a tournament of influential psychologists mind madness
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ROUND ONE
1904-1990American BehavioristInventorUniversity Of Indiana/Harvard University
Influenced by Pavlov and Watson
Known for his work on operant conditioning and schedules of reinforcement
Author of Walden Two novel
Notably debated language acquisition with Chomsky
Named Most Influential Psychologist in 2002
1795-1878German PhysicianAuthorLeipzig University
Founder of experimentalpsychology
Studied sensation
Developed ______ Law to explain the just-noticeable difference
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1844-1924American Educational andDevelopmental PsychologistPresident of Clark University
Studied under William James and earned 1st Psychology PhD in the United States
First president of the American Psychological Association
Adolescent “Storm and Stress”
Studied gender and racial differences among people
1884-1922Swiss Psychiatrist
Studied under Eugen Bleuler, who also taught Carl Jung
Developed the Rorschach Ink Blot projective test, used by psychologists to assess personality
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1842-1910American Functionalist andPhilosopherHarvard University
Wrote Principles of Psychology, the first psychological textbook
Contributor to James-Lange Theory of Emotion (Experience of emotion follows physiological arousal)
Studied mysticism and psychology
1824-1880French Physician andAnatomistUniversity of Paris MedicalSchool
Influenced by Charles Darwin
Discovered brain regions responsible for speech production (B____’s Area) while studying aphasia
His work led to further exploration of brain lateralization
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1897-1967American Social Psychologistand Trait Theorist/EducatorHarvard University
Developed early Trait theory of personality by identifying trait descriptors from a dictionary
Broke traits into three categories (cardinal, central , and secondary traits)
Known for arguing against psychoanalytic theory, favoring the situation over unconscious determinants
Mary Calkins1863-1930American Researcher andEducator/Philosopher/PioneerWellesley University
First Female President of the APA
Satisfied requirements for Psychology PhD from Harvard but was denied the degree due to her gender.
Explored dreams and the self in her research
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1849-1936Russian Physiologist andPsychologist/Researcher
While researching the salivary reflex in dogs, Pavlov stumbled across principles of classical conditioning, identifying conditioned and unconditioned stimuli, conditioned and unconditioned response, neutral stimuli, generalization, discrimination, and spontaneous recovery. This discovery led to the founding of Behavioral Psychology
Won the Nobel Prize in Physiology in 1904
1913-2007American Therapist/Pioneer
Credited with founding Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
Developed Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)
Ranked 2nd most influential therapist, placing between Carl Rogers (1st) and Sigmund Freud (3rd)
Prolific writer on research into love, sexuality, and religion in psychology
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1944-American Researcher/EducatorUC Irvine
Known for research into the misinformation effect and false memories
Highest ranking female on a list of the 100 most influential psychological researchers
Former president of Association for Psychological Science
Often called as an expert in trials in which eyewitness testimony is under question
1867-1927British Structuralist/EducatorCornell University
Studied under Wilhelm Wundt
Established Structuralism and developed introspection to explore structure of the mind
Coined the term “empathy”
Instructed Margaret Floy Washburn, the first female to be granted a PhD in Psychology
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1928American Linguist/Educator/RadicalMassachusetts Institute ofTechnology
Developed idea of universal grammar and a language acquisition device
Publicly debated language acquisition with BF Skinner
Prolific author on subjects including language, politics, and media
1915-1997South African Therapist/EducatorUniversity of Virginia/Temple University
Major figure in behavioral therapy
Developed systematic desensitization
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Jean Piaget1896-1980Swiss Developmental/Cognitive Psychologist
Developed four stage theory of cognitive development (Sensorimotor to Formal Operations)
Developed theories of assimilation, accommodation, conservation, and schemas
Perhaps the most influential developmental psychologist, Piaget’s theories have shaped modern education
Walter Cannon1871-1945American Physiologist andEducatorHarvard School of Medicine
Former president of the American Physiological Society
Coined the term “fight or flight response” and expanded understanding of homeostasis
Co-developer of the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion (physiological arousal and experience of emotion are simultaneous)
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John B. Watson1878-1958American Behaviorist/Researcher
Inspired by Pavlov, founded Behaviorist perspective in psychology
Best known for controversial “Little Albert” study in which a child is conditioned with a fear
After the Albert study, Watson turned to advertising, using conditioning principles to sell products like Maxwell House coffee
Carl Wernicke1848-1905German Physician/Anatomist
Identified area of temporal lobe, now known as Wernicke’s Area, responsible for language comprehension. Impairment known as Wernicke’s Aphasia
Also contributed to understanding of brain damage in an alcoholic (Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome)
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Lawrence Kohlberg1927-1987American Cognitive/Developmental PsychologistUniversity of Chicago/Harvard University
Developed stage theory of Moral Development, dividing moral decision-making into 3 levels (Preconventional, Conventional, Post Conventional) or 6 more specific stages
Once identified as the 30th “most eminent” psychologist of the 20th Century
Hermann Ebbinghaus1850-1909German Experimental PsychologistUniversity of Berlin/Universityof Breslau
Best known for the Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve, confirming that memory is strengthened through rehearsal
Also identified the serial-position effect, developed sentence completion tests to assess implicit memory, and discovered an optical illusion known as the Ebbinghaus Illusion
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Solomon Asch1907-1996Polish Gestalt and Social PsychologistSwarthmore College
Best known for experiments on conformity in which a participant was socially influenced to give a wrong answer on the length of lines when in group scenarios
Conformity experiments later influenced the Milgram studies on obedience. Asch served as Milgram’s PhD supervisor at Harvard
Alfred Binet1857-1911French Psychologist
Along with Theodore Simon, Binet developed a rating scale to help identify Parisian school children, the first intelligence test
Binet and Simon’s rating scale was later adapted by Lewis Terman in the United States into the Stanford-Binet test, yielding a comparative IQ score
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Harry Harlow1905-1981American Research PsychologistUniversity of Wisconsin-Madison
Conducted infamous experiments on attachment with rhesus monkeys in which babies were taken from their mothers and “raised” by wire “surrogates”
Experiments support the need for contact comfort from a caregiver as being more important than food supply. Results contrary to both behaviorist is psychoanalytic belief
May have been responsible for the formation of the A.L.F.
Edward Thorndike1874-1949American BehavioristTeachers College/ColumbiaUniversity
Identified the Law of Effect (a behavior that is reinforced is likely to recur) which inspired the experiments of BF Skinner. Thorndike’s experiments had cats freeing themselves from a puzzle box to receive a reinforcer
APA President 1912
Created two early versions of the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery
ROUND ONE
Wilhelm Wundt1832-1920German Physician/Professor/Psychologist/ResearcherUniversity of Leipzig
Considered the father of experimental psychology, Wundt established the first research laboratory for psychology at the University of Leipzig
Credited with making psychology a science of its own
Established the first journal for psychological research
Mamie and Kenneth Clark1917-1983/1914-2005American PsychologistsNorthside Center for ChildDevelopment/City College of New York
Together, the Clarks conducted experiments on the effects of internalized racism
The studies had black children choose between otherwise identical white and black dolls. The children showed preference for the white doll
Testified as witnesses for Brown v. Board of Education
ROUND ONE
John Garcia1917American BehavioristUCLA/Harvard Medical School/University of Utah/SUNY Stony Brook
Identified the “Garcia Effect” or conditioned taste aversion. These experiments altered the prevailing view that for conditioning to work, the US had to be presented immediately after the NS
His work expanded understanding of classical conditioning principles first identified by Ivan Pavlov
Raymond Cattell1905-1998British Personality/Trait TheoristColumbia University/Clark University/Harvard University/University of Illinois
Sought to study personality scientifically, and expanded on factor analysis
Developed 16PF (Sixteen Personality Factor) Questionnaire
Explored the existence of both crystalized and fluid intelligence
APA Gold Medal Winner for Lifetime Achievement in Psychological Science
ROUND ONE
Daniel Kahneman1934Israeli Cognitive Psychologist/Nobel LaureatePrinceton University/UC Berkeley/Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Along with Amos Tversky expanded on human cognitive errors (heuristics and biases)
Won Nobel Prize in Economics for Prospect Theory (value of losses or gains)
Also studies Hedonic Psychology (exploring happiness and what makes us happy)
Margaret Floy Washburn1871-1939American Experimental Psychologist/PioneerWells College/University of Cincinnati
Was the first female awarded the first PhD (Mary Calkins having been denied due to gender)
Wrote on comparative psychology and animal psychology
APA President 1921
ROUND ONE
Erik Erikson1902-1994German DevelopmentalPsychologist/Psychoanalyst
Known for his theory of Psychosocial Development (8 stages/challenges to specific age ranges)
Coined the term Identity Crisis
Taught at Harvard, Yale, and Berkeley without ever having earned a BA
L.L. Thurstone1887-1955American Psychometrician andResearcherUniversity of Chicago/University ofNorth Carolina
Helped to develop factor analysis
Studied intelligence and applied standard deviation and the normal curve to intelligence testing
Believed in seven primary mental abilities rather than a singular overall intelligence
APA President 1932
ROUND ONE
Sigmund Freud1856-1939Austrian Physician/Therapist/Pioneer
Best known for work on the unconscious mind, Freud developed psychoanalysis and the psychoanalytic perspective
Theorized personality as the Id, Ego, and Superego and introduced defense mechanisms, free association, and psychosexual development
Perhaps the most recognized psychologist of all time and the face of psychology to millions worldwide
Franz Gall1758-1828German Anatomist/Physician
Developed phrenology to explorepersonality and mental faculty through skull shape
Although empirically refuted, phrenology hinted at brain structures with specific functions supported by modern neuroscience
Gall and phrenology were criticized by the Roman Catholic Church and Napoleon
ROUND ONE
Roger Sperry1913-1994American Neurobiologist/Nobel Laureate University of Chicago/Caltech
Further explored effects of split-brain surgery in which the corpus callosum is severed to treat epileptic seizures. Sperry and Michael Gazzaniga confirmed the lateralization of brain functioning
Won the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1981
Died as a result of complications from the neurodegenerative disorder Kuru, which he acquired through frequent exposure to brains
David Wechsler1896-1981Romanian PsychometricianBellevue Psychiatric Hospital
Developed the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) and a number of variants
The WAIS is the most widely used psychological assessment used today
ROUND ONE
Martin Seligman1942American Cognitive/HumanisticPsychologist/EducatorUniversity of Pennsylvania
Best known for developing Positive Psychology movement, scientifically exploring what can go right as opposed to what can go wrong
Wrote positive DSM (Character Strengths and Virtues)
Developed theory of learned helplessness
APA President 1998
Stanley Schachter1922-1997American Social Psychologist/EducatorColumbia University
Along with Jerome Singer developed the Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory of Emotion (physiological arousal and cognitive labeling yields experience of emotion
ROUND ONE
David Rosenhan1929-2012American PsychologistStanford University/PrincetonUniversity/University of Pennsylvania
Conducted the Rosenhan Experiment in 1973, which sent confederates into mental institutions with feigned symptoms to expose inconsistency of psychiatric diagnosis and perils of labeling
Aaron Beck1921American Cognitive TherapistUniversity of Pennsylvania
Considered the father of cognitive therapy
Developed self-assessments for depression and anxiety
Influenced Martin Seligman to work on learned helplessness
ROUND ONE
Philip Zimbardo1933American Social Psychologist/Educator/Television HostStanford University/Columbia University/Yale University/NYU
Conducted the Stanford Prison Experiment, highlighting the power of the situation and role playing
Started the Shyness Clinic and the Hero Project
APA President 2002
Host of Discovering Psychology
Mary Ainsworth1913-1999American Developmental PsychologistJohns Hopkins University/University of Virginia
Developed theories of attachment style in children
1985 Award for Distinguished Contributions to Child Development
APA Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award 1989
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Karen Horney1885-1952German PsychoanalystInstitute For Psychoanalysis/The New School (NY)
Often labeled as a Neo-Freudian, Horney did differ from him on the issue of childhood sexuality and aggression
Countered Freud’s idea of female penis envy with male womb envy
Pioneer in female psychiatry
Lev Vygotsky1896-1934Russian DevelopmentalPsychologist
Developed theories on childhood internalization, play, thought, and language
Unlike Piaget, Vygotsky is considered a continuum rather than stage theorist
Created the theory of Zone of Proximal Development in which children learn how to complete increasingly complex tasks with assistance from a more experienced individual
ROUND ONE
Robert Sternberg1949American Cognitive PsychologistOklahoma State University/Tufts University/Yale University
Developed Triangular Theory of Love (intimacy, passion, and commitment) and Triarchic Theory of Intelligence (analytical, practical, and creative)
While at Tufts, developed a method of screening undergraduate admissions beyond SAT scores and other traditional methods
APA President 2003
Leon Festinger1919-1989American Social PsychologistMassachusetts Institute ofTechnology/University of Michigan/Stanford University
Developed the theory of cognitive dissonance, the result of conflict between one’s beliefs, behaviors, goals, etc…
Developed theory of social comparison, explaining that people come to understand themselves through comparison with others (upwards and downwards)
ROUND ONE
Abraham Maslow1908-1970American Humanist/EducatorBrandeis University/ColumbiaUniversity
An early Humanistic psychologist, Maslow believed that people are driven to fulfill their potential
Known for his Hierarchy of Needs, which emphasizes the quest to fulfill potential by satisfying lower order needs before moving up toward self-actualization
Saw humanists as studying the healthier half of psychology
Elisabeth Kubler-Ross1926-2004Swiss PsychiatristUniversity of Chicago
Known for the Kubler-Ross model or the five stages of grief, in which she asserts people experience several distinct stages in response to grief at the end of their lives or for other losses experienced
Supported the hospice care movement
Inducted into the American National Women’s Hall of Fame in 2007
ROUND ONE
Stanley Milgram1933-1984American Social PsychologistYale University/City University ofNew York (CUNY)
Best known for his studies on obedience to authority at Yale in which participants were led to believe they we administering electric shocks to another individual. The study revealed how willing people are to follow an authority, even if the demanded actions go against conscience
Conducted the small-world and lost letter experiments
Richard Atkinson1929American Educator/AdministratorStanford University/UC San Diego
Along with Richard Shiffrin, Atkinson developed the theory of human memory/memory model with sensory, short-term, and long-term memories being distinct parts of memory at large
17th President of the University of California and former chancellor of UC San Diego.
Atkinson urged the University of California to drop the SAT-I as part of its admission assessments, leading to significant changes in the new SAT
ROUND ONE
Alfred Kinsey1894-1956American Biologist/EducatorIndiana University
Conducted early experiments into human sexuality and developed the Kinsey Scale
Although his methodology and even results were questioned, Kinsey is credited with contributing to the sexual revolution years after his death
Max Wertheimer1880-1943German Gestalt PsychologistUniversity of Berlin/The NewSchool New York
Considered one of the founders of Gestalt Psychology along with Kurt Koffka and Wolfgang Kohler
Gestalt was used to explain human perception (figure-ground relationships)
ROUND ONE
Howard Gardner1943American Cognitive PsychologistHarvard University
Best known for theory of multiple intelligences, which emphasizes human learning/processing as a range of different possibilities
Gardner originally identified 7, then 8, intelligences including spatial, linguistic, logical, kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic
Gardner’s theory has been influential in education, leading to several reforms
Lewis Terman1877-1956American Educational PsychologistStanford University
Created the Stanford-Binet IQ test, once the most widely used measure of intelligence
Researched genetic links to intelligence, even joining the eugenics movement
Conducted longitudinal studies of gifted children
APA President 1923
ROUND ONE
Carl Rogers1902-1987American Humanist/TherapistUniversity of Chicago/Universityof Wisconsin
Rogers is considered a founder of humanistic psychology, and applied several humanistic principles to therapy
Known for client-centered therapy and urged therapists to practice unconditional positive regard
Ranked 6th most eminent psychologist of the 20th century, the 2nd highest therapist behind Sigmund Freud
Daniel Gilbert1957American Social PsychologistHarvard University
Co-writer and host of This Emotional Life (PBS)
Conducted research into affective forecasting and cognitive bias
ROUND ONE
Albert Bandura1925Canadian Social-CognitivistStanford University
Conducted the famous Bobo doll experiment in 1961, emphasizing the roll of aggressive modeling on aggressive behavior in children
Expanded on social-cognitive theory, and contributed the notion of reciprocal determinism which explained human behavior in terms of an exchange between cognitive, environmental, and behavioral factors
APA President 1974
Charles Spearman1863-1945English Psychometrician/PsychologistUniversity College London
Believed that intelligence was a single general trait, g, and supported this with statistics
Involved in development of factor analysis, which looked at patterns among variables in a study
ROUND ONE
Paul Ekman1934American Psychologist/EducatorUC San Francisco
Conducted studies on the universality of facial expression of emotion
Developed science of microexpressions, used in lie detection
Served as the science advisor to Lie To Me, which depicted the science of microexpressions
Anna Freud1895-1982Austrian Psychoanalyst
Daughter of Sigmund Freud, Anna Freud made a name for herself exploring the unconscious mind
Anna Freud is considered a founder of psychoanalytic child psychology, emphasizing the role of the ego in development
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Sir Francis Galton1822-1911English Psychometrician/Statistician/Geneticist
Coined the term eugenics and was first to refer to nature versus nurture
A cousin of Charles Darwin, Galton was heavily influenced by his cousin’s work. He studied genetic and environmental influence on human abilities
Galton either developed or promoted statistical concepts such as correlation, regression to the mean, standard deviation, and the normal curve
Robert Sapolsky1957American Biologist/Educator/NeurologistStanford University
Sapolsky is known for his studies on the effects of stress in primates. He has studied baboon troops in Kenya for a quarter century
His work has led to a better understanding of stress and the physical damage humans can experience as a result of psychological states
Is working on gene therapies to fight neurological damage due to stress
ROUND ONE
Carl Jung1875-1961Swiss Psychiatrist
Best known for his concept of a collective unconscious, from which all humans share a reservoir of unconscious past experience
Developed idea of archetypes as part of his creation of analytical psychology
Studied dreams and the occult, and sought to include religion in psychoanalysis
Thomas Szasz1920Hungarian PsychiatristState University of New YorkSyracuse
Has famously criticized psychiatry and society for mistreating the mentally ill by labeling them, force medicating individuals, and creating the stigma of mental illness
Szasz argues that mental illness is not a disease but rather a problem in living and that what we call mental illness is a socially developed construct differentiated from normal behavior. In different times or circumstances, what we think of as ill could be perfectly rational
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