academic writing i

Academic Writing IIntro to Paragraph Writing

What for?

University purposes English Proficiency Test Scholarship Research Write a book (non-fiction)

How to Begin?

Writing Foundatio

n

•Shorter•Longer•Book

Planning •Note Making•Paraphrasing•Combining source

Writing •Organizing Paragraph•Proof Reading

Writing Foundation

Text Organizati

on

Shorter

Text

Longer Text

Book

Shorter Text

Introduction

Main Body

Conclusion

Longer Text

Abstract Contents Introduction Main Body

Case Study

Discussion Findings Conclusio

n

Acknowledgements

Bibliography/

ReferencesAppendic

es

Book

It may contain, the same content with long text except:

Dedication

Foreword

Preface Index

Text Features

Abbreviations are often used to save space:

Call centres (CCs) feature prominently in the technology mix . . .

Italics are used to show titles and words from other languages:

Where once the titles of Armchair Theatre and The Wednesday Play celebrated . . .

Footnotes are used to indicate references at the bottom of the page:

In respect of Singapore the consensus is that the government has made a difference.3

Endnotes are given to show references at the end of the article or chapter:

The market for masonry construction may be divided into housing and non-housing sectors [1].

Quotation marks are used to draw attention to a phrase, perhaps because it is being used in an unusual or new way:

The research shows that the ‘pains of imprisonment’ for women are . . .

Planning

The process of writing essays for coursework can be shown as aflowchart:

Understand essay title/requirements Assess reading texts – choose most suitable Select relevant areas of texts – keep record for references Make notes on relevant areas, using paraphrasing and

summarising skills Combine a variety of sources where necessary Select suitable structure for essay – make plan Organize and write main body Organize and write introduction Organize and write conclusion Critically read and rewrite where necessary Final proof-reading

What to write!

Ideas into word! Words into sentence Sentences into paragraph Paragraphs into Chapter

And our enemy is how to start!