biases• Several triangulations
Methods Sources Analyst Theory
Quality of analysis
Triangulation of methods
• Compare data collected using different methods Qualitative Quantitative
• Focus on what is learned by the degree of convergence
• Form of comparative analysis
Quality of analysis
Triangulation of data sources
• Possible sources of data to compare Observations with interviews What is said in public and in private What is said over time Perspective of different persons
• Doctors, nurses, patients
• The point is to understand the difference, not to achieve convergence
Quality of analysis
Triangulation of analysts
• Uses multiple observers / analysts• Use those who were studied to review
the findings• Control for:
Selective perception Interpretative bias
Quality of analysis
Triangulation of theories
• Use different interpretation framework: Behaviours Psycho-analytical
• Understand how findings are affected by different: Assumptions Fundamental premises
Quality of analysis
Adapting the report to the audience
• Identify audiences Health planners Policy makers Media Funders Population
• Tailor the format of the report to the action you expect
Report
The report
• Concise• Summarizes main conclusions• Highlights differences and similarities• Contains examples and quotes• Addresses the objectives of the research• Includes an executive summary • Recommendations:
Identifies areas for further research Spells out action points
Report
Take home message
• Systematic approaches may help address the subjective nature of qualitative data analysis
• Code, display and formulate conclusions• Triangulate to check hypotheses• Adapt the report to the various
audiences to promote recommendations
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