4 groups of organic compounds found in living things

4 groups of organic compounds found in

living things

4 Groups of Organic Compounds Found in Living Things

• “Organic” Compounds

– Organic means “contains Carbon”

• “Biomolecules” = large organic compounds

– Built by bonding small molecules together to form chains called “polymers”

– Formed by a chemical reaction called “condensation”

Condensation

H OH

H20

H20

H20

“lysis” = split apart

HOW TO BUILD A LARGER MOLECULE BY COMBINING SMALLER MOLECULES.

HOW TO BREAK DOWN A LARGER MOLECULE INTO SMALLER MOLECULES.

Hydrolysis

• ISOMER = Compounds with the same chemical formula, but different 3D structure

Chemical formula

H20

3D Structure

H H

O

• ISOMER = Compounds with the same chemical formula, but different 3D structure

Chemical formula

C6H1206 = glucose

C6H1206 = fructose

3D Structure

O

OH

OH

HO

OH

CH2OH

OHOCH2

OH

OH

OH

CH2OH

Slide 4 of 4

CARBOHYDRATES (SLIDE 1 of 2)

• Made up of C, H, & O

• Main source of energy

• Used for structural purposes in plants (cellulose)

CARBOHYDRATES (SLIDE 2 of 3)

• SIMPLEST = single sugar molecules = “monosaccharide”– Example: glucose, fructose

glucose

Monosaccharide

fructose

Monosaccharide Disaccharide

sucrose

H20

Think of each monosaccharide as a lego piece.

A disaccharide is made up of two monosaccharides

CARBOHYDRATES (SLIDE 3 of 3)

• LARGEST = “polysaccharide”– Example: starch, fiber, cellulose, glycogen

Polysaccharide

A polysaccharide is made up of many monosaccharides.

Lipids (Slide 1 of 3)

• Aka “fats”• Made up of mostly C & H• Ex: fats, oils, waxes,

steroids• Used to store energy

(insulation, too)• Part of the cell membrane

and waterproof covering• ALL are INSOLUBLE in

water because they are NON POLAR

Lipids (Slide 2 of 3)

CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2

CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2

CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2

Long chain of CH is called “fatty acid chain”

Example: lard= maximum # of H+ atoms

CH2 - O –

CH2 - O –

CH2 - O –

CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH = CH-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2

“double bond”

Example: olive oil= at least 1 C = C

(carbon-carbon double bond)

Lipids (Slide 3 of 3)

CH2-CH = CH-CH2-CH2-CH = CH-CH2-CH2-CH = CH2-CH2

“double bond”

Example: cooking oil= more than one C = C

(carbon-carbon double bond)

“double bond” “double bond”

Nucleic Acids (slide 1 of 3)

• They contain C, H, O, N, P

• Nucleic Acids = polymers (made up of nucleotides)

nucleotide nucleotide nucleotide

N N N

“Nucleic Acid”

monomermonomer

Nucleic Acids (slide 2 of 3)

• 3 parts of a nucleotide A) 5 carbon sugar

B) Phosphate group

C) Nitrogenous base

Nucleic Acids (slide 3 of 3)

• Store and transmit hereditary (genetic info)

• 2 types – DNA sugar = deoxyribose– RNA sugar = ribose

Proteins (slide 1 of 3)

• Contain C, H, O, N and some S

• Basic building block = Amino acid (AA)

Peptide bond

Proteins (slide 2 of 3)

• 3 parts of an amino acid– amino acid (-NH2)– carboxyl group (-COOH)– R group (always different)

Protein (slide 3 of 3)

• Each protein has a specific role– Control rate of reaction– Regulate cell processes– Form bones and muscles– Transport substances

in/out of cell

• Example: “enzymes” = “proteins” that change rate of reaction, increase pH and temperature