advanced reaction topics

Advanced Reaction TopicsAdvanced Reaction Topics

Reaction RatesReaction RatesEquilibriumEquilibriumAcids and BasesAcids and BasesRedox ChemistryRedox Chemistry

Reaction RatesReaction Rates

Things that affect the rate of a reactionThings that affect the rate of a reactionTemperatureTemperature

Increasing the temperature 10Increasing the temperature 10°C doubles the °C doubles the reaction rate typicallyreaction rate typically

ConcentrationConcentrationSurface AreaSurface AreaCatalystCatalyst

Every reaction is different and has a Every reaction is different and has a different reaction rate.different reaction rate.

Collision TheoryCollision Theory Reactions happen when molecules collide with Reactions happen when molecules collide with

each othereach other The reaction only happens IF:The reaction only happens IF:

They collide with enough energyThey collide with enough energy They collide with the right orientation.They collide with the right orientation.

How Do They Relate?How Do They Relate?

Things that affect the rate of a reactionThings that affect the rate of a reactionTemperatureTemperature

Increasing Temperature increases the energy in a Increasing Temperature increases the energy in a collision.collision.

ConcentrationConcentrationIncreases the number of particles in the same Increases the number of particles in the same

volume and therefore the number of collisionsvolume and therefore the number of collisions

Surface AreaSurface AreaIncreases the accessible area for collisionsIncreases the accessible area for collisions

EquilibriumEquilibrium

Fishbowl DemoFishbowl Demo

What are the characteristics once it What are the characteristics once it reaches equilibrium?reaches equilibrium?The amount of “reactants” and “products” is The amount of “reactants” and “products” is

not changingnot changing ““Reactions” are still occurring in both the Reactions” are still occurring in both the

forward and reverse direction.forward and reverse direction.The rate of the “reactions” is the same at The rate of the “reactions” is the same at

equilibriumequilibrium

Characteristics of EquilibriumCharacteristics of Equilibrium The amounts of the reactants and products do The amounts of the reactants and products do

not change while the system is at equilibrium.not change while the system is at equilibrium.

Consider: NConsider: N22 + 3H + 3H22 ⇌⇌ 2NH 2NH33

Notice the double half arrows

Characteristics of EquilibriumCharacteristics of Equilibrium The forward and reverse reactions still both occur but at The forward and reverse reactions still both occur but at

the same rate.the same rate. For this reason, equilibrium can also be called For this reason, equilibrium can also be called dynamicdynamic

equilibriumequilibrium

Acids and BasesAcids and Bases

Hydrochloric AcidHydrochloric Acid

HCl(aq)HCl(aq)

What type of compound is it?What type of compound is it?

What type of electrolyte is hydrochloric What type of electrolyte is hydrochloric acid?acid?

Why does it light up?Why does it light up?

What must be present in solution?What must be present in solution?

Is hydrochloric acid an ionic compound?Is hydrochloric acid an ionic compound?No. It is in a small subset of covalent No. It is in a small subset of covalent

compounds.compounds.

It must be making It must be making some ions in solutionsome ions in solution

What are the ions?What are the ions?

HCl + HHCl + H22OO H H33OO++

(aq) + Cl(aq) + Cl--(aq)(aq)

HH33OO++ is called the is called the

hydronium ionhydronium ion

Things that make Things that make hydronium ions in hydronium ions in water are called water are called acids.acids.

A Word About HydroniumA Word About Hydronium

Depending on how you look at it acids Depending on how you look at it acids makemakeHH++ - hydrogen ion - hydrogen ionHH33OO++ - hydronium ion - hydronium ion

The two are interchangableThe two are interchangableHH+ + + H+ H22O O H H33OO++

Anytime you see one it can mean the Anytime you see one it can mean the other.other.

Common AcidsCommon Acids

Hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric acid (HCl)(HCl) Muriatic acidMuriatic acid

Sulfuric acid (HSulfuric acid (H22SOSO44)) Battery acidBattery acid

Nitric acid (HNONitric acid (HNO33)) Acetic acid (HCAcetic acid (HC22HH33OO22))

VinegarVinegar Phosphoric acid Phosphoric acid

(H(H33POPO44))

Citric Acid Citric Acid Lactic AcidLactic Acid Ascorbic AcidAscorbic Acid

Vitamin CVitamin C Acetylsalicylic AcidAcetylsalicylic Acid

AspirinAspirin Stearic AcidStearic Acid

Common BasesCommon Bases

Sodium hydroxideSodium hydroxide Lye, Caustic SodaLye, Caustic Soda

Calcium hydroxideCalcium hydroxide LimeLime

Magnesium hydroxideMagnesium hydroxide Milk of magnesiaMilk of magnesia

AmmoniaAmmonia Sodium hypochloriteSodium hypochlorite

BleachBleach

Sodium hydrogen Sodium hydrogen carbonatecarbonate Baking SodaBaking Soda

Calcium carbonateCalcium carbonate ChalkChalk TumsTums

Acids and BasesAcids and BasesArrhenius DefinitionsArrhenius Definitions

Arrhenius AcidArrhenius Acid – a substance that dissociates – a substance that dissociates and produces hydronium ions in waterand produces hydronium ions in water

Arrhenius BaseArrhenius Base – a substance that dissociates – a substance that dissociates and produces hydroxide ions in waterand produces hydroxide ions in water

BrBrønsted-Lowry Definitionsønsted-Lowry DefinitionsBrBrønsted-Lowry Acidønsted-Lowry Acid – a substance that – a substance that

donates a hydrogen ion (Hdonates a hydrogen ion (H++) (a proton)) (a proton)BrBrønsted-Lowry Baseønsted-Lowry Base – a substance that – a substance that

accepts a hydrogen ion (Haccepts a hydrogen ion (H++) (a proton)) (a proton)

Acid and Base DefinitionsAcid and Base Definitions

There is quite a bit of overlap between the There is quite a bit of overlap between the definitionsdefinitions

HCl + HHCl + H22O O Cl Cl-- + H + H33OO++

HCl dissociates and produces hydronium ionsHCl dissociates and produces hydronium ionsArrhenius AcidArrhenius Acid

HCl donates an HHCl donates an H++ to water to waterBrønsted-Lowry AcidBrønsted-Lowry Acid

All Arrhenius Acids are Brønsted-Lowry Acids All Arrhenius Acids are Brønsted-Lowry Acids and vice versa.and vice versa.

Acid and Base DefinitionsAcid and Base Definitions Relations between the base definitions are not Relations between the base definitions are not

as simple.as simple. NaOH dissolves in water to form NaNaOH dissolves in water to form Na++ and OH and OH--

Arrhenius BaseArrhenius Base NaOH + HNaOH + H++ Na Na++ + H + H22OO

BrBrønsted-Lowry Baseønsted-Lowry Base Hydroxides are both Arrhenius and Brønsted-Lowry Hydroxides are both Arrhenius and Brønsted-Lowry

Bases.Bases. Non-hydroxide bases can’t be Arrhenius basesNon-hydroxide bases can’t be Arrhenius bases

No hydroxide obviously…No hydroxide obviously… Non-hydroxide bases will be Brønsted-Lowry Non-hydroxide bases will be Brønsted-Lowry

basesbases COCO33

2-2- + H + H+ + HCO HCO33--

NHNH33 + H + H++ NH NH44++

Acid and Base DefinitionsAcid and Base Definitions

Arrhenius acids and bases are tied to Arrhenius acids and bases are tied to waterwater

BrBrønsted-Lowry acids and bases are not.ønsted-Lowry acids and bases are not.BrBrønsted-Lowry can be used to describe ønsted-Lowry can be used to describe

reactions in the gas phase or in other solvents reactions in the gas phase or in other solvents besides water.besides water.

Acid-Base DefinitionsAcid-Base Definitions Monoprotic acidMonoprotic acid – an acid that has one ionizable – an acid that has one ionizable

hydrogenhydrogen HCl, HNOHCl, HNO33

Diprotic acidDiprotic acid – an acid that has two ionizable – an acid that has two ionizable hydrogenshydrogens HH22SOSO44

Triprotic acidTriprotic acid – an acid that has three ionizable – an acid that has three ionizable hydrogenshydrogens HH33POPO44

What kind of acid is acetic acid, HCWhat kind of acid is acetic acid, HC22HH33OO22?? MonoproticMonoprotic Typically only hydrogens written first are ionizable.Typically only hydrogens written first are ionizable.

Autolysis of WaterAutolysis of Water

Water spontaneously splits itselfWater spontaneously splits itself2H2H22O O ⇌⇌ H H33OO++ + OH + OH––

An equilibrium system.An equilibrium system.Makes equal parts hydronium and Makes equal parts hydronium and

hydroxidehydroxideEqual parts acid and baseEqual parts acid and base

Water is neutral.Water is neutral.

Autolysis of WaterAutolysis of Water

We will use brackets to represent molarityWe will use brackets to represent molarity

[H[H33OO++] is the molarity of the hydronium ion.] is the molarity of the hydronium ion.

When acids and bases are dissolved in When acids and bases are dissolved in water [Hwater [H33OO++][OH][OH––] = K] = Kww = 1x10 = 1x10-14-14

Acid Base ReactionsAcid Base Reactions

Acid Base Neutralization ReactionAcid Base Neutralization ReactionHA + B HA + B A + HB A + HBTransfer of hydrogen ions (HTransfer of hydrogen ions (H++))

Hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide Hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide solutions are mixedsolutions are mixed

Acetic acid and barium hydroxide solutions Acetic acid and barium hydroxide solutions are mixed.are mixed.

Ammonia and sulfuric acid solutions are Ammonia and sulfuric acid solutions are mixedmixed

Hydrochloric acid and sodium sulfide Hydrochloric acid and sodium sulfide solutions are mixed.solutions are mixed.

AcidsAcids

Hydrochloric acidHydrochloric acid Is it an electrolyte?Is it an electrolyte?Why is it an electrolyte?Why is it an electrolyte?

Acetic acidAcetic acid Is it an electrolyte?Is it an electrolyte?Why is it an electrolyte?Why is it an electrolyte?Why doesn’t it light up as much as Why doesn’t it light up as much as

hydrochloric acid?hydrochloric acid?

Strength of Acids and BasesStrength of Acids and Bases

Hydrochloric acid completely dissociatesHydrochloric acid completely dissociatesHCl + HHCl + H22O O H H33OO++ + Cl + Cl--

Acetic acid doesn’t make as many ionsAcetic acid doesn’t make as many ionsAcetic acid partially dissociatesAcetic acid partially dissociatesHCHC22HH33OO22 + H + H22O O ⇌⇌ H H33OO++ + C + C22HH33OO22

––

Around 0.5% of acetic acid molecules make Around 0.5% of acetic acid molecules make hydronium ionshydronium ions

Reactant side is very favored.Reactant side is very favored.

Strength of Acids and BasesStrength of Acids and Bases Strong acid or baseStrong acid or base – an acid or base that – an acid or base that

completely reacts with water to form hydronium completely reacts with water to form hydronium ions or hydroxide ions.ions or hydroxide ions. Strong acids – hydrochloric, sulfuric, nitricStrong acids – hydrochloric, sulfuric, nitric Strong bases – LiOH, NaOH, KOH, RbOH, CsOH, Strong bases – LiOH, NaOH, KOH, RbOH, CsOH,

Ca(OH)Ca(OH)22, Sr(OH), Sr(OH)22, Ba(OH), Ba(OH)22

Weak acid or baseWeak acid or base – an acid or base that – an acid or base that partially reacts with water to form hydronium partially reacts with water to form hydronium ions or hydroxide ions.ions or hydroxide ions. Weak acids – everything except the aboveWeak acids – everything except the above Weak bases – everything except the aboveWeak bases – everything except the above

Strong Acid

Weak Acid

Strength of Acids and BasesStrength of Acids and BasesStrength does not describe concentrationStrength does not describe concentration

ConsiderConsiderA bottle of “glacial” acetic acid (99%)A bottle of “glacial” acetic acid (99%)A bottle of concentrated sulfuric acid (98%)A bottle of concentrated sulfuric acid (98%)

Both have (nearly) the same concentrationBoth have (nearly) the same concentrationAcetic acid will not ionize as much in water Acetic acid will not ionize as much in water

as sulfuric acid willas sulfuric acid willAcetic acid is a “weak” acidAcetic acid is a “weak” acid

Concentration of AcidsConcentration of Acids

If not all acids completely dissociate in If not all acids completely dissociate in waterwaterThe concentration of the acid molecules is The concentration of the acid molecules is

different for every aciddifferent for every acidThe concentration of the hydronium ion in The concentration of the hydronium ion in

different acids is differentdifferent acids is different

Need a system that describes the Need a system that describes the concentration of acids.concentration of acids.

pHpHpH = -log [HpH = -log [H33OO++]]

Also define a relationship for the amount Also define a relationship for the amount of baseof base

pOH = -log [OHpOH = -log [OH––]]

How do you reverse a log?How do you reverse a log?1010-pH-pH = [H = [H33OO++]]1010-pOH-pOH = [OH = [OH––]]

How are pH and pOH related?How are pH and pOH related?

KKww = [H = [H33OO++][OH][OH––]]

log Klog Kww = log ([H = log ([H33OO++][OH][OH––])])

log Klog Kww = log [H = log [H33OO++] + log [OH] + log [OH––]]

log 1x10log 1x10-14-14 = log [H = log [H33OO++] + log [OH] + log [OH––]]

-14 = log [H-14 = log [H33OO++] + log [OH] + log [OH––]]

14 = -log [H14 = -log [H33OO++] + -log [OH] + -log [OH––]]

14 = pH + pOH14 = pH + pOH

pH ScalepH Scale

Take 7 minutes to fill in this pH scale using Take 7 minutes to fill in this pH scale using the chemical formulas you know.the chemical formulas you know.

Practice ProblemsPractice Problems

What is the pH of a solution with [HWhat is the pH of a solution with [H++] of ] of 1.0x101.0x10-3-3 M? M?

What is the pOH of a solution with [HWhat is the pOH of a solution with [H++] of ] of 1.0x101.0x10-3-3 M? M?

What is the [OHWhat is the [OH--] of a solution with a pH of ] of a solution with a pH of 9.00?9.00?

What is the [OHWhat is the [OH--] of a solution with an ] of a solution with an [H[H33OO++] concentration of 1.0x10] concentration of 1.0x10-5-5 M? M?

What is the pH of a solution with a What is the pH of a solution with a hydronium ion concentration of hydronium ion concentration of 2.55x102.55x10-4-4M?M?

What is the pOH of a solution that has a What is the pOH of a solution that has a hydronium ion concentration of hydronium ion concentration of 5.50x105.50x10-8 -8 M?M?

IndicatorsIndicators Colored compounds that are sensitive to Colored compounds that are sensitive to

changes in pHchanges in pH Indicators will change color based on how acidic Indicators will change color based on how acidic

or basic the conditions around it areor basic the conditions around it are Chemical reaction with the acids or basesChemical reaction with the acids or bases

Acidic Conditions (pH<8.2) Basic Conditions (pH>10.0)

Phenolphthalein

Universal IndicatorUniversal Indicator Universal Indicator is a mixture of different Universal Indicator is a mixture of different

indicators.indicators.

Resulting color depends on each of the four Resulting color depends on each of the four indicator’s statesindicator’s states

Redox ChemistryRedox Chemistry

ElectrolysisElectrolysis

Run a current through Run a current through water.water.

Splits water into Splits water into hydrogen and oxygenhydrogen and oxygen

2H2H22O O 2H 2H22 + O + O22

Oxidation NumbersOxidation Numbers

Describes the relative amount of electrons Describes the relative amount of electrons associated with a particular atomassociated with a particular atom

Has no actual physical meaning (for the Has no actual physical meaning (for the most part)most part)

Only an electron bookkeeping method.Only an electron bookkeeping method.

Oxidation NumbersOxidation Numbers1.1. Every uncombined element in its natural state has Every uncombined element in its natural state has

an oxidation number of zero.an oxidation number of zero.2.2. The oxidation number of a monatomic ion is its The oxidation number of a monatomic ion is its

charge.charge.3.3. Remember the following:Remember the following:

Fluorine in a compound is always -1Fluorine in a compound is always -1 Hydrogen is a +1 normally in a compound. It is -1 Hydrogen is a +1 normally in a compound. It is -1

when a hydride.when a hydride. Oxygen is almost always -2 in a compound unless it is Oxygen is almost always -2 in a compound unless it is

a peroxide (-1)a peroxide (-1)

4.4. The sum of the individual oxidation numbers on The sum of the individual oxidation numbers on every atom in a species is equal to the overall every atom in a species is equal to the overall charge on that species.charge on that species.

Oxidation Numbers PracticeOxidation Numbers Practice

Give the oxidation number of every element Give the oxidation number of every element in the following compounds.in the following compounds.

CHFCHF33

BaClBaCl22

KNOKNO33

SS22OO332-2-

(NH(NH44))22CC22OO44

Oxidation and ReductionOxidation and Reduction

Oxidation Oxidation - chemical - chemical process involving the process involving the loss of electrons.loss of electrons.

ReductionReduction – chemical – chemical process involving process involving gaining electrons.gaining electrons.

LEO the lion goes LEO the lion goes GERGER

OIL RIGOIL RIG

Oxidation and ReductionOxidation and Reduction Consider: Consider:

MnOMnO44-- + C + C22OO44

2-2- + H + H++ Mn Mn2+2+ + CO + CO22 + H + H22OO

What element has been reduced?What element has been reduced? What element has been oxidized?What element has been oxidized? What species reacted with the element that was What species reacted with the element that was

reduced?reduced? This is the This is the reducing agentreducing agent..

What species reacted with the element that was What species reacted with the element that was oxidized?oxidized? This is the This is the oxidizing agentoxidizing agent..

Vanadium Oxidation StatesVanadium Oxidation States

Vanadium oxidation states.mov

PracticePractice Identify the element oxidized, the element Identify the element oxidized, the element

reduced, the species that is the oxidizing reduced, the species that is the oxidizing agent, and the species that is the reducing agent, and the species that is the reducing agent in:agent in:

II-- + ClO + ClO-- + H + H++ I I33-- + Cl + Cl-- + H + H22OO

PracticePractice Identify the element oxidized, the element Identify the element oxidized, the element

reduced, the species that is the oxidizing reduced, the species that is the oxidizing agent, and the species that is the reducing agent, and the species that is the reducing agent in:agent in:

HH++ + Cr + Cr22OO772-2- + C + C22HH55OH OH Cr Cr3+3+ + CO + CO22 + H + H22OO

Half ReactionHalf Reaction

Different Parts of redox reactions are Different Parts of redox reactions are interchangableinterchangable

We split redox reactions into two partsWe split redox reactions into two parts Oxidation half reactionOxidation half reaction Reduction half reactionReduction half reaction

Write the compounds or ions involved and show Write the compounds or ions involved and show which ones are losing and gaining electronswhich ones are losing and gaining electrons

Cu + AgCu + Ag++ Cu Cu2+2+ + Ag + Ag

Al + HAl + H++ Al Al3+3+ + H + H22

FF22 + Cl + Cl-- F F-- + Cl + Cl22

SnSn2+2+ + Fe + Fe3+3+ Fe Fe2+2+ + Sn + Sn4+4+

Balancing Redox ReactionsBalancing Redox Reactions

This gets ugly.This gets ugly.

Must follow the process.Must follow the process.

The Rules – Copy the RestThe Rules – Copy the Rest

1.1. Split the overall reaction into two half Split the overall reaction into two half reactions, one for oxidation and one for reactions, one for oxidation and one for reduction.reduction.

2.2. Balance each half reaction separatelyBalance each half reaction separatelya)a) Balance everything but O and HBalance everything but O and H

b)b) Balance O by adding HBalance O by adding H22O where necessaryO where necessary

c)c) Balance H by adding HBalance H by adding H++ where necessary where necessary

d)d) Balance the charge by adding electrons.Balance the charge by adding electrons.

The Rules – Copy the RestThe Rules – Copy the Rest3.3. Make the number of electrons in the two Make the number of electrons in the two

half reactions agree by multiplying the half reactions agree by multiplying the entire half reaction by coefficients.entire half reaction by coefficients.

4.4. Add the two half reactions and cancel Add the two half reactions and cancel identical speciesidentical species

5.5. Double check to make sure everything Double check to make sure everything (elements and charge) is (elements and charge) is balanced!!!!!!!!balanced!!!!!!!!

These rules apply to reactions occurring These rules apply to reactions occurring under acidic conditions – that’s all we under acidic conditions – that’s all we need for this classneed for this class

Practice ProblemsPractice Problems Dichromate and iodide ions react in acidic Dichromate and iodide ions react in acidic

solution to form chromium(III) and iodate ions.solution to form chromium(III) and iodate ions.

Practice ProblemsPractice Problems Permanganate ions and methanol (CHPermanganate ions and methanol (CH33OH) OH)

react to form manganese(II) ions and formic acid react to form manganese(II) ions and formic acid (HCO(HCO22H) in acidic solution.H) in acidic solution.

Practice ProblemsPractice Problems Arsenic metal and chlorate ions react in acidic Arsenic metal and chlorate ions react in acidic

solution to form arsenous acid (Hsolution to form arsenous acid (H33AsOAsO33) and ) and hypochlorous acid (HClO)hypochlorous acid (HClO)

Practice ProblemsPractice Problems Solid iodine reacts with hypochlorite ions to form Solid iodine reacts with hypochlorite ions to form

iodate ions and chloride ions in acidic iodate ions and chloride ions in acidic conditions.conditions.

Practice ProblemsPractice Problems Arsenic metal and chlorate ions react in acidic solution to Arsenic metal and chlorate ions react in acidic solution to

form arsenous acid (Hform arsenous acid (H33AsOAsO33) and hypochlorous acid ) and hypochlorous acid (HClO)(HClO)

Solid iodine reacts with hypochlorite ions to form iodate Solid iodine reacts with hypochlorite ions to form iodate ions and chloride ions in acidic conditions.ions and chloride ions in acidic conditions.

Oxalate ions (COxalate ions (C22OO442-2-) and permanganate ions react in ) and permanganate ions react in

acidic conditions to form manganese(II) ions and carbon acidic conditions to form manganese(II) ions and carbon dioxide.dioxide.

Dichromate ions react with hydrogen peroxide to Dichromate ions react with hydrogen peroxide to produce chromium(III) ions and oxygen gas in acidic produce chromium(III) ions and oxygen gas in acidic conditionsconditions

Aluminum metal reacts with iodate ions in acidic solution Aluminum metal reacts with iodate ions in acidic solution to form aluminum ions and solid iodine.to form aluminum ions and solid iodine.

Uses of Redox ChemistryUses of Redox Chemistry

BatteriesBatteries Harnessed flow of Harnessed flow of

electrons driven by electrons driven by redox reaction.redox reaction.

Car batteryCar battery

PbOPbO22(s) + Pb(s) + 2H(s) + Pb(s) + 2H22SOSO44 2PbSO 2PbSO44(s) + 2H(s) + 2H22OO

Alkaline BatteriesAlkaline Batteries

Zn + 2MnOZn + 2MnO22 ZnO + Mn ZnO + Mn22OO33

Fuel CellsFuel Cells

2H2H22 + O + O22 2H 2H22OO

ElectroplatingElectroplating

CorrosionCorrosion

advanced reaction topics

different reaction rate

otherthe reaction

brnstedlowry acids

hydrogen ion h

hydronium ionthings

hydroxide ions

base definitionsthere

base definitionsrelations

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