2 nd industrial 2 nd industrial revolution revolution

22ndnd INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRIAL

REVOLUTIONREVOLUTION

Life Before the Industrial Revolution…

New ProductsNew Products

Steel= Bessemer ProcessSteel= Bessemer Process Electricity – Enabled Electricity – Enabled

homes & factories to use homes & factories to use a single power sourcea single power source

Who was Bessemer and what Who was Bessemer and what was the Bessemer process?was the Bessemer process? Henry Bessemer was an English Henry Bessemer was an English

engineer and inventorengineer and inventor He invented the Bessemer process, He invented the Bessemer process,

which made steel easier and which made steel easier and cheaper to manufacturecheaper to manufacture The key principle is removal of The key principle is removal of

impurities from the iron by oxidation impurities from the iron by oxidation through air being blown through the through air being blown through the molten iron. The oxidation also raises molten iron. The oxidation also raises the temperature of the iron mass and the temperature of the iron mass and keeps it molten. keeps it molten.

So why is it important that steel became So why is it important that steel became easier and cheaper to manufacture?easier and cheaper to manufacture?

The Impact of the Railroad

• Railway companies= country’s major employers

• Spur the growth of other industries

• Increased need to communicate across long distances

• Need lots of power

ELECTRICITYELECTRICITY

How would your life be different How would your life be different without electricity?without electricity?

What do you think is the most What do you think is the most important invention ever? WHY?important invention ever? WHY?

INVENTORS / INVENTIONSINVENTORS / INVENTIONS

Thomas Edison –Light BulbThomas Edison –Light Bulb Alexander Graham Bell – PhoneAlexander Graham Bell – Phone Guglielmo Marconi – 1Guglielmo Marconi – 1stst Radio Radio Waves.Waves. Internal Combustion Engine – Internal Combustion Engine –

Oil/GasOil/Gas - Gottlieb Daimler- Gottlieb Daimler Wright Brothers – Air PlaneWright Brothers – Air Plane

NEW PATTERNSNEW PATTERNSIncreased Buying PowerIncreased Buying Power

- Increased wages- Increased wages- Lower prices + lower transportation cost= - Lower prices + lower transportation cost= increased buying powerincreased buying power

Department StoresDepartment StoresWorld (Global) EconomyWorld (Global) Economy

Transportation opens up markets to buy Transportation opens up markets to buy and sell fromand sell from

A New Social OrderA New Social Order New Urban Upper Class: Make their New Urban Upper Class: Make their

$$$ in new industries $$$ in new industries New Middle Class: Modern New Middle Class: Modern

corporations swell the middle class corporations swell the middle class with managers, engineers, with managers, engineers, accountants, clerks, and salespeople; accountants, clerks, and salespeople; new jobs created new jobs created

Industrial workers: Hundreds of Industrial workers: Hundreds of thousands move into cities in search thousands move into cities in search of jobsof jobs 1890: 50% of industrial workers live 1890: 50% of industrial workers live

below the poverty line--- What does this below the poverty line--- What does this cause?cause?

Great demand in labor met by Great demand in labor met by immigrantsimmigrants

From Europe To America…From Europe To America…

Where does the Industrial Where does the Industrial Revolution start?Revolution start?

How do you think it spreads to How do you think it spreads to America?America?

The Industrial Revolution Comes to America

Urban Life

• People flock to cities to find work

• Skyscrapers dominate the landscape– Why no skyscrapers before?

• Mass transit

• Tenements– What were tenements like?

Life during the Industrial Revolution

What were the factories like?

Read the Child Labor packet. When you are finished answer the following questions IN COMPLETE

SENTENCES on a separate sheet of paper. • 1. In 2000, how many estimated child

laborers were there?

• 2. Should the US care about child labor? Why or why not?

• 3. Should we stop child labor? Why or why not?

• 4. How might we try to stop child labor today? EXPLAIN.

Some questions…

• What was life like in the cities?

• What were the working conditions like in the cities?

• Why do people move to the cities and away from the farm?

• Who works in the factories?

• How do people feel about these conditions?

KARL MARX KARL MARX COMMUNISMCOMMUNISM

1848 1848 Communist ManifestoCommunist Manifesto- - Co writer Friedrich EnglesCo writer Friedrich Engles

Capitalism was cause of horrible living Capitalism was cause of horrible living and working conditionsand working conditions

““Class Struggle” Bourgeoisie vs Class Struggle” Bourgeoisie vs ProletariatProletariat- Struggle evolve into violent - Struggle evolve into violent revolution between the oppressors and revolution between the oppressors and the oppressedthe oppressed

- Lead to Classless Society and - Lead to Classless Society and Bourgeoisie would wither away Bourgeoisie would wither away

SOCIALIST PARTIESSOCIALIST PARTIES

German Socialist Party – German Socialist Party – largest in Germanylargest in Germany

Worked to pass laws to Worked to pass laws to improve working conditions and improve working conditions and fight against capitalism fight against capitalism worldwide worldwide

TRADE UNIONSTRADE UNIONS

Workers unite to improve Workers unite to improve working conditionsworking conditions

Strike to get demands metStrike to get demands met DemandsDemands 1. higher wages1. higher wages 2. better work conditions2. better work conditions 3. right to collective bargain3. right to collective bargain

Labor Unions• Some want to replace capitalism with

an economic system that workers controlled– Many favor socialism. What is socialism?

• The AFL: American Federation of Labor• The IWW: The Industrial Workers of the

World• The AFL worked within the system and

focused on skilled workers, while the IWW opposed capitalism and focused on unskilled workers

MASS MASS

SOCIETYSOCIETY

WOMENWOMEN

New job opportunitiesNew job opportunities

- Assembly line work- Assembly line work

- Low paid white collar jobs- Low paid white collar jobs

Secretaries, file clerk, sales clerksSecretaries, file clerk, sales clerks

Women are expected to work until Women are expected to work until marriedmarried

UNIVERSAL EDUCATIONUNIVERSAL EDUCATION

1870-1914 Western countries make 1870-1914 Western countries make school mandatory for kids ages 6-12school mandatory for kids ages 6-12

Reasons for EDTReasons for EDT 1. Industry needed trained/skilled 1. Industry needed trained/skilled

workersworkers

2. Educated voters for democracy2. Educated voters for democracy

NEW FORMS OF LEISURE.NEW FORMS OF LEISURE.

Industrial system gave Industrial system gave people free time.people free time.

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