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A Formal Model of Social Relations for Artificial Companions
Florian PECUNE – Magalie OCHS – Catherine PELACHAUD
CNRS – LTCI, Télécom Paristech
GRETA – TSI / MM
The MoCA Project
Florian Pecunepage 2
Create a “little world” of artificial companions…
… with different roles and behavior
“…a robot or a virtual conversational agent that possesses […] social skills that allow it to establish and maintain long-term relationships with users.” (Lim, 2012)
Focus on dyadic interactions
GRETA – TSI / MM
Thesis Objective
Florian Pecunepage 3
Create an agent able to make decisions according to its relation …
… but also to influence user’s relation
How to represent social relations?
Three research problematics:
How do they change during interactions?
I do that because I like the user
I do that because I want the user to like me
How to model the effects of these relations?
GRETA – TSI / MM Florian Pecunepage 4
Ideal Social Relation
Expressed Social Relation
Relation the agent would like to express
Intrinsic relation felt by the agent
Relation expressed by the agent
Felt Social Relation
I like the user, I am less dominant than him
I would like to be more dominant than the user
Influenced by agent’s personality (Trapnell & Wiggins, 1990)
Influenced by agent’s role (Heise, 1987)
Influenced by felt and ideal relations (Scherer, 2005)
Influenced by Mood (Isen & al., 1992)
How to represent social relations? (1/2)
GRETA – TSI / MM Florian Pecunepage 5
Ideal Social Relation
Expressed Social Relation
Relation the agent would like to express
Intrinsic relation felt by the agent
Relation expressed by the agent
Felt Social Relation
I like the user, I am less dominant than him
I would like to be more dominant than the user
Influenced by agent’s personality (Trapnell & Wiggins, 1990)
Influenced by agent’s role (Heise, 1987)
Influenced by felt and ideal relations (Scherer, 2005)
Influenced by Mood (Isen & al., 1992)
How to represent social relations? (1/2)
GRETA – TSI / MM
How to represent social relations? (2/2)
Florian Pecunepage 6
Dominance
Familiarity
“the capacity of one agent to affect the behavior of another” (Prada & Paiva, 2008)
“mutual knowledge of personal information” (Svennevig, 1999)
Dominant
LikingDisliking
Submissive
Several dimensions used to define social relations Dominance and liking are the most widely used (Argyle, 1988)
Familiarity useful for long-term relationship (Bickmore & Picard, 2005)
(Altman & Taylor, 1973)
Liking
“A general and enduring positive or negative feeling about some person” (Moshkina & Arkin, 2003)
GRETA – TSI / MM
Dominance – The dependence (1/3)
Florian Pecunepage 7
Dependence of an agent A upon an agent B (Emerson, 1962)
“Directly proportional to A's motivational investment in goals mediated by B (…)
(…) Inversely proportional to the availability of those goals to A outside of the A-B relation”
Agent B Agent A
I really want to go to the concert tonight !
High Dependence
Agent B Agent A
I’m the only one who can bring you there.
Agent B Agent A
Maybe I could go to the concert tonight.
Low Dependence
Agent B Agent A
I really want to go to the concert tonight !
I can bring you there with my car.We can bring
you there too !
I can bring you there with my car.
I can bring you there with my car.
I really want to go to the concert tonight !
GRETA – TSI / MM
Dominance – The dependence (2/3)
Florian Pecunepage 8
An agent i can be helpful ….
… or threatening
Agent B Agent A
I really want to go to the concert tonight !
I can bring you there with my car.
)),(),((,)(),( aiAgentaFeasibleAaIjHelpful ji
Agent B Agent A
I really want to go to the concert tonight !
Not if I cancel the concert !
If j has an intention
And i can do an action a after what it will be impossible to achieve
And i can do an action a after what will be true
If j has an intention
)),())(,(()(),( aiAgentPossibleaFeasibleaIjgThreatenin ji
)),(),(),'((' BeforeaiAgentaFeasiblea
Or i can do an action a’ cancelling a precondition of
GRETA – TSI / MM
Dominance – The dependence (3/3)
Florian Pecunepage 9
j is dependant upon i toward an intention
i can help j to achieve this intention
j can not achieve this intention himself
i can prevent j to achieve this intention
))),(),((),((),( ajAgentaFeasibleajHelpfulBiDependant ijj
)),(( jgThreateninB ij
and or
means that j believes
GRETA – TSI / MM
Dominance – The dependence value (1/2)
Florian Pecunepage 10
Importance accorded by i to the success of an intention ]1;0])(_ isuccimp
]1;0])(_ ifailimp
Dependence influenced by the importance accorded to intentions…
Importance accorded by i to the non failure of an intention
… and the number of potential helpers
),()(_ iHelpfulikcardnumhelpers ki
Number of agents susceptible to have a positive impact on the intention
The number of potential threatening agents is not taken into account
Agent A
It is normal to be understood by the user
Low importance of successAgent A
It is not normal if the user do not understand me !
High importance of failure
GRETA – TSI / MM
Dominance – The dependence value (2/2)
Florian Pecunepage 11
Dependence value
)(_
)(_),(_
i
ii numhelpers
succimpjvaluedepend )(_),(_ ii failimpjvaluedepend
Positively influenced by the importance accorded to the intention (success or non failure)
Negatively influenced by the number of potential helpers
Agent B Agent A
I really want to go to the concert tonight !
I can bring you there with my car.
9,0)(_ isuccimp 1)(_ inumhelpers
High Dependence
High importance Low number
Agent B Agent A
I don’t care that muchI can destroy your TV !
1,0)(_ ifailimp
Low importance
Low Dependence
GRETA – TSI / MM
Dominance – Dominance value
Florian Pecunepage 12
i dominance toward j Bi(j dependence upon i) Bi(i dependence upon j)
The dominance value of an agent i toward another agent j is :
The difference between his belief about j’s dependence upon him and his believed dependence upon j
Agent B Agent A
I really want to go to the concert tonight !
I can bring you there with my car.
High DependenceAgent B Agent A
I can destroy your TV!I don’t care that much…
Low Dependence
B is dominant
The agent i is dominant toward j if he believes he is less dependant upon j than j is upon him
GRETA – TSI / MM
Dominance – Strategies (1/2)
Florian Pecunepage 13
To improve his level of dominance, an agent i can : Decrease the importance accorded to one of his intentions that the agent j may achieve or threaten
Decrease his dependency by finding other sources able to help him
Agent B Agent A
I really want to go to the concert tonight !
I can bring you there with my car.
High importance Low number
Agent B Agent A
Finally, I don’t care…I can bring you there with my car.
Low number
)(_
)(_),(_
i
ii numhelpers
succimpjvaluedepend
Low importance
High number
Agent B Agent A
I really want to go to the concert tonight !
I can bring you there with my car.We can bring
you there too !
High importance
GRETA – TSI / MM
Dominance – Strategies (2/2)
Florian Pecunepage 14
To improve his level of dominance, an agent i can : Try to increase the motivational investment of the other agent
Deny alternative sources for the other agent
i dominance toward j Bi(j dependence upon i) Bi(i dependence upon j)
Find other intentions for which he can be helpful
Find other intentions for which he can be threatening
GRETA – TSI / MM
How to represent social relations? (2/2)
Florian Pecunepage 15
Dominance
Familiarity
“the capacity of one agent to affect the behavior of another” (Prada & Paiva, 2008)
“mutual knowledge of personal information” (Svennevig, 1999)
Dominant
LikingDisliking
Submissive
Several dimensions used to define social relations Dominance and liking are the most widely used (Argyle, 1988)
Familiarity useful for long-term relationship (Bickmore & Picard, 2005)
(Altman & Taylor, 1973)
Liking
“A general and enduring positive or negative feeling about some person” (Moshkina & Arkin, 2003)
GRETA – TSI / MM
Liking – Theory
Florian Pecunepage 16
Based on Heider’s Balance Theory(Heider, 1958)
Concept X
Agent B Agent A
A relation is balanced :
“If all three relations are positive in all respects (…)
(….) or if two are negative and one positive.”
Concept
Agent B Agent A
Concept
Agent B Agent A
I like chocolate. Me too !
I don’t like bravery. I do.
People tend to seek balanced states (Zajonc, 1960)
Sharing appreciations will improve the liking
GRETA – TSI / MM
Liking – Appreciation
Florian Pecunepage 17
)(XAppreciateiThe agent i appreciate the concept X
))(()(_ XAppreciateBXAppreciateonAppreciatiShared jii
Shared appreciation
Concept
Agent B Agent A
Concept
Agent B Agent A
I like chocolate. Me too !
I don’t like bravery. I do.
))(()(_ XAppreciateBXAppreciateonAppreciatiContra jii
Contradictory appreciation
GRETA – TSI / MM
Liking – Liking value
Florian Pecunepage 18
i liking toward jImportance accorded to shared concepts
Importance accorded to contradictory concepts
]1;0[)(importance XiImportance accorded to a concept X
Concept
Agent B Agent A
I like chocolate. Me too !Concept
Agent B Agent A
I don’t like bravery. I do.
2.0)(importance Xi
Low liking High disliking
9.0)(importance Xi
Liking value of an agent i toward an agent j :
GRETA – TSI / MM
Liking – Strategies
Florian Pecunepage 19
To improve his level of liking, an agent i can : Change its own appreciation about a concept for which j has a different feeling
Try to change j’s feeling about this same concept
Concept
Agent B Agent A
I don’t like football. I do.
Unbalanced
Concept
Agent B Agent A
I like football. Me too.
Concept
Agent B Agent A
I don’t like football. Me neither.
GRETA – TSI / MM
How to represent social relations? (2/2)
Florian Pecunepage 20
Dominance
Familiarity
“the capacity of one agent to affect the behavior of another” (Prada & Paiva, 2008)
“mutual knowledge of personal information” (Svennevig, 1999)
Dominant
LikingDisliking
Submissive
Several dimensions used to define social relations Dominance and liking are the most widely used (Argyle, 1988)
Familiarity useful for long-term relationship (Bickmore & Picard, 2005)
(Altman & Taylor, 1973)
Liking
“A general and enduring positive or negative feeling about some person” (Moshkina & Arkin, 2003)
GRETA – TSI / MM
Familiarity – Theory
Florian Pecunepage 21
FamilyW
ork
LovePolitics
Rel
igio
n
Superficial
Intimate
Personal
Core
Based on Social Penetration Theory(Altman & Taylor, 1973)
Breadth represents the number of topics shared by the agents
Depth represents the intimacy value accorded to a topic
GRETA – TSI / MM
Familiarity – Theory
Florian Pecunepage 22
Breadth Ratio between the number of i’s beliefs about j’s feelings and the number of possible conversational topics
N
XAppreciateBXcardjvaluebreadth
ji
i
)(()(_
]1;0[)(_ jvaluebreadthwith i Family
Work
LovePolitics
Rel
igio
n
Superficial
Intimate
Personal
Core
Agent A
5
4)(_ jvaluebreadth i
High Breadth
Except for love, I talked with j about everything I would like to know
GRETA – TSI / MM
Familiarity – Theory
Florian Pecunepage 23
Depth ]1;0[)( XIntimacyi
N
XAppreciateBXIntimacysumjvaluedepth
jii
i
)(()()(_
]1;0[)(_ jvaluebreadthwith i
Family
Work
LovePolitics
Rel
igio
n
Superficial
Intimate
Personal
Core
Intimacy value accorded to a concept X
5
6,1)(_ jvaluedepth i
Low Depth
Mean value of Intimacy
GRETA – TSI / MM
Familiarity – Strategies
Florian Pecunepage 24
To improve his level of familiarity, an agent i can : Improve breadth by asking information about topics for which he does not have any beliefs
Improve depth by asking more intimate information about a particular topic
Agent A
Let’s talk about Love !
N
XAppreciateBXcardjvaluebreadth
ji
i
)(()(_
Agent A
Tell me more about your family.
)((
)(()()(_
XAppreciateBXcard
XAppreciateBXIntimacysumjvaluedepth
ji
jii
i
GRETA – TSI / MM
Future Work
Florian Pecunepage 25
Define scenarios to test this model
Formalize influence of personality on social relations
Implement a neural network to represent the dynamics of the relations
Formalize ideal and expressed social relations
A Formal Model of Social Relations for Artificial Companions
Florian PECUNE – Magalie OCHS – Catherine PELACHAUD
CNRS – LTCI, Télécom Paristech
GRETA – TSI / MM
Logical Framework
Florian Pecunepage 27
Mental attitudes
)(iI
)(iB
Operators
),( aFeasible
)),(()( aFeasibleaPossible
),( Before
),( aiAgent
The agent i believes that is true
The agent i has the intention and actively desires to achieve it
The action a might happen and will be true after that
can not be true if is not already true
The agent i can be the author of the action a
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