a new spirit of change

A New Spirit of Change

A New Spirit of Change

• Immigrants settled in the United States

• American literature and art developed

• Reform movements had a major impact on the nation

Why People Migrated• Emigrants: people who leave a

country• Immigrants: people who settle in a

new country• During mid-1800s, most immigrants

came from Europe • People immigrated because of push-

pull factors

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Why People Migrated

• Push factors: conditions that push people out of their native lands– Population growth– Agricultural changes, landlords force tenants

off land– Crop failures, farmers unable to pay debts,

families go hungry– Industrial Revolution puts many artisans out of

work– Religious and political turmoil causes religious

persecution

Why People Migrated

• Pull factors: conditions that pull people toward a new place– Freedom– Economic opportunity– Abundant land

Germans Pursue Economic Opportunity

• Many Germans immigrated to Wisconsin where they found a good climate for growing oats

• In Texas they founded the town of Fredericksburg

• Worked as bakers, butchers, shoemakers, and carpenters in cities

Germans Pursue Economic Opportunity

• Germans were the largest immigrant group of 1800s, they had a large influence on U.S. culture

The Irish Flee Hunger

• Most Irish immigrants were Catholic• They immigrated in early 1800s to

escape poverty and British mistreatment

• In 1845, disease attacked Ireland’s potato crop

Monoculture and the Irish Potato

Famine

The Irish Flee Hunger

• Famine (a severe food shortage) forced many to emigrate

• In the U.S., the Irish became city-dwellers

The Irish Flee Hunger

• Many settled in urban areas because of an increasing demand for low-skill factory labor

• Workers also encouraged urbanization by moving closer to manufacturing centers

The Irish Flee Hunger

• They had few skills and took jobs in factories and municipal (government) services

• They competed with free African-Americans in cities for backbreaking work that no one else wanted

Nativism

• Anti-immigrant movements rise• Nativism: policy to preserve the

interests of the native-born against immigrants– Against outside influences

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Second Great Awakening

• Religious motivations for immigrants to come to America– Renewal of religious faith in the 1790s

and 1800s– Spread revivals and an awakening of

spiritual reform – Revivalist preachers traveled around

the frontier and east coast hosting revival meetings

Second Great Awakening

• Religious motivations for reform movements in America – Led to changes in how people

were treated– Led to the development of

art, music, and literature–Highlighted growing social

and regional differences

Romanticism and Transcendentalism

• Romanticism– Artistic, literary, and intellectual

movement– Deepened appreciation of the beauties

of nature– Emotion over reason, senses over

intellect

Romanticism and Transcendentalism

• Transcendentalism– Grew from Romanticism– Believed that the spiritual world more

important than physical world– Sought truth through feeling and

intuition

Art and the American Way of Life

• More Americans were educated and had the financial ability to purchase and participate in the fine arts– Art– Literature–Music

Art

• Hudson River School (New York) artists drew American landscapes to reflect themes of America in the 19th century– Focus on man’s connection with nature

Art

• John James Audubon drew American wildlife–His accurate drawings and notes on

American birds made significant contributions to ornithology (study of birds) and inspired many naturalists

Art

• Albert Bierstadt’s River Landscape– Depicted sweeping landscapes of

journeys to the American West

Literature

• Writer Ralph Waldo Emerson stressed self-examination and nature –His essay, Nature, was read by

Transcendentalists–Mentor and friend of Henry David

Thoreau

Literature

• Henry David Thoreau–Wrote about his life in the woods in his

book Walden

Literature

• Thoreau believed in following your individual conscience

• He also peacefully refused to obey unjust laws and used civil disobedience to non-violently protest

Literature

• Edgar Allan Poe was a Romantic movement author and poet– Tales of mystery and the macabre

(disturbing)– Terrifying tales influence horror stories

today

Literature

• Nathaniel Hawthorne was a Romantic movement novelist–His book, The Scarlet

Letter involved love, guilt, and revenge

Literature

• Herman Melville was a Romantic movement writer and poet–His book, Moby Dick,

told the tale of a ship captain seeking revenge on a white whale who destroyed his ship

Literature

• James Fenimore Cooper was a prolific Romantic movement novelist–His book The Last of the

Mohicans was a historical novel taking place during the Seven Years’ War (French and Indian War)

Literature

• Walt Whitman wrote unrhymed poems that praised common people–His book of poems,

Leaves of Grass, outlined his philosophy on life and humanity

– Considered the Father of American Free Verse

Literature

• Emily Dickinson wrote poems about God, nature, love, death, and immortality– She had an unconventional style for

capitalization and punctuation– 1,800 of her poems were published

after her death

Literature

• Born Samuel Clemens, Mark Twain, was an author and humorist– The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

was a novel reflecting the food and language unique to pre-Civil War Southern culture

Music

• Spirituals, created and sung by enslaved African Americans, provided protest to the assimilation of white American culture– Slaves were forbidden from speaking

their native languages and expressing religious faith

Music

• Battle Hymn of the Republic, lyrics by Julia Ward Howe–Written at the beginning of the Civil

War, it used music from the abolitionist song “John Brown’s Body” to become a patriotic anthem for the Union

Music

• Dixie, lyrics by Daniel Decateur Emmett– Written at the beginning of the Civil

War, it became an anthem of the Confederacy

Temperance Movement

• The American Temperance Society worked at stopping the consumption of alcohol

• Some states passed laws that made it illegal to sell alcohol

Temperance Movement

• Heavy drinking was common in the early 1800s

• Temperance speakers got a million people to promise to give up alcohol

Temperance Movement

• Business owners supported temperance, they wanted sober workers

• By 1855, 13 states passed laws to ban alcohol, but most were repealed

Labor Movement

• Women mill workers started a labor union

• Labor union: workers who ban together for better working conditions

• Women went on strike (stop working) until they received better working conditions

Labor Movement

• It was both the women in the Labor Movement and in the Women’s Rights Movement that helped shorten the workday to ten hours

Improving Education

• Horace Mann was the head of the first State Board of Education in the U.S.

• A few Northern cities started public high schools

Improving Education

• Churches and other groups started many colleges though women could not attend most

• It was also illegal to teach an enslaved person to read in the South

Caring for the Disabled

• Dorothea Dix pushed reform for the disabled– Built new hospitals for the mentally ill,

the deaf, and the blind

Prison Reform

• Prison reformers pushed for – Separate jails for women, men, and

children– Rehabilitation of adult prisoners

Abolitionist Movement

• A movement to end slavery, beginning in the late 1700s– The first step was

the outlawing of slavery north of Pennsylvania

– Demanded a law ending slavery in the South

Abolitionist Movement

• William Lloyd Garrison published an abolitionist newspaper, The Liberator

• Sisters Sarah and Angelina Grimké lectured against slavery

Abolitionist Movement

• Frederick Douglass informed others about his early life in slavery– Published The North Star, an

abolitionist newspaper– Completed lecture tours to buy his own

freedom

Abolitionist Movement

• Harriet Tubman was a famous conductor on the Underground Railroad– Conductor: someone

who led runaways to freedom

– She escaped slavery (1849), and made 19 journeys to free enslaved people

–Her enemies offered a reward for her capture, but she was never caught

Abolitionist Movement

• Underground Railroad: above-ground escape routes from the South to the North

• Runaway slaves traveled on foot, and took wagons, boats, and trains to freedom

Abolitionist Movement

• Henry Brown escaped slavery by being packed in a box and shipped North

• Runaways usually traveled by night and hid by day in places called stations

Abolitionist Movement

• Sojourner Truth fled enslavement and lived with Quakers who freed her–Won a court battle to recover her son– Spoke for abolition

Women’s Rights Movement

• Sojourner Truth spoke for women’s rights too

• Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton attended an anti-slavery convention– They were not allowed to

speak because they were women

• In the 1800s, women had few legal or political rights

Women’s Rights Movement

• Stanton and Mott held a meeting in Seneca Falls, New York (Seneca Falls Convention for Women’s Rights)

Women’s Rights Movement

• Seneca Falls Convention for Women’s Rights– The “Declaration of Sentiments and

Resolutions”, written by Elizabeth Cady Stanton, was modeled after the Declaration of Independence and stated that men and women were equal

– Listed resolutions for women’s rights including suffrage (the right to vote)

Women’s Rights Movement

• Susan B. Anthony built the women’s rights movement into a national organization– Anthony, Cady Stanton, and Mott were

instrumental in working for women’s rights by authoring a variety of publications

– By 1865, 29 states had laws that gave women property and wage rights

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