434 week 4
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8/14/2019 434 Week 4
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The News
Why should we care
if Charles Gibson
beats Katie Couric?Is Brian Williams
the pretty one*
*Thanks to Jon Stewart
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The News
Editorializing on
television banned
since the early1940s with the
Mayflower Doctrine
but enforcement
faded by the end ofthe decade
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The News
The Fairness Doctrine - 1949
To insure that coverage ofcontroversial issues be balancedand fair
Station licensees were publictrustees and had an obligation togive reasonable opportunity todiscussion of contrasting points ofview on controversial issues - they
had to allow all points of view Defined more extensively in 1969
No personal attacks
Political editorializing
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The News
A license permits broadcasting,but the licensee has noconstitutional right to be the onewho holds the license or to
monopolize a...frequency to theexclusion of his fellow citizens.There is nothing in the FirstAmendment which prevents theGovernment from requiring alicensee to share his frequencywith others.... It is the right of
the viewers and listeners, notthe right of the broadcasters,which is paramount. U.S.Supreme Court, upholding theconstitutionality of the FairnessDoctrine in Red Lion
Broadcasting Co. v. FCC, 1969
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The News
In tandem with the
Communications Act of 1937
requiring stations to provide
equal opportunity to all legallyqualified candidates if they had
allowed any other candidate to
use the station
While the 1937 act exempted
the news, documentaries andinterviews, the Fairness
Doctrine included them
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The News
1954 - Edward R.
Murrow attacked Sen.
McCarthys methods on
his show See It Now
Led to the Army-
McCarthy hearings
McCarthys bombastic
style did not play well
in PeoriaSen. Joseph McCarthy
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The News
The Communications Act
was passed by Congress
whereas the Fairness
Doctrine was FCC policy Journalist considered it a
violation of the First
Amendment - reporters
wanted to be allowed to
balance their own stories Fairness should not be
forced by a governmental
regulatory body
Edward R. Murrow
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The News
As a result of the
Fairness Doctrine,
many reportersshied away from
controversial stories
where the other side
would have to bepresented
J. Fred Muggs on Today
Edward R. Murrow & Marilyn Monroe
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8/14/2019 434 Week 4
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The News By the 1980s there was
cable so there was noscarcity of information
This and deregulation
helped dismantle theFairness Doctrine whichwas seen as a burdenon stations
FCCs Fairness Reportin 1985 said that thedoctrine may actuallyhave a chilling effect
The Museum of Broadcast Communications
http://www.museum.tv/museumsection.php?page=60http://www.museum.tv/museumsection.php?page=60 -
8/14/2019 434 Week 4
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The News
In 1987, the courts
decided that the Fairness
Doctrine did not have to
be enforced and the FCCdissolved it
Congress tried to make it
law but legislation was
vetoed by Reagan andagain later by Bush, Sr.
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8/14/2019 434 Week 4
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The News
No required balance
in broadcasting
today
You must rely on
your own
information and
judgment to discernwhether coverage is
one-sided or not
Obama's Opposition to the Fairness
http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/174455-Obama_Restates_Opposition_to_Return_of_Fairness_Doctrine.phphttp://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/174455-Obama_Restates_Opposition_to_Return_of_Fairness_Doctrine.php -
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The News
Edward R. Murrow, the mosthonored and distinguishedbroadcast journalist everperiod
Began in radio (CBS) in 1935
Left to work for the KennedyAdministration in 1961
Quaker upbringing instilled a strongethical through line in all his work
Frequent champion of free speech,truth, democratic ideals andindividual liberty
His style went out of style after theMcCarthy era it did not help thathe frequently lambasted hiscolleagues for pandering
Murrow on the Radio
http://www.otr.com/murrow.shtmlhttp://www.otr.com/murrow.shtml -
8/14/2019 434 Week 4
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The News
Good Night & Good Luck, 2005
Directed by George Clooney
We will not walk in fear of oneanother.
Murrow & his producer, FredFriendly, bring down U.S.Senator Joe McCarthy who wasresponsible for the Communistwitch hunts in government andHollywood in the 1940s-1950s
McCarthyism
McCarthy Bio
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAmccarthy.htmhttp://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAmccarthy.htm -
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The News The actual conclusion to the
speech, after Murrow's line abouttelevision, used strictly forentertainment rather thaneducation, being nothing more than
wires and lights in a box, went asfollows: "There is a great andperhaps decisive battle to be foughtagainst ignorance, intolerance andindifference. This weapon oftelevision could be useful. StonewallJackson, who knew something
about the use of weapons, isreported to have said, 'When warcomes, you must draw the swordand throw away the scabbard.' Thetrouble with television is that it isrusting in the scabbard during a
battle for survival."
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