1.1 sea power and early western civilization

CHAPTER 1

SEA POWER AND EARLY

WESTERN CIVILIZATION

Early Western Civilization

The ability to use the sea

to meet a nation’s needs

Sea Power

Sea Power

• Being able to defend a nation’s

own sea-lanes

• The ability to deny an enemy the

use of the sea in time of war

Early Fear of the Sea

Early people learned to use the sea

for:

• Fishing • Traveling • Trading

Travel by sea was:

• Fast

• Cheap

• Safe

Countries bordering the Mediterranean

Sea became the richest and most

powerful.

CRETE (2500-1200 B.C.)

• First to use sea power

• Dominated its neighbors

• Controlled major sea routes

Phoenicians (2000-300 B.C.)

• Tin from Britain

• Amber from the

Baltic Sea

• Slaves and ivory

from western Africa

West

Africa

Atlantic

Ocean

Spain

Italy

• Established ports in

Tyre and Sidon

(modern Lebanon)

Mediterranean

Sea

Sidon

Tyre

Phoenician ships carried the wealth

of the Orient to coastal trading cities

around the Mediterranean and to

northern Europe.

Phoenician’s Alphabet

• Written language

of traders

• Basis for our

alphabet

• Greatest Phoenician colony

• Main opponent of Rome

Carthage

Carthage

Rome

Q. Which of the following countries was

the first to use sea power to

dominate its neighbors and control

major sea routes?

a. Greece

b. Italy

c. Crete

d. Phoenicia

Wrote semi-fictional accounts

of early sea power

Greeks

Greece

Greeks

• Trojan War

• TROY

Hellespont (1200-1190 B.C.)

Prosperous Greek colonies

in Asia Minor, Sicily, Italy,

France, and Spain

Early Trading Vessels

Clumsy and easy prey for

swifter craft

Merchants began crewing their

galleys with trained fighting men.

A seagoing vessel propelled

mainly by oars, used in ancient

and medieval times, sometimes

with the aid of sails

Galley

Greeks vs. Persians (492 B.C.)

The Greeks were able to hold off two

Persian invasions in the next 12 years.

Entering another country by force

Invasion

The Greeks withdrew from Thrace

and Macedonia.

Macedonia Thrace

King Xerxes Invades Greece

(480 B.C.)

• 1,300 galley navy

• 180,000 man army

• Fleet guards army's

flank

Extreme right or left side of the

fleet or army

Flank

Greek Commander

Themistocles:

• Breaks Persian sea line

of communications

• Builds naval force of

380 triremes

Trireme

A galley, used chiefly as a warship,

with three rows or tiers of oars on

each side, one above another

Control of the highways of the sea

Sea Line of Communications

Greek strategy was to hold the Persian

army at the pass of Thermopylae.

Persians destroyed Greek defenders

at Thermopylae.

Xerxes’ army moved

south to plunder Athens.

To rob goods or valuables by open

force

Plunder

The Greeks took up a new

position at the Isthmus of Corinth.

Gulf of

Corinth

Corinth

Argolis

MycenaeArgos

Megaris

Attica

Athens

Aegina

Saronic

Gulf

Isthmus of

Corinth

The Greek fleet sailed to waters

around the island of Salamis.

The Greek fleet used

hit-and-run attacks.

• In the narrow straits, the

Persians lost the advantage

of numbers.

• The Greeks prevailed with half

the Persian fleet sunk.

Battle of Salamis

• Persian fleet reduced to 800 vessels

• Only 300 Greek triremes left

With his fleet

destroyed, Xerxes

ordered his army

to retreat.

Golden Age of Athens

Philosophy

(Aristotle) Writing

(Sophocles)

Theater

Sculpture

Democracy was born, and the

foundations of Western civilization

were laid in Athens.

The Battle of Salamis was the

turning point.

Greek Conquests

Macedonia

Thrace

Greece

Egypt

Babylon

Armenia

India

Asia

Minor

• Greek civilization

moved eastward

• Conquered most

of Persian Empire

Greek culture spread throughout

the entire eastern Mediterranean by

Alexander the Great of Macedonia.

He established the great port of

Alexandria.

MACEDONIA

Alexandria

Persia was driven from the seas,

and the Phoenician reign ended.

MACEDONIA

Alexandria

Q. In which of the following

battles did the Greeks destroy

the Persian fleet?

a. Corinth

b. Salamis

c. Thermopylae

d. Actium

Macedonia

• Became the world’s greatest

sea power

• Conquered most of the Western

and Middle Eastern world

The Greeks controlled the eastern

Mediterranean for the next two

centuries.

Carthage

• Rising sea power in Western

Mediterranean

• Kept the Greeks in check

CARTHAGE

Carthage

(265 B.C.)

CARTHAGE

NUMIDIA

LIBYA

CRETE

SICILY

SARDINIA

CORSICAMACEDONIA

• ROME

NEW

CARTHAGE

Rome (275 B.C.)

• Conquered Italy and southern

Greek colonies

• Absorbed Greek culture

• Advanced Western civilization

• ROME

First Punic War (265 B.C.)

Carthage vs. Rome

• ROME

CARTHAGE

Carthaginian Navy

• Protected Carthage from attack

• Harassed Roman sea lines of

communications

• Plundered Roman coast

First Punic War

(265 - 241 B.C.)

• Rome acquired Sicily.

SICILY

Second Punic War

(218 - 201 B.C.)

• Rome acquired Spain.

SPAIN

Third Punic War

(149 - 146 B.C.)

• Rome invaded North Africa.

• Carthage was burned and destroyed.

Q. In which Punic War was

Carthage finally burned

and destroyed?

a. First

b. Second

c. Third

d. Fourth

The Roman Empire spread

throughout the Mediterranean.

Spain

Africa

Libya

Greece

Italy

• Rome

Spain

Africa

Libya

Greece

Italy

• Rome

Roman Navy

• Cleared Mediterranean of pirates

Spain

Libya

Greece

• Rome

Roman Navy

• Supported Roman armies

Spain

Africa

Libya

Italy

• Rome

Roman Navy

• Defeated hostile fleets

Rebellion of Romans and

Egyptian Allies

Mark Antony Cleopatra

Open, organized, and armed

resistance to one’s government

or ruler

Rebellion

Death of Julius Caesar

(44 B.C.)

Tried to Overthrow the

Roman Empire

Mark Antony

Cleopatra

Battle of Actium

(31 B.C.)

• Roman Admiral Agrippa

destroyed the Egyptian

fleet.

Agrippa defeated Pompey earlier

at the Battle of Naulochus.

Agrippa Pompey

Actium

The Battle of

Actium put the

whole eastern

Mediterranean

in the Roman

empire.

Roman Empire

(117 A.D.)

• Rome

Latin for “Our Sea” - all

Mediterranean coasts, ports, and

naval bases controlled by Rome

Mare Nostrum

On land and sea the PAX ROMANA

(Roman Peace) prevailed for over five

centuries, the longest period of peace

in world history.

• Rome

Roman

Legacy

• Law

• Government

• Art

• Language

• Religion

Eventually, Rome’s greatness began

to decline due to social, political, and

economic breakdowns.

Roman Empire

• Rome• Constantinople

• Rome• Constantinople

Roman Empire

(about 395 A.D.)

Western Empire

Eastern Empire

(Byzantine)

Barbarians from northern and central

Europe conquered Rome and deposed

the last emperor in 476 A.D.

Romulus

Augustulus

(last Emperor)

Dark Ages

(476 - 1050 A.D.)

The period of Western European history

from the fall of Rome until about the

eleventh century.

Reasons for the Dark Ages include:

• Numerous invasions by barbaric tribes

• Incursions by North African Moors

• Religious bigotry

• General lack of education among the

masses of people

Only the region around

Constantinople

preserved much of the

Roman tradition.

There was a general

advance of culture.

The Crusades began to hasten a

reawakening of culture and education.

This movement flourished in the 13th

through the 16th centuries.

The Renaissance (the rebirth) movement

flourished in the thirteenth through

sixteenth centuries.

Byzantine Empire

Constantinople

The Byzantine Empire, centered

in Turkey, defeated the Muslims

at Constantinople in 717 A.D.

The Muslims became largely

content with:

• Piracy on the

Mediterranean

• Controlling and

strengthening

their huge North

African and Middle

Eastern territories

Robbery or illegal violence at sea

Piracy

By the eleventh century, Christendom

was ready to contest Muslim control.

Crusades

King Richard I

(The Lion Heart)

Crusades - Religious-military expeditions

undertaken by the Christians of Europe

in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries for

the recovery of the Holy Land from the

Muslims

First Crusades

• Initiated by Pope

Urban II in 1095 A.D.

• Recaptured

Jerusalem

• Nearly swept the

Arabs from the

Mediterranean

The Italian states turned to

commercial expansion.

Biggest center of commerce

between the Orient and

Europe

• Venice

• Profited from the

Crusades

• Acquired Crete and

Cyprus during the

Crusades

• Reached the height of

its power by 1400 A.D.

VeniceVenice

Rome

CreteCyprus

The Hanseatic League

• Formed by north German port cities on

the far end of the Venitian trade route

Bruges

Hamburg

Lubeck Rostock Danzig

Riga


• Dominated the north and west

European economy

Bruges

Hamburg


Riga


• Turned the Baltic and North seas into

the Mediterranean of the north

Bruges

Hamburg


Riga

Ottoman Turks

Mediterranean Sea

Ottoman Turks

• Captured Constantinople in 1453 A.D.

• Swept to the gates

of Vienna, Austria

• Sought domination

of the Mediterranean

and east-west trade

Battle of Lepanto

(1571 A.D.)

Lepanto

Battle of Lepanto

(1571 A.D.)

Ionian

Sea

Lepanto

Christian

Fleet

Turkish

Fleet

GREECE

Spain and the Italian states agreed to

combine their fleets for a conclusive

battle with the Turks.

The winner of this battle would

determine the course of Western

civilization.

Ottoman Fleet

Commander

Don John of

AustriaAli

Pasha

Christian Fleet

Commander

Comparison of Forces

Navy

200 galleys

Army

Armed with

arquebus

Navy

250 galleys

Army

Armed with bows

and arrows

CHRISTIANS TURKS

Christian soldier

armed with early

musket called the

arquebus

Outcome of Battle

of Lepanto

The Christians defeated the Turks.

• 30,000 Turks killed

• 192 of the Turkish ships

destroyed or captured

• 15,000 Christians used as slaves

freed

The Turks never again seriously challenged

control of the Mediterranean, but Muslim

pirates continued to harass merchant

shipping for the next 250 years.

The Battle of Lepanto ended:

• Muslim attempts to move further into

Europe

• Muslim control of the Mediterranean

• The age of the galley

The age of discovery was an age of

sea power.

Age of Discovery

Early Explorers

• Portuguese

• Spanish

• English

• French

• Dutch

Brave men in wooden ships explored

the world and founded colonies while

seeking fortunes for king and country.

Jacques Cartier

(French explorer)

Prince Henry the

Navigator hired

explorers to try

and find a new

sea route to the

Indies and Orient.

Prince Henry

PORTUGAL

Bartholomeu

Dias travels to

Cape of Good

Hope in 1487.

Vasco

da Gama

travels to

India in

1498.

Europe

Africa

Asia

Portugal’s leadership was short-lived

because neighboring Spain soon

overwhelmed it.

Q. Which country led the way to

the Age of Discovery with early

explorations around Africa?

a. England

b. Spain

c. Italy

d. Portugal

Queen Isabella of

Spain contributes

$5,000 in royal

jewels and finances

Columbus’ first

voyage of discovery.

Discovery of America

Christopher

Columbus

Santa

MariaNina

Pinta

First Voyage of Columbus

(1492)

Second Voyage of Columbus

(1493)

Third Voyage of Columbus

(1498)

Fourth Voyage of Columbus

(1502)

Through sea power, Spain

established a huge empire.

Warships protecting merchant

shipping from hostile action

Convoy

• Spain used warships to protect

treasure-laden ships from the new

world.

• During World War II, Allied warships

protected Allied merchant shipping

from submarines.

Convoy Examples

A system of economic organization

based on the theory that total wealth

is a fixed quantity. To become richer

and more powerful, a nation had to

make some other nation poorer

through capture of its trade and

colonies.

Mercantilism

Mercantile Theory

Kept the world in almost continuous

conflict well into the 1800s

In 1570, Pope Pius V

called upon King

Philip II of Spain to

drive the Muslims from

Europe and the

Mediterranean.

Pope Pius V

King Philip II

Pope Pius V also wanted

King Philip II to crusade

against the “heretic and

usurper,” Queen Elizabeth

I in Protestant England.

Queen

Elizabeth I

Catholic Mary Queen

of Scots

Queen Elizabeth I

wanted to protect

her throne against

the Catholic Mary

Queen of Scots.

Elizabeth knew that an attack would soon come

from Spain, so she:

• secured England’s flank with an

alliance with France.

• secretly released her

fortune-seeking seamen

to raid the treasure ships

of Spain.

• began rebuilding her

navy with the money

from the treasure ships.Queen

Elizabeth I

Privateering

English ships raiding Spanish treasure

ships

Privately owned ships commissioned

by a government to fight or harass

enemy ships

Privateers

English Privateering Seadogs

Sir John

Hawkins

Sir Martin

Frobisher

Sir Francis

Drake

Sir Francis Drake

was the most

famous of the

English raiders.

Drake sailed his

ship, the Golden

Hind, into the

Pacific through

the Strait of

Magellan.

Uruguay

Argentina

Cape

Horn

Strait of

Magellan

Drake raided Spanish cities and shipping

along the west coast of South America.

Drake returned to England with gold,

silver, and jewels worth half a million

pounds sterling (many millions in

today’s dollars).

Drake was knighted by Queen Elizabeth I

on the quarterdeck of the Golden Hind.

Queen Elizabeth I Sir Francis Drake

England had a big

advantage over Spain

in her superb seamen.

With the seadogs in command of the

world’s best sailors, England prepared

to meet Spain in a great contest for

supremacy on the seas.

In 1588, King Philip II

of Spain believed he

had an unbeatable

naval armada.

King Philip II

Spanish Armada

A large fleet of warships

Armada

The Men in Command

Charles Howard,

Lord Admiral of EnglandDuke of

Medina Sidonia

The Forces

Spain

124 galleons

1,100 guns

8,000 sailors

19,000 soldiers England

34 men-of-war

163 armed

merchantmen

2,000 guns

16,000 men

The Spanish Armada had fewer guns

but superior total firepower. The

English had maneuverable smaller

ships and long-range culverins.

The Culverin

A light cannon that could fire a

17-pound cannonball 1¼ miles -

more than a ¼-mile farther than

heavier

cannons

Planned and regulated movement

of troops or warships

Maneuver

The Strategies

• King Philip's orders were to “grapple

and board and engage hand-to-hand.”

• The English intended to fight with

guns alone because they had fewer

soldiers.

A hook by which one ship fastens

onto another for boarding and

combat

Grapple

First Encounters

• Each side used 100,000 rounds of

shot.

• Spanish fire had little effect on

English ships.

• English ships pounded Spanish

ships.

English Fireships

• Medina Sidonia enters French port

of Calais to rest and resupply.

• Howard forces Spanish out of port

with eight fireships.

• English and Dutch allies attack

Spanish without fear.

English

Supply System

• It proved to be

inadequate like

the Spanish system.

• Howard ran out of

ammunition.

• The defeated

Spanish sailed to

the North Sea.

Route of Spanish

Armada

• 35-40 ships

sank at sea

• 20 ships were

wrecked off

Scotland and

Ireland

• Only half the

Armada returned

to Spain

(Fleet Rest and

Resupply)

Scotland

Ireland

England

France

Spain

Calais

• Cadiz

Results of Spanish Armada Defeat

• The decline of Spain as a world

power began.

• Other seafaring nations (England,

France, Holland) began expanding

their overseas colonies and trade

routes (sea lines of communications).

• Pirates and privateers plundered

the Spanish Main.

Q. What city was used by the Spanish

Armada to rest and resupply during

the battle?

a. Lisbon

b. Cadiz

c. Dublin

d. Calais

Colonization Funding

Private groups and individuals who

received charters (licenses) paid for

England’s efforts at colonization.

Queen Elizabeth I John Smith

Jamestown, Virginia

The first successful British colony in

North America, 1607

John

Smith

Jamestown nearly failed because

most of the settlers were “gentlemen”

who thought they were too good to

work.

Later American Colonies

These colonies included Massachusetts,

Pennsylvania, and Maryland started by

groups seeking freedom to practice

their own religion.

The last colony on the East Coast was

Georgia started by volunteers in 1732,

trying to stay out of debtors’ prison.

Massachusetts,

John Winthrop

(1630)

Maryland,

George Calvert

(1632)

Pennsylvania,

William Penn

(1682)

Georgia,

James Oglethorpe

(1733)

English and Dutch Wars

(1652-1674)

First Dutch and English Naval War

Battle of Livorno (1653)


(1652-1674)

Second Dutch and English Naval War

Battle of Lowestoft (1665)


(1652-1674)

Third Dutch and English Naval War

Battle of Kijkdium (1673)


(1652-1674)

England was the winner and gained the

Dutch colony of New Amsterdam which

the English renamed New York.

English

Dutch

Q. The ______ were the first to

challenge England after the

defeat of the Spanish Armada.

a. French

b. Dutch

c. Italians

d. Germans

French and English Wars

The English fought a series of wars with

France between 1689 and 1763.

English

French

The French were England’s

only serious rival at sea.

Seven Years’ War (1756-1763)

Known in America as the French and

Indian War.

• England fought land and sea battles

all over the world.

• England gained many new

possessions including Canada.

The colonies existed on the East

Coast of North America because

of the sea.

Sea’s Influence

The sea provided New England with

some of the world's richest fishing.

Sea’s Influence

Virginians used the sea to send large

quantities of tobacco to the Old World.

The inland rivers and coastal waters became

highways for products to be moved to larger

coastal communities and then overseas to

England.

England’s American colonies were:

• Born of the sea

• Maintained by the sea

• Enriched by the sea

American seamen and American-built

ships made up about one-third of the

English merchant marine.

Colony Enrichment

With the signing of the Treaty of Paris in

1763, England was supreme. Its navy and

merchant fleets controlled the world’s seas.

Q. What was the result of the French

and Indian War in America?

Q. What was the result of the French

and Indian War in America?

A. England acquired many new

possessions, mainly Canada,

and its navy and merchant

fleets now controlled the

world's seas.

Sea Power and


2500 - 1200 B.C.

1200 B.C.

480 B.C.

275 B.C.

31 B.C.

476

1095

~ Crete dominated

Mediterranean

~ Trojan War

~ Battle of Salamis

~ Rome conquered Italy

~ Battle of Actium

~ Last Roman emperor

deposed

~ First Crusade

Sea Power and


1492

1571

1588

1607

1756-63

~ Columbus discovered

America

~ Battle of Lepanto

~ Spanish Armada defeated

~ Jamestown colony

established

~ French and Indian War

What is sea power?

A nation's ability to use the sea

to meet a nation’s needs

What is sea power?

Sea control means two things.

What are they?

a. The ability to defend one's

own sea lanes

b. The ability to deny an

enemy the use of the sea in

time of war

Sea control means two things.

What are they?

Who were the first people

known to use sea power?

The Cretans

Who were the first people

known to use sea power?

Who defeated the Phoenicians

to take control of the sea trade?

The Greeks

Who defeated the Phoenicians

to take control of the sea trade?

What are galleys?

Small fast fighting ships

What are galleys?

What war began at Thermoplye

Pass and ended with the defeat

of the Persians at Salamis?

Greek-Persian conflict

What war began at Thermoplye

Pass and ended with the defeat

of the Persians at Salamis?

What city is considered the

birthplace of democracy?

Athens

What city is considered the

birthplace of democracy?

Whom did Rome fight in the

Punic Wars?

Carthage

Whom did Rome fight in the

Punic Wars?

What was the longest period

of peace in world history

called?

Pax Romana

What was the longest period

of peace in world history

called?

What was the name of the

Eastern Roman Empire, and

where was its capital?

a. Byzantine Empire

b. Constantinople

What was the name of the

Eastern Roman Empire, and

where was its capital?

What effect did Turkish

control of the Middle East

have on trade?

It caused seafaring nations to

look for sea routes to the

Orient.

What effect did Turkish

control of the Middle East

have on trade?

Whom did the Christian

forces defeat at the Battle

of Lepanto?

The Ottoman Turks

Whom did the Christian

forces defeat at the Battle

of Lepanto?

Who were the first to

discover new trade routes to

the Indies and the Orient?

The Portuguese

Who were the first to

discover new trade routes to

the Indies and the Orient?

How did trade influence the

spread of civilization?

Port cities, colonies, and

trading stations were

established which grew into

new centers of civilization.

How did trade influence the

spread of civilization?

Before the Age of Discovery,

the wealth of the world was

considered to be limited.

Competition for control of

this wealth was known as

what?

The Mercantile Theory

Before the Age of Discovery,

the wealth of the world was

considered to be limited.

Competition for control of

this wealth was known as

what?

The shift of wealth and power

in Europe caused the

development of what class

of people?

The middle class

The shift of wealth and power

in Europe caused the

development of what class

of people?

With what country did

England align itself when

preparing to battle Spain?

France

With what country did

England align itself when

preparing to battle Spain?

What is a privateer?

What is a privateer?

Privately owned ships

commissioned by a

government to fight or harass

enemy ships

What were seadogs?

What were seadogs?

English privateers

King Philip II of Spain fought

the English for two reasons.

What were they?

a. To stop raids on his ships

and ports by the English

seadogs

b. To bring England back

into the Catholic church

King Philip II of Spain fought

the English for two reasons.

What were they?

In the battle between Spain

and England, what advantage

did the English fleet have?

The English had an advantage

in maneuverability, clear

decks, and range.

In the battle between Spain

and England, what advantage

did the English fleet have?

Where did England defeat

Spain?

In the English Channel

Where did England defeat

Spain?

How were England’s colonies

financed?

By private groups who

received charters (licenses)

for that purpose from the

crown

How were England’s colonies

financed?

Why did the settlement at

Jamestown almost fail?

Because most of the settlers

were "gentlemen" who

thought they were too good

to work

Why did the settlement at

Jamestown almost fail?

What is another name for the

French and Indian War?

The Seven Years’ War

What is another name for the

French and Indian War?

1.1 sea power and early western civilization

Education

mediterranean sea

baltic sea

sea power todominate

controlmajor sea routes

sea powerthe ability

greek fleet

persian fleet

persian army