1930s dictators come to power in europe and asia britain, france, and u.s. could not agree on steps...

1930s Dictators come to power in Europe and AsiaBritain, France, and U.S. could not agree on steps to take to ensure collective security.

THE PATH TO WAR

Bell Work: Label map of Europe.Label Countries and bodies of water listed.Use pages 608 and A-5 to label.

DECEMBER 1, 2014

HIROHITO AND TOJO

Industrialists had to import most of raw

materialsJapanese imports were costing more than they were making on exports

JAPAN’S EXPANSION

Japanese military leaders believed

Japan was destined to dominate East Asia

Democracy was “un-Japanese”

Military leaders and some civilians

believed Japan must seize territory

in Manchuria Rich resources

there Invaded without

government permission.

President tried to stop them He gets

assassinated!

JAPAN INVADES MANCHURIA

Military is in control of the country

Nationalist policy of expanding was strongly

supported

China protests to League of Nations1933 Japan withdraws from the LeagueManchuria incident revealed League was powerless.Boosts expansionists ambitions of Italy and Germany

JAPAN’S EXPANSION

Summer of 1937, Japan invades ChinaChiang Kai-Shek-NationalistAllies with Western powers1937-1945 Nationalists, Chinese Communists, and Japanese will fight for control of China

JAPAN’S EXPANSION

Italy makes a move for Ethiopia1934-Disputed zonesBenito Mussolini demands apology and reparationsEthiopia ask League of Nations to investigate

ITALY’S CONQUEST OF ETHIOPIA

League decides neither side was to blame1935-Italian army invades EthiopiaEmperor Haile Selassie appealed for help from League.Economic sanctions-Stop trade against ItalyLeagues action’s ineffectiveMay 1936-Mussolini annexed Ethiopia

ITALY’S CONQUEST OF ETHIOPIA

Spain-Social and economic chaosKing Alfonso XIII-abdicated 1931Spain becomes a republicJuly 1936 right-wing uprising in Spanish Morocco.Spreads to Spain

SPANISH CIVIL WAR

General Francisco Franco-NationalistSpanish Republicans-battled for control of Spain.International Brigade-fought against fascism

SPANISH CIVIL WAR

Germans and Italians aided the NationalistsSoviets support LoyalistsHitler viewed participation in Spanish Civil War would strengthen ties with Italy.Vital supply of Spanish iron ore and magnesium.

SPANISH CIVIL WAR

Herman Goering-head of LuftwaffeSpain becomes testing grounds for LuftwaffeCondor Legion-all German air and ground force.

SPANISH CIVIL WAR

Soviets stop sending aid to Loyalists1938 Franco launched final offensiveMarch 1939-Franco entered MadridWar ends-Franco becomes new ruler of Spain.Fascist dictator

SPANISH CIVIL WAR

Same year as Spanish Civil War-Hitler declares lebensraum-more living space.

HITLER ON THE OFFENSIVE

Since 1919-Treaty of Versailles forbid German troops in the Rhineland.Hitler sends troops March 1936.G.B. and France do nothing.

OCCUPYING THE RHINELAND

ROME-BERLIN AXIS PACTAgreement

between Hitler and Mussolini to cooperate on several

international issues

ANTI-COMINTERN PACT

Agreement between Japan and Germany and Italy – Agreed to exchange info about Communist Groups

The countries became known as the

Axis Powers

Joseph Stalin urged West to unite against Axis powers.Fearing war, the West refused.

OCCUPYING THE RHINELAND

HITLER IS DETERMINED TO TAKE OVER OTHER LANDS.

European leaders believe war can be avoided…

1. They wanted to avoid another conflict

2. Some thought Hitler’s demands to unite German speaking people was

reasonable

3. Some believed the Nazis would be more interested in peace if they got

more land

AUSTRIA AND CZECHOSLOVAKIA

Hitler wanted to control this area because German

speaking people were there and :

1. Food supplies

2. Defensible frontiers

3. Soldiers for Germany

AUSTRIAFeb. 1938 – Hitler’s threat

Suhuschnigg Agreed ………..Second thoughts

Put it to a vote

Hitler sent troopsTook control

Announced ANSCHLUSSUnification of Austria and Germany

European countriesjust watched

it happen!

CZECHOSLOVAKIA

Hitler announces claims to Sudetenland

Large German speaking population

Alarmed people more than his actions against Austria because:

AustriaSame

languageSame cultureAuthoritarian government

No allies

Czechoslovakia

Different languagesDemocracyAllied with

Soviet Union and France

RESPONSE BY EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

Czechs resisted demandsFrance threatened to fight

if Germany invadedNeville Chamberlin

GB prime ministerPromised to support France

MUNICH CONFERENCE

Meeting between leaders from

GermanyItaly

FranceBritain

Purpose:Decide

Czechoslovakia’s fate

MUNICH PACTBritain and France agreed to allow Germany to take the

Sudetenland - this was

APPEASEMENTChurchill thought Chamberlin showed weakness with this

agreementHitler said - this is all the land I want – I will not take any

more!

The next month he invaded all of Czechoslovakia

HITLER WANTS POLAND

Danzig – Baltic Seaport 90% German

Highway and railroad across the Polish Corridor

Britain and France now realize appeasement is a

failureAnnounced if Poland had to

defend its borders – they would help defend

Hitler now realizes he might have to

fight on two fronts to get PolandSO…

NON-AGGRESSION PACT

Hitler and StalinStated that USSR would not

defend Poland when Germany invadedSecret Agreement

USSR and Germany would split Poland in half

THE WAR BEGINS

Sept. 1, 1939Germany invaded Poland

Sept. 3, 1939Britain and France declared

war on Germany

Bell work: Read the article Europe, 1939 and answer questions 1-23.Turn this in when finished!You have 15 minutes!

WAR IN EUROPE SECTION 2

BLITZKRIEG IN POLAND

Lighting warfareHit hard and fast with everything

you haveUse radios to coordinate

Sept 27 – Warsaw fellPolish capital

October 5 – Polish army is defeated

Stalin-Forced Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia to accept Soviet military bases.Goes to war with FinlandFinns forced to surrender.

FALL OF FRANCE

Sitzkrieg/Bore War/Phony WarNo fighting for the next six monthsFrench were waiting along the

MAGINOT LINE Line of fortifications and concrete bunkers along the German border

Waiting for Germans to make a move

INVASION OF SCANDINAVIA

April 9, 1940Germany attacked and controlled Norway and Denmark in a month

Neville Chamberlain steps down.May 10, 1940-New British Prime Minister-Winston Churchill

WINSTON CHURCHILL

HITLER TURNS TO FRANCEGo around Maginot line

Through Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg

Britain and France sent troops to Belgium

Germany sent tanks a different route to invade France

French troops were elsewhere so Germany had an easy time invading

FranceGermany maneuvered lines to trap

British troops in Belgium

DUNKIRKOnly port in Northern France not controlled by GermanyThe only way out for British

and French troopsFor some strange reasonHitler ordered his troops…

Why???????????What ever the reason it created a 3

day delay

DUNKIRK

850 ships gathered to evacuate troops

Planned to rescue 45,000 troops Were able to rescue 338,000

British and French troops Miracle at Dunkirk

Almost all British equipment was left

Three weeks after Dunkirk France fell and Germany set up a puppet

government

BATTLE OF BRITAINWinston Churchill – British Prime

minister-May of 1940Refused to surrender to Hitler

Germany used Luftwaffe (German Air force) to attack Britain – day and night

from June 1940 to October 12, 1940Britain refused to be defeated

New technologyRadar – detected planes

Allowed Britain to shoot down German planes faster than Germany could replace them

Hitler called off the attack

NEUTRALITY ACT OF 1937

Established the “CASH AND CARRY” policyWarring countries could buy

non-military supplies from US if they provided own

transportation – no loans

NEUTRALITY ACT OF 1939

After Britain and France declared war on Germany – FDR announced a change to

the Neutrality ActWarring nations could buy

weapons on a “Cash and Carry” basis

DESTROYERS FOR BASES

Britain needed destroyers but had no money

US wanted bases

A deal was made

LEND-LEASE ACT

$40 billion of weapons sent to Allied countries

ATLANTIC CHARTER

Churchill and FDR (Aug 1941)

Statement of war aims1. World of Democracy

2. Non Aggression

3. Free Trade

4. Economic advancement

5. Freedom of the seas

Mussolini wants to build a Mediterranean empire!June 10, 1940-Italy declares war on France and Britain.British attack Italians on Dec. 9, 1940.British victory against Italians along the Libyan coast.

EASTERN EUROPE & AFRICA

Churchill diverts troops to southeastern Europe to stop German advance.German forced British into a second Dunkirk.

EASTERN EUROPE AND AFRICA

General Erwin Rommel- “The Desert Fox”Led German divisions in France (tank force) to rescue the ItaliansApril 11, 1941-Rommel pushed Brits out of Libya except for a small force at Tobruk.

EASTERN EUROPE AND AFRICA

A Global Conflict

SECTION 3

Spring of 1941-Germany controlled almost all of western Europe.Japanese controlled Manchuria and much of ChinaEnd of 1941-S.U. and U.S. join the conflict

INTRODUCTION

1941-Hitler turns attention to S.U.Wants vast Soviet landsWheat of UkraineOil reserves of Caucasus region

INVASION OF THE S.U.

BATTLE FOR STALINGRADHITLER AND STALIN

May 1942

June 22, 1941-Operation BarbarossaSurprise attackGermans destroyed Soviet air force, disabled thousands of tanks, captured ½ mil soviet soldiers.

INVASION OF S.U.

BATTLE OF STALINGRAD

Hitler orders men to destroy S.U. economy-oil fields, industries, and farmlands of

S.U./Ukraine.

Germans forced to fight from house to house.

Stalin orders his men to protect Stalingrad at all costs.

Scorched-earth policy

BATTLE OF STALINGRAD

Supply route-Volga river-Supply route for Russia.

Major Railroad junction.

Long Battle-May 1942-Feb. 1943

Soviet Counter Attack-Soviet reinforcements surround Stalingrad.

250,000 German troops trapped inside.

BATTLE OF STALINGRAD

February 2, 1943-Germans surrender

91,000 Germans surrender.

5,000 survived Soviet Prison Camps

TURNING POINT IN THE EAST!

BATTLE FOR STALINGRAD

BATTLE FOR STALINGRAD

BATTLE FOR STALINGRAD

BATTLE FOR STALINGRAD

BATTLE FOR STALINGRAD

Hitler’s “New Order”Nazi’s would rule Europe and exploit its resources.Nazis began to implement plan.

THE NAZI ORDER

Millions of Jews forced into labor and concentration camps.1939-1944-7.5 mil people deported to Germany .Forced to work in factories, mines, and fields.

THE NAZI ORDER

SECTION 3THE HOLOCAUST

CHAPTER 20

HOLOCAUST

a sacrifice completely consumed by fire

GENOCIDEA deliberate extermination of a

specific group of people6 million Jews

5 million others

11 million total

NAZI IDEOLOGY

Persecuted all opposition

Forced Jews to live in Ghettos

Felt Jews were evil

THE FINAL SOLUTION

Wannsee Conference

WANNSEE CONFERENCE

Held in Berlin to determine “Final Solution of Jewish people.”

January 20, 1942-15 Nazi leaders

Plan to round up Jews and take them to concentration camps.

Healthy Jews would work as slave laborers

Elderly, young children, and others were sent to extermination camps to gas chambers.

CONCENTRATION CAMPS

BUCHENWALD

200,000 prisoners12 hour shifts

EXTERMINATION CAMPS

AUSCHWITZ

300 BarracksGas chambers could kill 2000 at a

timeSome days 12,000 were gassed

Estimated 1,600,000 were killed at Auschwitz – of those 1,300,000

were Jews

Crematorium

AUSCHWITZ-LARGEST EXTERMINATION CAMP

JOSEPH MENGELE-NAZI DOCTOR AT AUSCHWITZ. “ANGEL OF DEATH”

BRUTAL EXPERIMENTS

ESCAPED CAPTURE AFTER WAR. DIED A FREE MAN IN 1979.

NORDHAUSEN CONCENTRATION CAMP

AMERICA ENTERS THE WAR

CHAPTER 20

SERIES OF EVENTS LEADING TO PEARL HARBOR

Britain pulls ships from PacificUS is concerned that Japan might try to take the unprotected British

possessions SO…….

Export Control Act

Restricted sale of strategic material to other nations

US stopped selling plane fuel and scrap iron to Japan

Japan’s reaction

Got mad and formally became an AXIS POWER

FDR got worried

If drawn into the war the US would have to fight on 2 fronts

CUT OFF TRADE WITH JAPAN

Japanese push southward July 1941

Taking over French military bases in Indochina (present day Vietnam, Cambodia,

and Laos).

U.S cuts off trade with Japan.

Japan needs oil to fuel its war machines.

Japan is angry.

US extends Lend-Lease shipments

Japan’s successes

Emperor Hirohito

US oil embargoJapan responds

NOVEMBER 26, 1941

A large fleet leaves Japan headed for Pearl Harbor to

try and maintain peace.

PEACE NEGOTIATIONS CONTINUE

Tojo promises emperor Hirohito that Japanese gov’t would attempt to maintain

peace with the U.S.

PEACE NEGOTIATIONS CONTINUE

Tojo promises emperor Hirohito that Japanese gov’t would attempt to maintain

peace with the U.S.

PEACE TALKS

U.S. military breaks Japan’s secret communication codes.

Learns Japan is preparing for a strike.

U.S. does not know when or where.

FDR warns Hawaii, Guam, and Philippines

Peace talks go on for a month

NOVEMBER 27

US commanders at Pearl Harbor received a warning of

a possible attack Pearl Harbor was not

mentioned as a target

DECEMBER 5

Japanese gov’t goes to D.C. to negotiate

peace. Japanese Navy told to prepare for an

attackBreak Japanese code

There will be an attack

When or where?????Tojo-orders attack

DECEMBER 6

Decoded message from Japan saying to reject any and all peace agreements

Roosevelt said “This means war” but wanted to wait for

Japan to strike first

DECEMBER 7, 1941

JAPAN’S ATTACK ON PEARL HARBOR

ATTACK ON PEARL HARBOR

Dec. 7, 1941

Pearl Harbor-largest U.S. naval base

1st wave 7:55; 2nd wave 8:55

Sank/damaged 21 ships, 3 cruisers, 4 destroyers, and 6 other vessels. Destroyed

188 airplanes.

Less than 2 hrs- 2,403 Americans killed.

1,178 wounded

DECEMBER 8, 1941

82 - 0 388 - 1

DECEMBER 11, 1941

Germany and Italy declare war on US

THE AXIS THREAT

September 27, 1940Axis powers sign the Tripartite Pact.

Purpose of the Pact was to keep U.S. out of the war.

The pact was an agreement to defend one another in case of an attack

Would become a two-ocean war. Fighting in Atlantic and Pacific

ADMIRAL CHESTER NIMITZ

Commander of the US Navy in the Pacific

Began planning attack against Japan

Had to use aircraft carriers

ADMIRAL CHESTER NIMITZ

Commander of US Navy in the

Pacific

Began planning

attack against the Japanese Navy using

aircraft carriers

JAPANESE ADVANCES

In the first six months after Pearl Harbor, Japan conqueredland in Asia and in the Pacific.

Japan had so much land, Hitler’s Empire looked tiny!

Japan even took two Alaskan Islands!

GENERAL DOUGLAS MAC ARTHUR

Japan attacked Philippines 2 hours after

Pearl HarborMac Arthur is the US

Commander in the Pacific

Bataan Peninsula Defended Philippines for

3 monthsOrdered to withdraw by

FDR

DOOLITTLE

Planned the “Pearl Harbor” style attack on

JapanBombed Tokyo

Land in territory

overrun with Japs

71/80 survivors

DOOLITTLE RAID

DOOLITTLE RAID

DOOLITTLE RAID

BATTLE OF THE

CORAL SEA

BATTLE OF THE CORAL SEA

BATTLE OF CORAL SEA

May 1942-U.S. against JapanBoth sides launched all out

air-strikes against each other.

Caused more damage to U.S. Japan did not have enough

fuel had to pull out.

BATTLE OF THE CORAL SEA

BATTLE OF THE CORAL SEA

BATTLE OF MIDWAYJune 1942

BATTLE OF MIDWAY

BATTLE OF MIDWAY

Yamamoto plans attackJapan unaware of ambush-U.S.

waiting for them at Midway.June 1942 U.S. destroys the Japanese

fleet.Yamamoto orders his fleet to retreat.Battle of Midway a turning point in

the war.

BATTLE OF MIDWAY

BATTLE OF MIDWAY

OPERATION TORCHGENERAL ROMMEL

OPERATION TORCH

General Erwin Rommell-EnemyKnown as the “Desert Fox”

Head of German forces known as the Afrikan Korps.

OPERATION TORCHGENERAL EISENHOWER AND GENERAL

PATTON

OPERATION TORCH

Dwight D. Eisenhower and General Patton Working together to defeat

Gen. Rommel and forces.Eisenhower-American invasion of

North Africa Nov. 8, 1942General Patton-led forces in Morocco.

Captured city of Casablanca.Troops in Algeria seized cities of

Oran and Algiers.

OPERATION TORCH

OPERATION TORCH

May 1942

OPERATION TORCH

BATTLE OF KASSERINE PASS

BATTLE OF KASSERINE PASS

U.S. underestimated the Germans. U.S. outnumbered and

outmaneuvered.Lose 7,000 men and lost 200 tanks.Finally push German forces back.

May 13, 1943 German forces in North Africa surrender.

BATTLE OF THE ATLANTIC

Hitler’s subs were ordered to …US ships were

unprotected and easy to spot

Radar and SonarCrash Ship

Building program-1942-140 Liberty

ships/month

BATTLE OF THE ATLANTIC

U.S. supply ships escorted by Navy convoys.

Convoys have sonar to detect German u-boats.

Air patrol have radar to detect German u-boats.

Mid 1943- the tide had turned.

CONVOY SYSTEM

BATTLE OF THE ATLANTIC

BATTLE OF THE ATLANTIC

BATTLE OF THE ATLANTIC

BATTLE OF THE ATLANTIC

BATTLE OF THE ATLANTIC

BATTLE OF THE ATLANTIC

CASABLANCA CONFERENCE

FDR and Churchill1. bomb Germany and

destroy their military, economic system and industries

2. Attack Axis at Sicily (the “soft underbelly”)

STRIKING THE “SOFT UNDERBELLY”

Eisenhower – head commander of invasion

Patton – USMontgomery – Britain

Sicily was captured by Patton and troops

King Emmanuel – Called Mussolini to Palace

Mussolini gets arrestedKing begins the surrender process

but Hitler refuses to lose Italy

BLOODY ANZIO

5 month battleAllied forces won

Partisans – Italian civilian militia-Helped Allies

-Captured Mussolini Killed him and hung him in Milan

Square

Bell Work: Read the article and label the map of the Pacific! It tells you

what to do!

Put the article back when you are through.

DECEMBER 9, 2014

Pick up another study guide at the back table. I just added a few more questions to it.Study section 3 and 4…Quiz today!

DECEMBER 10, 2014

1943 Conference in Tehran, IranRoosevelt, Stalin, and Churchill

Open a second front in in Germany

SECTION 5ALLIED VICTORIES

DRIVING THE JAPANESE BACK

D-Day and Japanese attack were planned at the same time!

Two pronged attack in the Pacific-Nimitz – attack through the central area

-Mac Arthur – use a southern route – through the Philippines

-Island Hopping -

MAC ARTHURGuadalcanal – first land offensive of the

Pacific war

Japan’s first defeat on land

Hopped to the Philippines “I have returned!”

Kamikaze - Used by Japan to defendUS captured Manila and continued

fighting until the end of war

D-DAY INVASIONOPERATION OVERLORD

FDR appoints Eisenhower to organize the attack

Where to attack – Hitler fortified …Decoy tanks

Normandy BeachPreparations and conditions

JUNE 6 – THE LONGEST DAY

Commander Bradley and Omaha Beach

BY THE END OF THE DAY …

BATTLE OF THE BULGE

-Aachen

-Germans

-McAuliffe

-Intelligence reports

From this point on the

Germans could only

retreat

UNCONDITIONAL SURRENDER

April 25, 1945-Soviets stormed BerlinApril 29 Hitler- -marries Eva Braun -writes a letter blaming the war on Jews and his officers for losing itApril 30, 1945-Hitler shoots himself. Eva swallow poison. Bodies are burned.V-E Day – May 8 – Eisenhower accepts the unconditional surrender of Germany

BIG THREE-YALTAROOSEVELT STALIN CHURCHILL

AGREEMENTS:1. Stalin would attack Germany when the

Allied invasion of France started2. FDR and Stalin agreed to break up

Germany after the war3. Stalin Agreed to help the US against

Japan after Hitler’s defeat4. Establish the United Nations

6 months later-1945Churchill, Stalin, and FDR meet

Allies make plans for occupation of Germany

Issue an ultimatum to Japan-Unconditional surrender!

POTSDAM CONFERENCE

April 12, 1945 FDR dies of a stroke

Vice President Harry S. Truman will become the nation’s 33rd President.Clement Atlee replaces Churchill as

Prime Minister

IWO JIMA

US needed this island for B-29 bombers to reach Japan

Probably the most heavily defended place on Earth! - Tunnels

20,700 Japanese – 20,500 60,000 US – 6,800

FIRE BOMBS

Curtis Lemay-comm. Of B-29s(change strategy)

Napalm-jellied gasoline

You could miss your target and still inflict great damage

Very controversial because it killed civilians.

OKINAWAAPRIL 1945

The only place between allies and the final assault on Japan

Japan used kamikaze attacks againUS continue to fight and take over

Ends June 22, 1945Losses

US – 7,600 Japan – 110,000

OKINAWA

OKINAWA

THE MANHATTAN PROJECTFDR created the

committee to examine possibilities of the

Atomic bomb

J. Robert Oppenheimer

New Mexico

TO BOMB OR NOT TO BOMB

Huge debateDo you warn Japan or not

Decided no specific warningTruman made the final decision to drop the bomb to save the

lives of our military

August 6, 1945Enola Gay dropped

Little Boy on Hiroshima

August 9, 1945 Box Car dropped

Fat Man on Nagasaki

August 15, 1945

Japan Surrendered

V-J DAY

NUREMBERG WAR TRIALSHeld in Germany to try German officials

Many sentenced to death – others went to jail

First time a nations leaders were held responsible for war time actions