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A ROQUES & M-A AUGER- ROZENBERG, INRA Zoologie Forestière Orléans, France
PERMIT
GLOBAL WARNING
IPSN Conference, Kew, UK, 24 February 2016
Globalization accelerated arthropod invasions, especially of non-native phytophages
Roques, 2010 Biorisks
Basic data: DAISIE 2005- 2008 Update: EASIN 2014 www.easin.org ca. 11.5 new phytophagous species per year since the 2000s
2,1x more
Non natives related to woody plants established at a faster rythm
than these related to herbaceous
445 exotic arthropods related to woody plants established in
Europe by 2014
• 385 insects • 60 mites
ca. 8 new species per year
since the 2000s
Likely related to the recent ‘blooming’ in ornamental trade
Roques,, 2010 NZJF updated
IPSN Conference, Kew, UK, 24 February 2016
Relying on interceptions to predict the arrivals ? Large discrepancies with establishments
Intercepted (1995- 2012)
Established (total)
Intercepted vs established 1995- 2012: only 7 species over 117 established ! (Eschen, Roques & Santini, 2014, Div & Dist.)
The major problem: only A1 and A2 pests targeted
IPSN Conference, Kew, UK, 24 February 2016
How to forecast the next arrivals ?
Focus on pathways Analysis of the change in time of establishment patterns (e.g.
Eschen et al., 2015, Div & Distrib)
Focus on individual tree species Lists based on the pest insects known in the native range:
most newly-arrived species not considered as pests … or Unknowns
Lists based on results from sentinel plantings in exotic countries
Survey of arboreta and botanical gardens with European trees
IPSN Conference, Kew, UK, 24 February 2016
A new option: Sentinel planting strategy Developed by former EU projects PRATIQUE & ISEFOR
and present COST ‘GLOBAL WARNING’… and IPSN!
Since China turned to be the main supplier of insect invaders
First experiment: Sentinel plantings of 7 species of European trees in China (2008-2011): Abies alba, Cupressus sempervirens, Carpinus betulus, Fagus sylvatica, Quercus ilex, Q. petreae; Q. suber Survey for 3 years of colonization by Chinese insects and pathogens
Second experiment taking into account the role of ornamental trade (2012-
2014) Selection of the 6 most imported woody plants from China to Europe
during 2008-2011 (Buxus microphylla; Acer palmatum; Fraxinus chinensis; Ilex cornuta; Zelkova schneideriana)
Settlement of ‘scientific sentinel nurseries in China without treatments to follow the « freely » colonization by insects and pathogens
IPSN Conference, Kew, UK, 24 February 2016
Beijing suburban area
Continental conditions
INRA- CABI
Fuyang, nr. Hangzhou
Warm and humid climate
INRA- IOZ- ZAF
The same sentinel plots in China for both experiments
IPSN Conference, Kew, UK, 24 February 2016
Experiments designed for statistic analysis of colonization by insects and pathogens
100 seedlings per site and species Random planting of blocks of 25 seedlings
Abies alba Quercus suber Cupressus sempervirens Quercus petraea Fagus sylvatica Quercus ilex Carpinus betulus
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All seedlings individually tagged
IPSN Conference, Kew, UK, 24 February 2016
Efficiency of sentinel plantings using European trees for early warning
Colonization by Chinese insects Relating damage morphotypes with insect species Not so easy ! Only by rearings on the same trees
IPSN Conference, Kew, UK, 24 February 2016
105 insect species colonized the seedlings in 3 yrs Large diversity (25 families) but defoliators dominate (101 spp.)
No xylophagous species
ChrysomelidaeCurculionidae
Elater idaeRutelidae
Scarabaeidae
Hemiptera misc.CercopidaeCicadellidae
CoreidaeLygaeidae
Pentatomidae
Hymenoptera misc.Formicidae
Tenthredidae
Lepidoptera misc.Arctiidae
Geometr idaeLimacodidaeLymnatr iidaeNoctudidae
NoliidaeNymphalidae
PsychidaeZygaenidae
Orthoptera
0 4 8 12 16
No. insect species
Root feeders (Scarabaeidae):
4 spp.
IPSN Conference, Kew, UK, 24 February 2016
3 years enough to check the potential for species recruitment
More insect species in Fuyang: 97 spp.
Quite no insects in Beijing: 8 spp. but pathogens
No insect species in common between the 2 sites
Rate of accumulation of new species important in year 2 and 3; fewer later
IPSN Conference, Kew, UK, 24 February 2016
Which ones are incidental ? Which ones are really capable of switching
on European trees ?
Abies alba
Carpinus betulae
Cupressus sempervirens
Fagus sylvatica
Quercus ilex
Quercus petreae
Quercus suber
0 10 20 30
No. Insect species
No. spp >5 events
No. spp <5 events
Quercus petreae significantly more colonized
Species with > 5 colonization events List of 39 potential insect threats to European trees
IPSN Conference, Kew, UK, 24 February 2016
Ranking the top species > 15 occurrences over several years
Holotrichia titanis Holotrichia diomphalia
Compsapoderus continentalis Pteroma nr. pendula
(positive tests under quarantine conditions)
IPSN Conference, Kew, UK, 24 February 2016
Next step: - Prove they can completely develop from egg to a new
generation on the European host - Check if they can survive travel and can be introduced
Second experiment: sentinel nurseries Large differences among tree species after 3 yrs
IPSN Conference, Kew, UK, 24 February 2016
Kenis et al., in prep.
Already 71 insect species in >20 families Most not included in insect lists
of the Chinese literature !
• Cydalima perspectalis
(invasive Buxus moth) would have been detected prior to introduction in Europe !
IPSN Conference, Kew, UK, 24 February 2016
Kenis et al., in prep.
Taxonomic identification a big problem !
Although sytematic barcoding of all morphospecies
15 out the 39 spp. identified by morphological keys Most larvae not identifiable- Some may be unknown to Science
- All larvae genetically analyzed (COI mtDNA barcode + nuclear ITSs) - Tentative match with genetic databases (GeneBank and others) - Allow to identify 10 more species with > 99% match - 14 out the 39 spp. not identified at species level !! - Good for moths and sawflies, much less for other groups less sequenced
IPSN Conference, Kew, UK, 24 February 2016
Arboreta surveys another method for identifying potential invaders
and for early detection of invaders
- Inspection of European trees and shrubs in arboreta and other plantations in other continents
- Inspection of arboreta/ gardens in Europe
IPSN Conference, Kew, UK, 24 February 2016
An easy-to-handle model: infestation of rose hips by Megastigmus seed chalcids in botanical gardens
• Seed chalcids strictly associated with seeds of a given family/ genus
• 1 ‘native’ species associated with Rosa seeds: M. aculeatus
• Are there alien species ?
• Easy to survey using X-raying of seeds
IPSN Conference, Kew, UK, 24 February 2016
Botanical gardens of Kew and MNHN Paris : outstanding tools for such a survey
because of the diversity of the planted species
MNHN: 40 Rosa species sampled (both ‘native’ and exotics)
Kew: 77 Rosa species sampled (both ‘native’ and exotics) Test for effects of botanical sections, area of origin, hip size, number per cyme, pilosity, glands, colour, seed numbers, distance to hip external coat and other patterns on seed chalcid infestation
Large collections of rose hips in 2013- 2015
2013- 2015: MNHN
2240 hips for 26240 seeds X-rayed
3424 attacked seeds
2442 Megastigmus seed chalcids emerged
2014-2015: Kew
3522 hips for 45672 seeds X-rayed
2159 attacked seeds
1765 Megastigmus seed chalcids emerged
IPSN Conference, Kew, UK, 24 February 2016
M. alba (Asia ?)
M. nigrovariegatus (NA)
M. sp A (?)
M. rosae (Alps)
Light form Dark form M. aculeatus Male
Detection of alien Megastimus species: 4 in MNHN, 5 in Kew
Morphological identification confirmed by genetics
M. aculeatus nigroflavus (NA)
together with 1 ‘native’
IPSN Conference, Kew, UK, 24 February 2016
Next research steps
No alien chalcids outside these gardens yet:
Arboretum= trap for aliens ?... and early warning
Molecular (microsatellite) analysis of the chalcid populations with regard to these of populations in the original range: Pathway= uncontrolled seed exchange (no X-rays) between gardens ?
Test for deeper interactions between chalcid species and patterns of fructification.
If anybody is interested in extending this survey to other arboreta contact me at alain.roques@orleans.inra.fr
Conclusions: Compared advantages and problems
of sentinel plantings vs. arboreta surveys
Arboreta Sentinel trees Protocol - Observation - Experimentation Logistics - “Simple” - Complicated No. of plant species - Many - Few Diversity per species - Limited - Controlled Statistics - Poor - Robust Pests adressed - No seedling pests - No mature tree pests (xylophagous, seeds, ..) - Mostly foliage pests Others - Lethal pests - Travel and plantation difficult to assess stress
IPSN Conference, Kew, UK, 24 February 2016
A big thanks to people having helped in botanical gardens
Kew gardens
Sara Redstone
Simon Honey
MNHN gardens Paris
Eric Joly
Roseline Grouard
Michel Flandrin
Robert Pichot
IPSN Conference, Kew, UK, 24 February 2016
Thank your for your attention !
Don’t miss the poster !
IPSN Conference, Kew, UK, 24 February 2016
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