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Air Quality and Noise
Management
Vanisa Surapipith, Ph.D. (vanisa.s@pcd.go.th) Air Quality and Noise Management Bureau
Pollution Control Department
Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment
Visit of AIT Graduate Program
November 19, 2010
Outline
PCD
Air Quality Management and Objectives1
Conclusion - Outlook4
Noise Management 3
Ambient Air Monitoring Activities2
Air Pollution Issue
Public annoyance or impacting public health
Levels of the problem are defined by
Type of pollutants
Concentration of pollutants
Exposure time
Why?air pollution must be controlled
Its impact on human health
Acute effect
Chronic effect
Its impact on crops/vegetation
Its impact on materials/buildings
Sources of Air Pollution
Stationary sources/ Point sources
Mobile sources/ Line sources
Area sources
Air Quality Management Cycle
WHAT REDUCTIONS ARE
NECESSARY?
HOW TO ACHIEVE
IMPLEMENT
EVALUATERESULTS
ESTABLISHGOALS
-- National Rules-New Source Performance Standards-Mobile Source Controls-Regional/National Controlson particular industrial sectors
-- Local Plans-Designations-Local controls for nonattainment areas
-- Regional/National programs-- Local rules -- Voluntary programs-- Permits-- Compliance & Enforcement
--Monitoring: Air Quality Index--Modeling--Economic Benefits Analysis--Trends Analysis
-- Science Driven-- National Ambient Air Quality Standards--Air Toxics
-- Monitoring: ambient, source-by-source
-- Emissions Inventories
-- Modeling: State and National
Adapted from A. Scott Voorhes
U.S. EPA, BAQ2006.
Thailand National Ambient Air Quality Standards
PollutantsConcentration
1-hr 8-hr 24-hr 1-month 1-year Measurement Methods
CO (ppm) 30 9 - - - Non-Dispersive Infrared
NO2 (ppm) 0.17 - - - 0.03 Chemiluminescence
SO2 (ppm) 0.3 - 0.12 - 0.04 Pararosaniline/Ultraviolet Fluorescence (2003)
TSP (mg/m3) - - 0.33 - 0.1 Gravimetric
PM2.5 (mg/m3) - - 0.05 - 0.025 Federal Reference Method (US)
PM10 (mg/m3) - - 0.12 - 0.05Gravimetric/ Beta Ray/ TEOM/Dichotomous (2003)
O3 (ppm) 0.1 0.07 - - -Chemiluminescence/Ultraviolet Absorption Photometry (2003)
Pb (mg/m3) - - - 0.0015 - Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in Ambient Air Standards of Thailand
Remark
: 1.
One year Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in Ambient Air is determined from the Arithemetic Mean of VOCs analysis from continuously 24 hour ambient air sampling (at least once a month)
2.
In case of the collected ambient air sample(s) was unable to be analysed, the new sampling and analysis must be done within 30 days from the previous sampling date.
3.
Reference Condition is 25 degree Celsius at 1 atm or 760 mmHg
Source : Notification of National Environmental Board No. 30 , B.E 2550 (2007) under the Enhancement and Conservation of National Environmental Quality Act B.E.2535 (1992), published in the Royal Government Gazette No. 124 Part 143 dated September 14, B.E.2550 (2007)
Pollutants Standard1. Benzene Not exceed 1.7 µg/m3
2. Vinyl Chloride Not exceed 10 µg/m3
3. 1,2 - Dichloroethane Not exceed 0.4 µg/m3
4. Trichloroethylene Not exceed 23 µg/m3
5. Dichloromethane Not exceed 22 µg/m3
6. 1,2 - Dichloropropane Not exceed 4 µg/m3
7. Tetrachloroethylene Not exceed 200 µg/m3
8. Chloroform Not exceed 0.43 µg/m3
9. 1,3 - Butadiene Not exceed 0.33 µg/m3
Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Networks
One of the most important components in an air quality
management program;
Under the Enhancement and Conservation of National
Environmental Quality Act of 1992, PCD is responsible for
monitoring air quality in Thailand and subsequently
preparing an annual report on the state of air quality of the
country;
The ambient air monitoring data is used as an essential
precursor to some form of control activities;
History1981: The National Primary Ambient Air Quality Standards were promulgated
1983: The first air quality monitoring system was installed 8 stations in BKK (not on-line system)
1987: The first on-line and real-time continuous air quality monitoring system was installed 5 stations in Samut Prakarn (JICA’s assistance)
1991: The third monitoring system (an on-line and real-time continuous system) 4 stations on the curb-sides of streets in BKK
1992: PCD with the technical assistance from the Swedish Gov. started preparing the design of a nation-wide ambient air quality monitoring networkand a meteorological monitoring network
1996: The networks were gradually put in several phases through the upgrade of the existing air quality monitoring stations and the installation of new ones;
Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Network
Region Air Quality Stations
NorthNorth Eastern CentralEastSouth
1023285
Total = 57
PCD’s Station
1. Ambient air quality monitoring station
• 57 Automated ambient air quality monitoring stations
•Pollutants are:•CO•SO2,•NO,NO2, NOx,• O3, •THC, CH4, NMHC •PM10•PM2.5
Wind Speed, Wind Direction
TEMP, RH,Rain
Solar &Net radiation
SO2 Analyzer
O3 Analyzer
NOx Analyzer
CO Analyzer
PM10 Analyzer
PM2.5 Analyzer
Data Logger
Calibrator
Modem
REMOTE STATION
Local Telephone Service
Modem
Extended File Storage
The central processing computerfor data storage and analysis
Diagram of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Station and Data Transmission System
PCD central processing computer for data storage and analysis
Monitoring of PM2.5 Microns
PCD is in the process of establishing ambient air quality standard for PM2.5
Background information is being collected for the consideration of standard level
Curbside Street-Level Ambient Air Quality Monitoring
Long-Term Continuous Curbside Ambient Air Quality Monitoring
Automated ambient air quality monitoring stations (7 stations): CO, TSP, PM10, PM2.5, NOx, O3, SO2, HC, Pb
10-meter meteorological masts measuring:
WS, WD, TEMP, SOLAR RAD, NET RAD, Rain, RH, Pressure
Sort-Term Temporary Curbside Ambient Air Quality Monitoring
Air pollutant measured: CO, TSP, PM10, Pb
Approximated 15 most congested streets in BKK
Sampling period: ~2 week at each street
Data are collected manually
Short-Term Temporary Curbside Ambient Air Quality Monitoring In Bangkok
High Volume Air Samplers for TSP & PM10
Particulate matters (PM10): the issue in urban areas
Bangkok Chiang Mai Samutprakarn Saraburi
Air Quality Index (AQI)
Pollution Control Department (Thailand), 2007
JICA VOCs Project (2006 – 2008)
VOCs Monitoring Sites
Maptaphut, Rayong ProvinceBangkok and Vicinity
22
BangkokRayongChiang MaiKhon KaenSongklaKanjanaburi (Background Site)
Current VOCs Routine Monitoring Site
VOCs data available at: aqnis.pcd.go.th
Overall Policy
Control and reduction of emissions from key sources, i.e. On-road vehicles, industry, construction, and field open burning
Management of area-wise air pollution taking the concept of carrying/ assimilating capacity
Enhance capacity of local environmental agency
in monitoring environmental quality and status of
emission sources
Development and update the emission database
in critical area
Promote Clean Technology and Cleaner Fuel
Overall Policy (continued)
Enhance annual vehicle inspection programme
Enhance public participation in air pollution management
Implement measures for controlling open burning and developing the monitoring and early warning system for air pollution and haze forecast
Overall Policy (continued)
Mobile Emission ControlEmission Reduction from New VehicleEmission Reduction from In-use VehicleFuel Quality ImprovementAlternative FuelProject of emission measurement from vehicle used gasoholChallenge Ahead
Challenges AheadImproving air quality management VS Fuel ReformulationLocal, national and international cooperation ; more involvement from relating organizations is neededFrom strategy to real-world implementationStrategies need to be accompanied by sustainable incentive packagesAction taken to tackle air pollution could also compensate benefits to all sections
Noise and Vibration Management
•Traffic
•Factory
•Construction
•Community
Issuing Standards for New and In-used VehiclesInspection and Enforcement
Charge vehicles with Excessive NoiseCharge unauthorised public car/motorcycle racingCharge garages which serve illegal muffler
adjustmentRandom sampling of annual maintenance vehicles
Control Measures for Vehicles
Random sampling inspection of roadside vehicles
Cooperation with the Police Department
• Set up 31 checkpoints
since June 1, 2005
• Fine and apply ‘not to be
used’ rule 1,184 vehicles. Now, 723 vehicles have
improved to standard and
allowed back on streets
(61%)
• Sampling 475 vehicles
• 91 vehicles found
exceeding standard (19%)
Fine for
200.-
Fine for
1,000.-
Issue ‘Not to be Used’
Since1 May 2006
Inspection and Maintenance
Motorcycle Garage
Out of the inspected 34 garages
• 2 was out of standard
• found 749 out-of-standard mufflers
As at May 26, 2005
Rock Mining
Standard
Noise and Vibration from Factory – focussing on Rock Mining
Maximum must not exceed 115 dBA
• Setting up the standard• Campaigning for Public Participation in living in
harmony with the environment, according to the principle in the constitution
• Promoting Public Awareness in creating no excessive noise
Community Noise Measures
Law and Enforcement for dealing with complaints
Noise level of the source Background Noise-Annoyance
Standard Not to exceed 10 dBA
National Environmental Board Rule no. 17 (BE 2543 / AD 2000)
Campaign for Public Participation in Controlling Noise from Motor Vehicles
Promotion stickers
On PCD vehicles
Road-side boards and campaigning fair
Campaigning venues for noise reduction from motor vehicles
Reduction/promotional prices for services during the campaigns
Campaigning points :
Garages, motorcycle service centres
Training Activity
Taxi motorcyclists
Garage owners
Police Officers :
3 key typesPCD
Police Department
Bangkok MunicipalityISO officeTransport Department
0 2202 347515841555
1197
Thank you for your kind attentionMore information at:
www.pcd.go.th and aqnis.pcd.go.th
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