2 technical rescue vehicles and equipment. 2 objectives (1 of 3) list the various types of rescue...

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Technical Rescue

Vehicles and Equipment

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Objectives (1 of 3)

• List the various types of rescue vehicles and their common characteristics.

• List the various types of rescue equipment and their functional and operational characteristics.

• List the various components of rescue personal protective equipment.

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Objectives (2 of 3)

• Describe the appropriate use of the various components of rescue personal protective equipment.

• Describe the method of rope construction used in life rescue situations.

• Describe the various parts of the rope.

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Objectives (3 of 3)

• Describe knot efficiency and explain its importance in knot selection.

• List knot types and their use in rescue.

• Describe how to tie, dress, and secure the assigned knots.

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Skills Objectives (1 of 2)

• Tie the following knots:– Square knot– Figure eight– Figure eight on a bight– Figure eight with a follow-through– Double-loop figure eight– Figure eight bend– Butterfly knot

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Skills Objectives (2 of 2)

– Double fisherman’s knot– Prusik hitch– Water knot– Clove hitch– Load-release hitch (mariner’s hitch)

• Properly dress and secure the above knots, bends, and hitches.

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Light Rescue Vehicles

• Equipped for basic rescue tasks

• Loaded with hand tools, basic extrication and medical care equipment

• Meant for scene stabilization

• Able to carry up to five responders

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Medium Rescue Vehicles• Designed to handle most rescue situations • Loaded with basic to advanced equipment

applicable to variety of specialties• Often equipped with other capabilities

(generators, air compressors)• Usually involved in following specialty areas:

– Trench and excavation– Confined-space– Rope– Ice/water rescue

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Heavy Rescue Vehicles

• Can handle almost any rescue incident

• Have advanced capabilities in multiple areas

• Carry wide variety of specialized rescue tools

• Often owned by regional, national heavy rescue organizations (USAR)

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Special-Purpose/Multipurpose Vehicles

• Engines, ladder trucks, vans with limited technical rescue equipment

• Boom trucks

• Small, off-road vehicles

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Rescue Vehicles

Courtesy of Robert Rhea Courtesy of Robert Rhea

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Compressed Air (Breathing Tool)

• Stored: installed bottles almost always used for breathing air– Cascade systems, SCBA bottle refill

• Generated: air compressors for either breathing or general use air– Breathing air must ANSI/CGA G7.1,

Commodity Specification for Air filtration requirements

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Cascade System

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Air Compressors

Courtesy of Eagle Compressors, Inc. Courtesy of BelAire Compressors

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Hydraulic Pumps (1 of 2)

• Power various tools on rescue vehicles• Either built into vehicle or portable• Either powered by vehicle engine or have

own engine• Used for vehicle extrication, structural

collapse incidents• Examples: spreaders, shears/cutters,

rams, saws, jackhammers, pumps

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Hydraulic Pumps (2 of 2)

Courtesy of AMKUS

Courtesy of Holmatro, Inc.

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Generators (1 of 3)

• Inverters: – Convert 12-volt DC vehicle power to 120-volt

AC power for low-power needs

• PTO Inverters: – Use vehicle’s engine to drive generator

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Generators (2 of 3)

• Hydraulic: – Use vehicle’s engine to power hydraulic pump

which drives generator

• Internal combustion engine: – Use separate engine

• Portable generators: – Either pull-start or battery-start – Run by internal combustion engine

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Generators (3 of 3)

Courtesy of American Honda Motor Co., Inc.Courtesy of the Berwyn Heights Volunteer Fire Department & Rescue Squad, Berwyn Heights, Maryland

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Other Electrical Power Accessories

• Auxiliary lead cords are necessary to get power to where it’s needed.

• Junction boxes when multiple outlets required

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Junction Boxes

Courtesy of Akron Brass Company

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Lighting Accessories

• Portable lights:– Adjustable for elevation

• Fixed lights:– Mounted on rescue vehicle – May be adjustable for elevation

• Light towers:– Up to 6000 watts; 30-40 feet (9.14–12.19 m)

high– Vehicle or trailer mounted

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Portable Lights

Courtesy of Akron Brass Company

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Light Towers

© Glen E. Ellman

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Power Winches (1 of 2)

• Used for lifting, pulling, and holding operations

• Bumper-type mounted permanently in/on

• Tow hitch-type attached to vehicle’s tow hitch receiver; removable

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Power Winches (2 of 2)

© Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman.

© Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman.

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Booms/Gins

• Gin pole: – One pole attached to vehicle, with stabilizing

cables attached on either side

• A-frame: – Two poles connected at working end; base of

each connected to vehicle, creating “A” shape

• Booms: – Telescoping beam that can be rotated 360

degrees

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Selection of PPE

• Hazards present• Operating environment• Weather• Available equipment• Type of incident and duration• NFPA 1951, Standard on Protective

Ensembles for Technical Rescue Incidents and SOPs

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Body Protection

• Must provide:– Maneuverability/comfort– Concealment of all body parts to neck, wrists,

ankles– Visibility appropriate to situation

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Body Protection Examples (1 of 2)

• Structural fire fighter’s clothing (USAR)

• Coveralls and work uniforms/battle dress uniforms (BDUs)

• Chemical-protective clothing

• Wet, dry, and ice suits (water rescue)

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Body Protection Examples (2 of 2)

Courtesy of M&T Fire and Safety, Inc. © Tim James/The Gray Gallery/Alamy Images

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Head Protection (1 of 2)

• Must meet OSHA 29 CFR 1910.135, Head Protection, and NFPA 1951 or 1971, Standard on Protective Ensembles for Structural Fire Fighting and Proximity Fire Fighting requirements

• Must have substantial chin strap, adjustable suspension system

• Examples of helmets: fire fighters’, hard hats, climbing, water

• Hoods are often worn under helmets.

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Head Protection (2 of 2)

Courtesy of PMICourtesy of PMI West

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Eye and Face Protection (1 of 3)

• Must conform to ANSI Z87.1 and OSHA 29 CFR 1910.133, Eye and Face Protection

• Examples include:– Respirator face piece– Goggles– Safety glasses– Helmet and welding face shield– Diving mask

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Eye and Face Protection (2 of 3)

Courtesy of Captain David Jackson, Saginaw Township Fire Department

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Eye and Face Protection (3 of 3)

Courtesy of Robert Rhea

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Hearing Protection (1 of 2)

• Must comply with ANSI S3.19; reduction rating of at least 20 decibels

• Use routinely to prevent permanent hearing damage

• Examples include:– Ear plugs– Ear muffs

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Hearing Protection (2 of 2)

© Byron Moore/Alamy Images © Andrew Ammendolia/Alamy Images

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Foot Protection (1 of 2)

• Protects and supports feet• Provides traction on poor surfaces• Must meet appropriate NFPA and ANSI

standards, plus OSHA 29 CFR 1910.136, Foot Protection

• Examples include:– Steel toe and shank work boots – Fire fighters’ boots (bunker boots, 8- to 10-

inch [203.2–254 mm] fire/rescue safety boots)

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Foot Protection (2 of 2)

© Oneuser/ShutterStock, Inc.

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Hand Protection (1 of 2)

• Rescue gloves with synthetic body, leather components:– Rope work

• Leather gloves: – Firefighting

• Latex gloves:– Protection from contamination from body

fluids, some chemicals

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Hand Protection (2 of 2)

© Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman.

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Respiratory Protection (1 of 2)

• APR:– Filters air particles, gases (dust mask)

• SCBA:– Protects against almost all airborne

contaminants

• SAR/SABA:– Supplies breathing air via air line

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Respiratory Protection (2 of 2)

• Rebreather apparatus:– Recirculates user’s exhaled breath

• SCUBA:– Designed to work underwater

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Other Protective Equipment

• Elbow and knee protection

• Personal lighting

• Personal alert safety system (PASS) devices

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PASS Device

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Four Categories of Rescue Tools

• Search

• Scene stabilization

• Victim access/extrication

• Victim packaging

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Hand Tools (1 of 2)

• Striking tools:– Hammers, punches

• Leverage tools:– Rotating and prying tools

• Cutting tools: – Saws, chopping, snipping/shears, knives,

chisels

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Hand Tools (2 of 2)

• Lifting/pushing Tools:– Screw-type jacks (bar screw jacks, house or

trench screw jacks)– Ratchet lever jacks (high-lift, farmer’s jacks)– Cam-type jacks (Ellis jacks, jack wrenches)

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Pulling Tools (1 of 2)

• Poles and hooks extend rescuer’s reach, increase power exerted on object

• Manual winches used for lifting, pulling, or both:– Chain hoist– Lever hoist– Come-along– Pass-through cable hoist

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Pulling Tools (2 of 2)

Copyrighted image courtesy of CMC Rescue, Inc.

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Hydraulic Tools

• All use compressed hydraulic fluid via high pressure hoses

• Powered hydraulic tools include:– Spreaders, shears/cutters, rams, construction

industry tools

• Nonpowered hydraulic tools include:– Rabbet tool, “porta-power” units, bottle jacks,

air-overhydraulic jacks

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Pneumatic Tools

• Cutting and nailing tools include:– Air chisels, air hammers, impact hammers,

shears, reciprocating saws, rotating pneumatic saws

• Lifting tools include:– Low-, medium-, high-pressure air bags

• Other tools include:– Jackhammers, impact tools, hammer drills, air

knives, air vacuums

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Electric Tools

• Cutting tools include: – Circular saws, chainsaw, reciprocating saw,

rebar cutter, plasma cutter

• Lifting/pulling tools include: – Vehicle-mounted and portable winches and

hoists

• Drilling/breaking tools include: – Variable-speed, reversible drills, hammer

drills, rotary hammers, demolition hammers

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Fuel-Powered Tools

• Cutting tools include: – Chainsaws, rotary saws, cutting torches,

exothermic torches

• Nailing tools include: – Nailing guns

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Monitoring/Detection Equipment (1 of 5)

• Atmospheric monitoring:– Multi-gas meters measure O2, combustible

gases, toxic gases

• Power detection:– AC power locators determine whether a wire

or machinery is energized

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Monitoring/Detection Equipment(2 of 5)

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Monitoring/Detection Equipment(3 of 5)

Courtesy of HotStick USA, Inc.

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Monitoring/Detection Equipment(4 of 5)

• Movement detection:– Devices identify smallest motion within

structure – Include transit and theodolite

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Monitoring/Detection Equipment(5 of 5)

Courtesy of Robert Bosch Tool Corporation

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Search Equipment (1 of 2)

• Lighting: – Area lights, hand lights, helmet lights,

chemical light sticks

• Visual Aids: – Thermal imaging camera, specialized search

camera

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Search Equipment (2 of 2)

• Audio Aids: – Microphones, probes

• Other Equipment: – GPS for wilderness search/rescue, structural

collapse, miscellaneous

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Stretchers/Litters

• Stretchers include: – Collapsible, scoop, basket

• Immobilization and combination devices include:– Full and half backboards, half board in vest-

style

• Tripods and offset high points

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Stabilization and Shoring Tools (1 of 2)

• Cribbing creates stable base for load:– Stacked wood, composite, or plastic pieces

• Shoring used where vertical distances too great for cribbing or load requires horizontal or diagonal support:– Wood, pneumatic, manual screw

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Stabilization and Shoring Tools(2 of 2)

• Sheeting used to stabilize a trench wall; must be strong and able to withstand pressures exerted by trench wall and shoring:– Wooden planks or trench panels, birch or

Norwegian fir plywood– Commercial steel or aluminum

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Other Specialty Tools (1 of 2)

• Elevator tools:– Key ways, interlock release tools

• Ice and water specialty equipment:– Personal protection suits, breathing devices,

boats, sleds, collars, personal flotation devices, beacons, throw bags, ice awls, boot studs

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Other Specialty Tools (2 of 2)

• Rigging equipment:– Slings, clamps, shackles, and clips

• Safety equipment:– Reflective vests, cones, fire line tape, barriers,

lockout/tagout kits

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Rope Equipment

• Software includes:– Life safety rope, accessory rope, webbing,

harnesses

• Hardware includes:– Carabiners, pulleys, friction devices, edge

rollers, other accessories made of steel, aluminum

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Life Safety Rope

• Used solely for supporting people• Required whenever rope needed to

support person• Never used as utility rope• Must meet NFPA 1983, Standard on Life

Safety Rope and Equipment for Emergency Services

• Rated for either one- or two-persons

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Synthetic Ropes vs. Natural Fiber

• Generally stronger

• More resistant to rotting, mildew so age, degrade less quickly

• Less prone to melting, burning

• Absorb less water

• Can be washed and dried

• Some float on water

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Synthetic Fiber Characteristics

• Nylon most common for life safety ropes– High melting temperature, abrasion

resistance, strong, and lightweight

• Polyester second most common for life safety ropes

• Polypropylene– Lightest synthetic fiber, but weakest, hard to

knot, low melting point

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Rope Construction (1 of 2)

• Kernmantle construction reduces abrasion

• Dynamic rope: elastic, stretches when loaded– Mountain climbing safety lines

• Static rope: stretches less – Most technical rescue situations

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Rope Construction (2 of 2)

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Rope Strength

• Life safety ropes rated to carry specific amount of weight per NFPA 1983 – Loading 300 lb (136.1 kg) per person; safety

factor 15:1

• Personal escape rope – Support weight of 300 lb (136.1 kg), safety

factor 10:1

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Other Software

• Webbing (flat and tubular forms) is used for many rescue applications.

• Slings are used to wrap around object to create an anchor.

• Looped straps (etrier, foot loop, multiloop)

• Specialty straps (pick-off, adjustable, load-release)

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Linking Hardware

• Carabiners attach pieces of equipment together.

• Triangular screwlinks are used for multiple-direction loading.

• Rings are used for constructing multipoint bridles for stretchers.

• Rigging plates are used for attaching multiple items to anchors.

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Other Hardware

• Lowering devices:– Figure eight plate, brake bar rack

• Mechanical advantage systems:– Pulleys, (hand and power) winches

• Ascent (grab) devices: – Cam (Gibbs) ascender

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Life Safety Harness

• Class I: – Designed for emergency escape with one-

person load

• Class II: – Designed for rescue where two-person load

may be encountered

• Class III: (full body harness)– Designed for rescue where two-person loads

or inverting may occur

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Rope Terms (1 of 2)

• Hitches: used to attach rope around object or another rope

• Knots: used to form loops

• Bends: used to join two ropes together

• Safety knots: used to secure ends of ropes to prevent them from coming untied

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Rope Terms (2 of 2)

• Working end: part of rope used for forming knot

• Running end: part of rope used for lifting or hoisting load

• Standing part: rope between working end and running end

• Bight: formed by reversing direction of rope to form U bend with two parallel ends

• Loop: formed by making circle in rope

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Safety Knot

• Also called overhand knot, keeper knot

• Used to secure leftover working end of rope or webbing to standing part

• Ensures primary knot will not come undone

• Always used to finish other basic knots

• Review steps in Skill Drill 2-1

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Loop Knots (1 of 2)

• Used to:– Secure a person during rescue– Secure a rope to a fixed object– Identify the end of a rope stored in a rope bag

• Figure eight: – Review Skill Drill 2-2

• Figure eight on a bight:– Review Skill Drill 2-3

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Loop Knots (2 of 2)

• Figure eight with follow-through:– Review Skill Drill 2-4

• Double-loop figure eight:– Review Skill Drill 2-5

• Figure eight bend:– Review Skill Drill 2-6

• Butterfly knot:– Review Skill Drill 2-7

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Square Knot

• Used in some victim packaging systems

• Always back up with safety knot:– Review Skill Drill 2-8

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Double Fisherman’s Knot

• Used to create prusik loop, or join two ropes

• Single fisherman’s knot used as safety knot by some organizations

• Self-tightening; does not require safety knot:– Review Skill Drill 2-9

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Water Knot

• Used to create loop in webbing used for various purposes (anchors, load-release hitches)– Review Skill Drill 2-10

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Hitches (1 of 2)

• Used to secure working end of rope or webbing to solid object

• Clove Hitch – Review Skill Drill 2-11 for clove hitch in open– Review Skill Drill 2-12 for clove hitch tied

around object

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Hitches (2 of 2)

• Prusik hitch:– Review Skill Drill 2-13

• Load-release hitch (mariner’s hitch):– Review Skill Drill 2-14 to tie load-release hitch– Review Skill Drill 2-15 to release load-release

hitch

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Properly Dressing Knots

• Tighten and remove twists, kinks, and slack from rope.

• Ensure finished knot is firmly fixed in position and easy to inspect.

• Secure loose ends with safety knots to ensure primary knots cannot be released accidentally.

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Summary (1 of 2)

• Rescuers must know how to select, use, and maintain all equipment properly.

• Rescuers must use PPE and be familiar with the different types available.

• Rescue organizations should have a selection of rescue equipment for efficient and safe operation for the vast majority of incidents.

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Summary (2 of 2)

• Rope rescue equipment includes hardware and software combined to make systems for raising/lowering rescuers and victims.

• Rescuers use knots in various situations.