1.1 sea power and early western civilization
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CHAPTER 1
SEA POWER AND EARLY
WESTERN CIVILIZATION
Early Western Civilization
The ability to use the sea
to meet a nation’s needs
Sea Power
Sea Power
• Being able to defend a nation’s
own sea-lanes
• The ability to deny an enemy the
use of the sea in time of war
Early Fear of the Sea
Early people learned to use the sea
for:
• Fishing • Traveling • Trading
Travel by sea was:
• Fast
• Cheap
• Safe
Countries bordering the Mediterranean
Sea became the richest and most
powerful.
CRETE (2500-1200 B.C.)
• First to use sea power
• Dominated its neighbors
• Controlled major sea routes
Phoenicians (2000-300 B.C.)
• Tin from Britain
• Amber from the
Baltic Sea
• Slaves and ivory
from western Africa
West
Africa
Atlantic
Ocean
Spain
Italy
• Established ports in
Tyre and Sidon
(modern Lebanon)
Mediterranean
Sea
Sidon
Tyre
Phoenician ships carried the wealth
of the Orient to coastal trading cities
around the Mediterranean and to
northern Europe.
Phoenician’s Alphabet
• Written language
of traders
• Basis for our
alphabet
• Greatest Phoenician colony
• Main opponent of Rome
Carthage
Carthage
Rome
Q. Which of the following countries was
the first to use sea power to
dominate its neighbors and control
major sea routes?
a. Greece
b. Italy
c. Crete
d. Phoenicia
Q. Which of the following countries was
the first to use sea power to
dominate its neighbors and control
major sea routes?
a. Greece
b. Italy
c. Crete
d. Phoenicia
Wrote semi-fictional accounts
of early sea power
Greeks
Greece
Greeks
• Trojan War
• TROY
Hellespont (1200-1190 B.C.)
Prosperous Greek colonies
in Asia Minor, Sicily, Italy,
France, and Spain
Early Trading Vessels
Clumsy and easy prey for
swifter craft
Merchants began crewing their
galleys with trained fighting men.
A seagoing vessel propelled
mainly by oars, used in ancient
and medieval times, sometimes
with the aid of sails
Galley
Greeks vs. Persians (492 B.C.)
The Greeks were able to hold off two
Persian invasions in the next 12 years.
Entering another country by force
Invasion
The Greeks withdrew from Thrace
and Macedonia.
Macedonia Thrace
King Xerxes Invades Greece
(480 B.C.)
• 1,300 galley navy
• 180,000 man army
• Fleet guards army's
flank
Extreme right or left side of the
fleet or army
Flank
Greek Commander
Themistocles:
• Breaks Persian sea line
of communications
• Builds naval force of
380 triremes
Trireme
A galley, used chiefly as a warship,
with three rows or tiers of oars on
each side, one above another
Control of the highways of the sea
Sea Line of Communications
Greek strategy was to hold the Persian
army at the pass of Thermopylae.
Persians destroyed Greek defenders
at Thermopylae.
Xerxes’ army moved
south to plunder Athens.
To rob goods or valuables by open
force
Plunder
The Greeks took up a new
position at the Isthmus of Corinth.
Gulf of
Corinth
Corinth
Argolis
MycenaeArgos
Megaris
Attica
Athens
Aegina
Saronic
Gulf
Isthmus of
Corinth
The Greek fleet sailed to waters
around the island of Salamis.
The Greek fleet used
hit-and-run attacks.
• In the narrow straits, the
Persians lost the advantage
of numbers.
• The Greeks prevailed with half
the Persian fleet sunk.
Battle of Salamis
• Persian fleet reduced to 800 vessels
• Only 300 Greek triremes left
With his fleet
destroyed, Xerxes
ordered his army
to retreat.
Golden Age of Athens
Philosophy
(Aristotle) Writing
(Sophocles)
Theater
Sculpture
Democracy was born, and the
foundations of Western civilization
were laid in Athens.
The Battle of Salamis was the
turning point.
Greek Conquests
Macedonia
Thrace
Greece
Egypt
Babylon
Armenia
India
Asia
Minor
• Greek civilization
moved eastward
• Conquered most
of Persian Empire
Greek culture spread throughout
the entire eastern Mediterranean by
Alexander the Great of Macedonia.
He established the great port of
Alexandria.
MACEDONIA
Alexandria
Persia was driven from the seas,
and the Phoenician reign ended.
MACEDONIA
Alexandria
Q. In which of the following
battles did the Greeks destroy
the Persian fleet?
a. Corinth
b. Salamis
c. Thermopylae
d. Actium
Q. In which of the following
battles did the Greeks destroy
the Persian fleet?
a. Corinth
b. Salamis
c. Thermopylae
d. Actium
Macedonia
• Became the world’s greatest
sea power
• Conquered most of the Western
and Middle Eastern world
The Greeks controlled the eastern
Mediterranean for the next two
centuries.
Carthage
• Rising sea power in Western
Mediterranean
• Kept the Greeks in check
CARTHAGE
Carthage
(265 B.C.)
CARTHAGE
NUMIDIA
LIBYA
CRETE
SICILY
SARDINIA
CORSICAMACEDONIA
• ROME
NEW
CARTHAGE
Rome (275 B.C.)
• Conquered Italy and southern
Greek colonies
• Absorbed Greek culture
• Advanced Western civilization
• ROME
First Punic War (265 B.C.)
Carthage vs. Rome
• ROME
CARTHAGE
Carthaginian Navy
• Protected Carthage from attack
• Harassed Roman sea lines of
communications
• Plundered Roman coast
First Punic War
(265 - 241 B.C.)
• Rome acquired Sicily.
SICILY
Second Punic War
(218 - 201 B.C.)
• Rome acquired Spain.
SPAIN
Third Punic War
(149 - 146 B.C.)
• Rome invaded North Africa.
• Carthage was burned and destroyed.
Q. In which Punic War was
Carthage finally burned
and destroyed?
a. First
b. Second
c. Third
d. Fourth
Q. In which Punic War was
Carthage finally burned
and destroyed?
a. First
b. Second
c. Third
d. Fourth
The Roman Empire spread
throughout the Mediterranean.
Spain
Africa
Libya
Greece
Italy
• Rome
Spain
Africa
Libya
Greece
Italy
• Rome
Roman Navy
• Cleared Mediterranean of pirates
Spain
Libya
Greece
• Rome
Roman Navy
• Supported Roman armies
Spain
Africa
Libya
Italy
• Rome
Roman Navy
• Defeated hostile fleets
Rebellion of Romans and
Egyptian Allies
Mark Antony Cleopatra
Open, organized, and armed
resistance to one’s government
or ruler
Rebellion
Death of Julius Caesar
(44 B.C.)
Tried to Overthrow the
Roman Empire
Mark Antony
Cleopatra
Battle of Actium
(31 B.C.)
• Roman Admiral Agrippa
destroyed the Egyptian
fleet.
Agrippa defeated Pompey earlier
at the Battle of Naulochus.
Agrippa Pompey
Actium
The Battle of
Actium put the
whole eastern
Mediterranean
in the Roman
empire.
Roman Empire
(117 A.D.)
• Rome
Latin for “Our Sea” - all
Mediterranean coasts, ports, and
naval bases controlled by Rome
Mare Nostrum
On land and sea the PAX ROMANA
(Roman Peace) prevailed for over five
centuries, the longest period of peace
in world history.
• Rome
Roman
Legacy
• Law
• Government
• Art
• Language
• Religion
Eventually, Rome’s greatness began
to decline due to social, political, and
economic breakdowns.
Roman Empire
• Rome• Constantinople
• Rome• Constantinople
Roman Empire
(about 395 A.D.)
Western Empire
Eastern Empire
(Byzantine)
Barbarians from northern and central
Europe conquered Rome and deposed
the last emperor in 476 A.D.
Romulus
Augustulus
(last Emperor)
Dark Ages
(476 - 1050 A.D.)
The period of Western European history
from the fall of Rome until about the
eleventh century.
Reasons for the Dark Ages include:
• Numerous invasions by barbaric tribes
• Incursions by North African Moors
• Religious bigotry
• General lack of education among the
masses of people
Only the region around
Constantinople
preserved much of the
Roman tradition.
There was a general
advance of culture.
The Crusades began to hasten a
reawakening of culture and education.
This movement flourished in the 13th
through the 16th centuries.
The Renaissance (the rebirth) movement
flourished in the thirteenth through
sixteenth centuries.
Byzantine Empire
Constantinople
The Byzantine Empire, centered
in Turkey, defeated the Muslims
at Constantinople in 717 A.D.
The Muslims became largely
content with:
• Piracy on the
Mediterranean
• Controlling and
strengthening
their huge North
African and Middle
Eastern territories
Robbery or illegal violence at sea
Piracy
By the eleventh century, Christendom
was ready to contest Muslim control.
Crusades
King Richard I
(The Lion Heart)
Crusades - Religious-military expeditions
undertaken by the Christians of Europe
in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries for
the recovery of the Holy Land from the
Muslims
First Crusades
• Initiated by Pope
Urban II in 1095 A.D.
• Recaptured
Jerusalem
• Nearly swept the
Arabs from the
Mediterranean
The Italian states turned to
commercial expansion.
Biggest center of commerce
between the Orient and
Europe
• Venice
• Profited from the
Crusades
• Acquired Crete and
Cyprus during the
Crusades
• Reached the height of
its power by 1400 A.D.
VeniceVenice
Rome
CreteCyprus
The Hanseatic League
• Formed by north German port cities on
the far end of the Venitian trade route
Bruges
Hamburg
Lubeck Rostock Danzig
Riga
The Hanseatic League
• Dominated the north and west
European economy
Bruges
Hamburg
Lubeck Rostock Danzig
Riga
The Hanseatic League
• Turned the Baltic and North seas into
the Mediterranean of the north
Bruges
Hamburg
Lubeck Rostock Danzig
Riga
Ottoman Turks
Mediterranean Sea
Ottoman Turks
• Captured Constantinople in 1453 A.D.
• Swept to the gates
of Vienna, Austria
• Sought domination
of the Mediterranean
and east-west trade
Battle of Lepanto
(1571 A.D.)
Lepanto
Battle of Lepanto
(1571 A.D.)
Ionian
Sea
Lepanto
Christian
Fleet
Turkish
Fleet
GREECE
Spain and the Italian states agreed to
combine their fleets for a conclusive
battle with the Turks.
The winner of this battle would
determine the course of Western
civilization.
Ottoman Fleet
Commander
Don John of
AustriaAli
Pasha
Christian Fleet
Commander
Comparison of Forces
Navy
200 galleys
Army
Armed with
arquebus
Navy
250 galleys
Army
Armed with bows
and arrows
CHRISTIANS TURKS
Christian soldier
armed with early
musket called the
arquebus
Outcome of Battle
of Lepanto
The Christians defeated the Turks.
• 30,000 Turks killed
• 192 of the Turkish ships
destroyed or captured
• 15,000 Christians used as slaves
freed
The Turks never again seriously challenged
control of the Mediterranean, but Muslim
pirates continued to harass merchant
shipping for the next 250 years.
The Battle of Lepanto ended:
• Muslim attempts to move further into
Europe
• Muslim control of the Mediterranean
• The age of the galley
The age of discovery was an age of
sea power.
Age of Discovery
Early Explorers
• Portuguese
• Spanish
• English
• French
• Dutch
Brave men in wooden ships explored
the world and founded colonies while
seeking fortunes for king and country.
Jacques Cartier
(French explorer)
Prince Henry the
Navigator hired
explorers to try
and find a new
sea route to the
Indies and Orient.
Prince Henry
PORTUGAL
Bartholomeu
Dias travels to
Cape of Good
Hope in 1487.
Vasco
da Gama
travels to
India in
1498.
Europe
Africa
Asia
Portugal’s leadership was short-lived
because neighboring Spain soon
overwhelmed it.
Q. Which country led the way to
the Age of Discovery with early
explorations around Africa?
a. England
b. Spain
c. Italy
d. Portugal
Q. Which country led the way to
the Age of Discovery with early
explorations around Africa?
a. England
b. Spain
c. Italy
d. Portugal
Queen Isabella of
Spain contributes
$5,000 in royal
jewels and finances
Columbus’ first
voyage of discovery.
Discovery of America
Christopher
Columbus
Santa
MariaNina
Pinta
First Voyage of Columbus
(1492)
Second Voyage of Columbus
(1493)
Third Voyage of Columbus
(1498)
Fourth Voyage of Columbus
(1502)
Through sea power, Spain
established a huge empire.
Warships protecting merchant
shipping from hostile action
Convoy
• Spain used warships to protect
treasure-laden ships from the new
world.
• During World War II, Allied warships
protected Allied merchant shipping
from submarines.
Convoy Examples
A system of economic organization
based on the theory that total wealth
is a fixed quantity. To become richer
and more powerful, a nation had to
make some other nation poorer
through capture of its trade and
colonies.
Mercantilism
Mercantile Theory
Kept the world in almost continuous
conflict well into the 1800s
In 1570, Pope Pius V
called upon King
Philip II of Spain to
drive the Muslims from
Europe and the
Mediterranean.
Pope Pius V
King Philip II
Pope Pius V also wanted
King Philip II to crusade
against the “heretic and
usurper,” Queen Elizabeth
I in Protestant England.
Queen
Elizabeth I
Catholic Mary Queen
of Scots
Queen Elizabeth I
wanted to protect
her throne against
the Catholic Mary
Queen of Scots.
Elizabeth knew that an attack would soon come
from Spain, so she:
• secured England’s flank with an
alliance with France.
• secretly released her
fortune-seeking seamen
to raid the treasure ships
of Spain.
• began rebuilding her
navy with the money
from the treasure ships.Queen
Elizabeth I
Privateering
English ships raiding Spanish treasure
ships
Privately owned ships commissioned
by a government to fight or harass
enemy ships
Privateers
English Privateering Seadogs
Sir John
Hawkins
Sir Martin
Frobisher
Sir Francis
Drake
Sir Francis Drake
was the most
famous of the
English raiders.
Drake sailed his
ship, the Golden
Hind, into the
Pacific through
the Strait of
Magellan.
Uruguay
Argentina
Cape
Horn
Strait of
Magellan
Drake raided Spanish cities and shipping
along the west coast of South America.
Drake returned to England with gold,
silver, and jewels worth half a million
pounds sterling (many millions in
today’s dollars).
Drake was knighted by Queen Elizabeth I
on the quarterdeck of the Golden Hind.
Queen Elizabeth I Sir Francis Drake
England had a big
advantage over Spain
in her superb seamen.
With the seadogs in command of the
world’s best sailors, England prepared
to meet Spain in a great contest for
supremacy on the seas.
In 1588, King Philip II
of Spain believed he
had an unbeatable
naval armada.
King Philip II
Spanish Armada
A large fleet of warships
Armada
The Men in Command
Charles Howard,
Lord Admiral of EnglandDuke of
Medina Sidonia
The Forces
Spain
124 galleons
1,100 guns
8,000 sailors
19,000 soldiers England
34 men-of-war
163 armed
merchantmen
2,000 guns
16,000 men
The Spanish Armada had fewer guns
but superior total firepower. The
English had maneuverable smaller
ships and long-range culverins.
The Culverin
A light cannon that could fire a
17-pound cannonball 1¼ miles -
more than a ¼-mile farther than
heavier
cannons
Planned and regulated movement
of troops or warships
Maneuver
The Strategies
• King Philip's orders were to “grapple
and board and engage hand-to-hand.”
• The English intended to fight with
guns alone because they had fewer
soldiers.
A hook by which one ship fastens
onto another for boarding and
combat
Grapple
First Encounters
• Each side used 100,000 rounds of
shot.
• Spanish fire had little effect on
English ships.
• English ships pounded Spanish
ships.
English Fireships
• Medina Sidonia enters French port
of Calais to rest and resupply.
• Howard forces Spanish out of port
with eight fireships.
• English and Dutch allies attack
Spanish without fear.
English
Supply System
• It proved to be
inadequate like
the Spanish system.
• Howard ran out of
ammunition.
• The defeated
Spanish sailed to
the North Sea.
Route of Spanish
Armada
• 35-40 ships
sank at sea
• 20 ships were
wrecked off
Scotland and
Ireland
• Only half the
Armada returned
to Spain
(Fleet Rest and
Resupply)
Scotland
Ireland
England
France
Spain
Calais
• Cadiz
Results of Spanish Armada Defeat
• The decline of Spain as a world
power began.
• Other seafaring nations (England,
France, Holland) began expanding
their overseas colonies and trade
routes (sea lines of communications).
• Pirates and privateers plundered
the Spanish Main.
Q. What city was used by the Spanish
Armada to rest and resupply during
the battle?
a. Lisbon
b. Cadiz
c. Dublin
d. Calais
Q. What city was used by the Spanish
Armada to rest and resupply during
the battle?
a. Lisbon
b. Cadiz
c. Dublin
d. Calais
Colonization Funding
Private groups and individuals who
received charters (licenses) paid for
England’s efforts at colonization.
Queen Elizabeth I John Smith
Jamestown, Virginia
The first successful British colony in
North America, 1607
John
Smith
Jamestown nearly failed because
most of the settlers were “gentlemen”
who thought they were too good to
work.
Later American Colonies
These colonies included Massachusetts,
Pennsylvania, and Maryland started by
groups seeking freedom to practice
their own religion.
The last colony on the East Coast was
Georgia started by volunteers in 1732,
trying to stay out of debtors’ prison.
Massachusetts,
John Winthrop
(1630)
Maryland,
George Calvert
(1632)
Pennsylvania,
William Penn
(1682)
Georgia,
James Oglethorpe
(1733)
English and Dutch Wars
(1652-1674)
First Dutch and English Naval War
Battle of Livorno (1653)
English and Dutch Wars
(1652-1674)
Second Dutch and English Naval War
Battle of Lowestoft (1665)
English and Dutch Wars
(1652-1674)
Third Dutch and English Naval War
Battle of Kijkdium (1673)
English and Dutch Wars
(1652-1674)
England was the winner and gained the
Dutch colony of New Amsterdam which
the English renamed New York.
English
Dutch
Q. The ______ were the first to
challenge England after the
defeat of the Spanish Armada.
a. French
b. Dutch
c. Italians
d. Germans
Q. The ______ were the first to
challenge England after the
defeat of the Spanish Armada.
a. French
b. Dutch
c. Italians
d. Germans
French and English Wars
The English fought a series of wars with
France between 1689 and 1763.
English
French
The French were England’s
only serious rival at sea.
Seven Years’ War (1756-1763)
Known in America as the French and
Indian War.
• England fought land and sea battles
all over the world.
• England gained many new
possessions including Canada.
The colonies existed on the East
Coast of North America because
of the sea.
Sea’s Influence
The sea provided New England with
some of the world's richest fishing.
Sea’s Influence
Virginians used the sea to send large
quantities of tobacco to the Old World.
The inland rivers and coastal waters became
highways for products to be moved to larger
coastal communities and then overseas to
England.
England’s American colonies were:
• Born of the sea
• Maintained by the sea
• Enriched by the sea
American seamen and American-built
ships made up about one-third of the
English merchant marine.
Colony Enrichment
With the signing of the Treaty of Paris in
1763, England was supreme. Its navy and
merchant fleets controlled the world’s seas.
Q. What was the result of the French
and Indian War in America?
Q. What was the result of the French
and Indian War in America?
A. England acquired many new
possessions, mainly Canada,
and its navy and merchant
fleets now controlled the
world's seas.
Sea Power and
Early Western Civilization
2500 - 1200 B.C.
1200 B.C.
480 B.C.
275 B.C.
31 B.C.
476
1095
~ Crete dominated
Mediterranean
~ Trojan War
~ Battle of Salamis
~ Rome conquered Italy
~ Battle of Actium
~ Last Roman emperor
deposed
~ First Crusade
Sea Power and
Early Western Civilization
1492
1571
1588
1607
1756-63
~ Columbus discovered
America
~ Battle of Lepanto
~ Spanish Armada defeated
~ Jamestown colony
established
~ French and Indian War
What is sea power?
A nation's ability to use the sea
to meet a nation’s needs
What is sea power?
Sea control means two things.
What are they?
a. The ability to defend one's
own sea lanes
b. The ability to deny an
enemy the use of the sea in
time of war
Sea control means two things.
What are they?
Who were the first people
known to use sea power?
The Cretans
Who were the first people
known to use sea power?
Who defeated the Phoenicians
to take control of the sea trade?
The Greeks
Who defeated the Phoenicians
to take control of the sea trade?
What are galleys?
Small fast fighting ships
What are galleys?
What war began at Thermoplye
Pass and ended with the defeat
of the Persians at Salamis?
Greek-Persian conflict
What war began at Thermoplye
Pass and ended with the defeat
of the Persians at Salamis?
What city is considered the
birthplace of democracy?
Athens
What city is considered the
birthplace of democracy?
Whom did Rome fight in the
Punic Wars?
Carthage
Whom did Rome fight in the
Punic Wars?
What was the longest period
of peace in world history
called?
Pax Romana
What was the longest period
of peace in world history
called?
What was the name of the
Eastern Roman Empire, and
where was its capital?
a. Byzantine Empire
b. Constantinople
What was the name of the
Eastern Roman Empire, and
where was its capital?
What effect did Turkish
control of the Middle East
have on trade?
It caused seafaring nations to
look for sea routes to the
Orient.
What effect did Turkish
control of the Middle East
have on trade?
Whom did the Christian
forces defeat at the Battle
of Lepanto?
The Ottoman Turks
Whom did the Christian
forces defeat at the Battle
of Lepanto?
Who were the first to
discover new trade routes to
the Indies and the Orient?
The Portuguese
Who were the first to
discover new trade routes to
the Indies and the Orient?
How did trade influence the
spread of civilization?
Port cities, colonies, and
trading stations were
established which grew into
new centers of civilization.
How did trade influence the
spread of civilization?
Before the Age of Discovery,
the wealth of the world was
considered to be limited.
Competition for control of
this wealth was known as
what?
The Mercantile Theory
Before the Age of Discovery,
the wealth of the world was
considered to be limited.
Competition for control of
this wealth was known as
what?
The shift of wealth and power
in Europe caused the
development of what class
of people?
The middle class
The shift of wealth and power
in Europe caused the
development of what class
of people?
With what country did
England align itself when
preparing to battle Spain?
France
With what country did
England align itself when
preparing to battle Spain?
What is a privateer?
What is a privateer?
Privately owned ships
commissioned by a
government to fight or harass
enemy ships
What were seadogs?
What were seadogs?
English privateers
King Philip II of Spain fought
the English for two reasons.
What were they?
a. To stop raids on his ships
and ports by the English
seadogs
b. To bring England back
into the Catholic church
King Philip II of Spain fought
the English for two reasons.
What were they?
In the battle between Spain
and England, what advantage
did the English fleet have?
The English had an advantage
in maneuverability, clear
decks, and range.
In the battle between Spain
and England, what advantage
did the English fleet have?
Where did England defeat
Spain?
In the English Channel
Where did England defeat
Spain?
How were England’s colonies
financed?
By private groups who
received charters (licenses)
for that purpose from the
crown
How were England’s colonies
financed?
Why did the settlement at
Jamestown almost fail?
Because most of the settlers
were "gentlemen" who
thought they were too good
to work
Why did the settlement at
Jamestown almost fail?
What is another name for the
French and Indian War?
The Seven Years’ War
What is another name for the
French and Indian War?
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