7 m/s 4 urban2, ch4, co 4 2 4 138.75 138.8 138.85 138.9 380 390 … · 2019. 12. 6. · brandon...

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

Obs. 2015 Obs. 2016 CH4/CO (2015)* CO

EDGAR2010

CH4/CO2(2016) * CO2

NEI2014

US GHGI 2012Maasakkers et

al. [2016]

EDGAR v4.3.22012

StateInventory 2014

in Balt-Wash

CH4

Emiss

ions

(mol

s-1)

MD

DC

VA

-79 -78 -77 -76 -75

38

38.5

39

39.5

40

40.5

Longitude ()

La

titu

de

()

[O3] (ppbv)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Air Quality Flight in Maryland on 8 Sept. 2016Traditional westerly/easterly flight pattern

-74.5 -74 -73.5 -73

40.4

40.6

40.8

41

41.2

41.4

41.6

Longitude ()

La

titu

de

()

[O3] (ppbv)

40

60

80

100

120

140

Aircraft Measurements of Air Pollutants and Greenhouse Gases in the Mid-Atlantic StatesXinrong Ren1,2,*, Doyeon Ahn1, Phil Stratton1, Sarah Benish1, Hao He1, Ross Salawitch1, and Russ Dickerson1

1University of Maryland College Park; 2NOAA Air Resources Lab; *Contact: Xinrong.ren@noaa.gov

Motivation• Mid-Atlantic states occasionally experience severe air smog in summer.

• Urban greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions contribute to the majority (~70%) of the anthropogenic GHG emissions.

• Quantification of urban greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is important for establishing scientifically sound and cost-effective policies for mitigating GHGs.

Summary and Future Work

▪ Aircraft mass balance approach is a valuable tool for estimating urban GHG emission.

▪ CO & CO2 emissions: obs. agree with emission models in general. The discrepancies may be explained by uncertainties in mass balance approach and emission models.

▪ The EDGAR Inventory may underestimate CH4 emissions by a factor of 2-3.

Future work

▪ More flights will be conducted over Mid-Atlantic and NYC in the future to reduce uncertainties

▪ Biosphere CO2 uptake/emissions and inversion modeling

▪ NO2 (& NOy) emissions and compare to GEO-TASO and satellites

CH4 and CO2 during the flight on May 18, 2017

• High correlated between observed CO2 and CH4.

• Unlikly the same sources for CO2 & CH4, but likelythe sources are collocated.

We could use observed ratios to evaluate emission models.

Gridded CO & NOx emissions in EDGAR v4.3.2 for 2012

EDGAR v4.3.2CO emissions

NYC urban center: 302 mol/s (481 mol/s)

Metropolitan NYC: 511 mol/s (630 mol/s)

NYC urban center: 116 mol/s

Metropolitan NYC: 168 mol/s

EDGAR v4.3.2NOx emissions

Obs

-75 -74.5 -74 -73.5 -73 -72.5

39.8

40

40.2

40.4

40.6

40.8

41

41.2

41.4

41.6

41.8

Longitude ()

Latitu

de ()

CO Emissions in 2012 (kg/s)

0

0.1

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0.9

1

-75 -74.5 -74 -73.5 -73 -72.5

39.8

40

40.2

40.4

40.6

40.8

41

41.2

41.4

41.6

41.8

Longitude ()

Latitu

de ()

NOx Emissions in 2012 (kg/s)

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

-75 -74.5 -74 -73.5 -73 -72.5

39.8

40

40.2

40.4

40.6

40.8

41

41.2

41.4

41.6

41.8

Longitude ()

Latitu

de ()

CH4 Emissions in 2012 (kg/s)

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-75 -74.5 -74 -73.5 -73 -72.5 -72

39.8

40

40.2

40.4

40.6

40.8

41

41.2

41.4

41.6

41.8

Longitude ()

Latitu

de ()

CH4 Emissions in 2012 (kg/s)

0.1

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0.6

Gridded CH4 Emissions in EDGAR and Maasakkers InventoryEDGAR v4.3.2 for 2012 Maasakkers for 2012

EDGAR v4.3.2CH4 emissions

NYC urban center: 200 mol/s (418 mol/s)

Metropolitan NYC: 285 mol/s (630 mol/s)

NYC urban center: 130 mol/s (418 mol/s)

Metropolitan NYC: 251 mol/s (630 mol/s)

Maasakkers CH4 emissions

Obs Obs

Comparison with CO2 emission models(Close up NYC Metropolitan Area — corresponding to the flight on May 18, 2017)

Obs

CTBio

Obs.

Fossil-Fuel CO2 emission models:

➢ ACES (1 km, v1)July 2014

➢ ODIAC (1 km, v2017)July 2016

➢ FFDAS (0.1°, v2.0)July 2015

➢ EDGAR (0.1°, v4.3.2)July 2012

➢ CarbonTracker (1°, CT2017) July 2016

CTBio

Comparison with CO2 Emission Models(NYC urban center — corresponding to the flight on July 2, 2018)

Emission Rates (E. R.) based on Mass Balance

Transect # CO2 E. R.(mol/s)

CH4 E. R.(mol/s)

CO E. R.(mol/s)

NO2 E. R.(mol/s)

1 75,300 222 488 --

2 62,300 260 397 24.3

3 65,700 523 567 28.4

4 85,110 668 489 21.9

Mean 74,700 418 481 24.9

July 2, 2018 (NYC urban center)

May 18, 2017 (the Greater NYC Metro.)

Transect # CO2 E. R.(mol/s)

CH4 E. R.(mol/s)

CO E. R.(mol/s)

NO2 E. R.(mol/s)

1 101,000 560 642 10.4

2 127,000 700 628 7.6

Mean 114,000 630 636 9.0

High [CO2] & [CH4] observed over the Sound and CT/RI coastal areas were associated with airflow passing NYC/NJ

Mass Balance Approach

E. R. : emission rate (flux)[C] : concentrations (downwind)[C]b : concentration in background U⊥ : perpendicular wind speed

38.2 38.4 38.6 38.8 39 39.2 39.4409

410

411

412

413

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415

416

417

[CO

2] (p

pb

v)

Latitude ()

2500ft

1000 ft

DCplume

Baltimoreplume

Morgantown

Chalk Point

Brandon Shores

Background

BackgroundCO2, CH4, CO

UrbanΔCO2, ΔCH4, ΔCO

∆x

∆z

Obs. winds

CO2 on track

12h HYSPLITback trajectories NYC urban center

Metro. NYC

>420 7 m/s7 m/s

21 21.5 22 22.50

500

1000

1500

2000

Alt AGL (m)

Track Angle ()*5

21 21.5 22 22.5400

410

420

430

440

[CO

2]

(ppm

)

21 21.5 22 22.51900

2000

2100

2200

[CH

4]

(ppb)

21 21.5 22 22.5

100

200

300

400

500

[CO

] (p

pb)

21 21.5 22 22.50

5

10

[NO

2]

(ppb)

Hour (UTC)

Time series of Alt, Ozone, CO2, CH4, and CO

Transect #1 #2#3 #4

Afternoon Flight on July 2, 2018

Wind

-74.5 -74 -73.5 -73

40.2

40.4

40.6

40.8

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41.2

41.4

Longitude ()

La

titu

de

()

[CH4] (ppbv)

1900

1950

2000

2050

2100

2150>2150

A Typical Air Quality & Mass Balance FlightAfternoon Flight (~2:30-5:30 PM) on 7/2/2018

Wind

Transect #1

#2#3

#4

• Ozone and CH4 plume downwind of NYC.

GPS Position (Lat, Long, Altitude)

Met (T, RH, P, wind speed/direction)

Trace gases:

O3: UV Absorption, modified TECO

SO2: Pulsed Fluorescence, modified TECO

CH4/CO2/CO/H2O: Cavity Ringdown, Picarro

NO2: Cavity Ring Down, Los Gatos

NO: Chemiluminescence, modified TECO

VOCs: grab canisters/GC-FID

Aerosol Optical Properties:

Scattering: bscat (@450, 550, 700 nm), Nephelometer

Absorption: bap (565 nm), PSAP

Black Carbon: Aethalometer

Aerosol Inlet

Gas Inlet

Met Sensors

Measurements

Results

Acknowledgments

Correlation among CO, CO2 and CH4

380 390 400 410 420 430 440 450 460 470 4800

50

100

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200

250

300

350

400

450

[CO2] (ppmv)

[CO

] (

ppbv)

y = 4.2742x - 1603.1459

r2 = 0.80827

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 4501850

1900

1950

2000

2050

2100

2150

2200

2250

[CO] (ppbv)

[CH

4]

(ppbv)

y = 1.0614x + 1777.264

r2 = 0.86

Afternoon Flight on May 18, 2017

380 390 400 410 420 430 440 450 460 470 4801700

1800

1900

2000

2100

2200

2300

[CO2] (ppmv)

[CH

4]

(ppbv)

y = 5.181x - 192.916

r2 = 0.92

EDGAR v.4.3.2 for 2012𝐶𝑂 𝐸. 𝑅

𝐶𝑂2 𝐸. 𝑅= 𝟒. 𝟒𝟖 ppb CO/ppmCO2

Observed Δ[𝐶𝑂]

Δ[𝐶𝑂2]

= 4.27 ppb CO/ppmCO2

EDGAR v.4.3.2 for 2012𝐶𝐻4 𝐸. 𝑅

𝐶𝑂2 𝐸. 𝑅= 𝟏. 𝟕𝟎 ppbCH4/ppmCO2

Observed Δ[𝐶𝐻

4]

Δ[𝐶𝑂2]

= 5.18 ppb CH4/ppmCO2

EDGAR v.4.3.2 for 2012

𝐶𝐻4 𝐸. 𝑅

𝐶𝑂 𝐸. 𝑅= 𝟎. 𝟑𝟖 ppbCH4/ppbCO

Observed Δ[𝐶𝐻

4]

Δ[𝐶𝑂]= 1.06 ppb CH4/ppmCO

y = 4.27x – 1603r2 = 0.81

y = 5.18x – 192r2 = 0.92

y = 1.06x + 1777r2 = 0.86

• EDGAR CH4 emissions may be significantly underestimated for the NYC area.

• EDGAR CO and CO2 emissions may be good.

Emission Rates (E. R.) based on Mass Balance

CO2 Emissions from Washington, DC/Baltimore CH4 Emissions from Washington, DC/Baltimore

BaltimoreNew York City

138.75 138.8 138.85 138.9

1900

1950

2000

2050

2100

2150

2200

Day of year (days)

CH4 (ppbv)

CO4 ppm*5

380 390 400 410 420 430 440 450 460 470 4801700

1800

1900

2000

2100

2200

2300

[CO2] (ppmv)

[CH

4]

(ppbv)

y = 5.3042x - 244.8424

r2 = 0.94584