air quality management

Air Quality Management

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Thought of the Day

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Global Leader in Energy Use

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Emissions & Effects

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Emission Events Included in a Fuel Cycle Assessment

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Total Vehicle Well-to-Wheel Energy Cycle

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National Average Emission Categories for CO, SOx, NOx, VOC & PM-US EPA 2003

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Electricity generation by fuel in billion kilowatt hours, 1949-2020

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US Electricity Generation by Source

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High Cancer Risk Counties for Urban Air Toxics in 1996

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Potential Violations of PM2.5 and O3Source: US-EPA 2002

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World Vehicles per Capita

• According to the 2007-2008 World Motor Vehicle Market Report, the world's motor vehicle population reached 789.8 million units in 2005

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Trends in Nationwide SO2 and NO2 Emissions

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Personal Exposure Meter to measure exposure to PM and Gases during daily activities

Exposure: Whether and how a human or other organism comes into contact with a chemical, usually by eating or drinking it, inhaling it, or touching it and having it penetrate the skin

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Four Chamber Greenhouse-based exposure system to study effects of elevated CO2 on plants

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Free Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE)

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Emission-Inventory Development, Evaluation and Improvement

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SO2 emissions from electric utilities in United States from 1980-2001

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Regional SO2 Emissions from Electric Utilities

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Location of Surface O3 Monitoring Sites

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Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Stations (PAMS)

Site #1 - Upwind and background characterization site.Site #2 - Maximum ozone precursor emissions impact site. Site #3 - Maximum ozone concentration site. These sites are intended to monitor maximum ozone concentrations occurring downwind from the area of maximum precursor emissions.Site #4 - Extreme downwind monitoring site. These sites are established to characterize the extreme downwind transported ozone and its precursor concentrations exiting the area and will identify those areas which are potentially contributing to overwhelming ozone transport into other areas.

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Air Quality Models• Air quality models use mathematical

and numerical techniques to simulate the physical and chemical processes that affect air pollutants as they disperse and react in the atmosphere.

• inputs of meteorological data• source information• emission rates • stack height • models are designed to characterize

primary pollutants • secondary pollutants that are formed

as a result of complex chemical reactions within the atmosphere

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Surface Data• Surface data are meteorological data

that are measured at the earth’s surface (technically, somewhere between the ground level and 10m).

• data contains physical parameters • Temperature• dew point• wind direction• wind speed• cloud cover• cloud layer(s)• Visibility• current weather• precipitation amount• Surface data are reported by the

National Weather Service for each hour

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World Car Sales by Manufacturers1998-2005

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Well to Wheel Emissions

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Fuel Cycle Emissions

Full fuel cycle emissions: 1. Biodiesel 2. Conventional (Petroleum) Fuels (Gasoline and Diesel) 3. Electricity 4. Ethanol (E-10 and E-85) 5. Hydrogen 6. Natural Gas (compressed natural gas [CNG], and liquefied natural gas [LNG]) 7. Propane 8. Renewable Diesel 9. Synthetic Fuels (Dimethyl Ether and Methanol) 10. XTLs (Biomass-to-Liquid, Coal-to-Liquid, Gas-to-Liquid)

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Fuel Pathways

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Study in Taiwan

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Global Warming

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US (90 Cities)Europe (21 Cities)

Asia (4 Cities)

00.10.20.30.40.50.60.7

0.460.620000000000006

0.49

Health Effects InstituteAsian Risk Estimates Similar to West

Percent Increase in Mortality per 10 µg increase in PM10Pe

rcen

t Inc

reas

e

Health Effects Institute, 2008

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Implement a Project-IIDue Date: Wednesday, 15th May, 2013

A PENNY SAVED IS A PENNY EARNED…… have to save money or earn money… … up to Rs 10,000 within one month…

• Solid Waste Management• Air Quality Management• Energy Audit• Material Recovery from Solid Waste• Biofuels• Energy Conservation• Selling Drinking WaterOr• Any smart idea related to Public Health Engineering

Note: Provide complete data related to the activities in terms of Rupees

Air Quality Management in

Pakistan

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The World Bank Assessment Report (Pakistan)

• Mean annual cost of Environmental and Natural Resource Damage is about Rs. 365 billion or 6% of GDP

• Air pollution contributes 1/3 to the total damage

• Rs. 67 billion for Indoor air pollution

• Rs. 65 billion for Urban air pollution

• Annually urban air pollution causes– 22,000 deaths among adults – 700 deaths among young

children

Indoor air

pollution19%

Urban air pollution

18%

Others(Water, Wastewater,Solid

waste )63%

Environmental and Natural Resource Damage

(Rs. 365 billion)

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Annual Cost of Urban Air Pollution Health Impacts (Billion Rs)

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National Environmental Quality Standards NEQS for Ambient Air

Pollutants Time-weighted average Concentration in Ambient AirEffective from 1st January, 2009

Sulfur Dioxide Annual Average24 hour

80 µg/m3

120 µg/m3

Oxides of Nitrogen as NO Annual Average24 hour

40 µg/m3

40 µg/m3

Oxides of Nitrogen as NO2Annual Average

24 hour40 µg/m3

80 µg/m3

Ozone 1 hour 180 µg/m3

Suspended Particulate MatterSPM

Annual Average24 hour

400 µg/m3

550 µg/m3

Particulate Matter PM10 Annual Average24 hour

200 µg/m3

250 µg/m3

Particulate Matter PM2.5Annual Average

24 hour1 hour

25 µg/m3

40 µg/m3

25 µg/m3

Lead (Pb) Annual Average24 hour

1.5 µg/m3

2.0 µg/m3

Carbon Monoxide (CO) 8 hour1 hour

5 mg/m3

10 mg/m3

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Number of Vehicles in Pakistan

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Power Shortfall in Pakistan

Overall power shortfall current and projected in Pakistan as:• 6577 MW in 2010• 18320 MW in 2015• 36462 MW by 2020

Primary Energy Supplies by source in Pakistan

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Ambient Air Quality Daily Mean Value

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Summary of Equipment

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Mobile Automatic Air Quality Monitoring Station

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SOx & NOx

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CO, CH4 & O3

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Low Volume Air Sampler

Particulate Matter Sampling

The concentration of Total Suspended Particulate was calculated using the following formula (40 CFR Appendix B, Part 50, USEPA)

(µg/m3)

where,TSP is mass concentration of total suspended particulate matter (µg/m3)Wi is initial weight of clean filter (g)Wf is final weight of exposed filter (g)V is the sampled air volume (m3) 106 is for conversion of g to µg

Calculation of Suspended Particulate Matter

6f iW W 10

TSP = V

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High Volume Air SamplerMeasuring PM10

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Weighing after 24 Hours

Sample Cutting

Sample ½ piece

Beaker (100 mL) HCl (1+1) 30mL, H2O2 (30%) 5mL

Heat on Hot Plate 1200

C, 1Hr

Filtration

Filter Paper/Funnel

Sample Preparation For AAS

Filtered Solution

Conc. on Hot Plate Add HNO3(2+98)

soon before dry-up

Constant Vol (25mL) HNO3(2+98)

Sample Transfer Polyethylene Bottle

AAS Analysis

Sample Preparation For AAS

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Glassware

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Cutting Exposed Filter Paper

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Acid Extraction

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Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS)

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Proton Induced X-ray Emissions (PIXE)

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Stack Gas Emission Monitoring

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Stack Gas Emission Monitoring

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Stack Gas Emission Monitoring

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Transboundary EffectsFires in Northwest India (MODIS)

Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer

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US-AID ProjectEnergy Auditing Serena

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UN-Habitat ProjectGreen Roofs

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UN-Habitat ProjectGreen Roofs

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Crescent Mills, Faisalabad

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CNG Driven Vehicles in Pakistan

Traffic Police Officials penalizing smoke emitting vehicle operators

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Thank You