11-2 five parts of an information information systems ......five parts of an information system 1....

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Information Systems Elements

and

Information Flow

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Five Parts of an Information System

1.  People 2.  Procedures 3.  Software

4.  Hardware 5.  Data

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People

"  Most important part of any system "  Contact is …

"  Direct "  Indirect

"  Computer uses "  Business & Entertainment "  Education & Medicine

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Procedures

"  Between people "  With software "  With hardware "  Data input "  Processing "  Programming

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Software

"  Programs - Instructions "  Two major kinds of software

"  System Software "  Application Software

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System Software 11-6

"  Background software that helps the computer manage its own resources

"  Enables the application software to interact with the hardware

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"  “End-user” software "  Two major categories

"  General purpose "  Special purpose

Application Software

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Hardware

"  Equipment that processes the data

"  Controlled by software "  Collection of physical

devices "  Create connectivity and

expand capabilities of computers and systems

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Data

"  Raw, unprocessed facts "  Processing creates information "  Stored electronically in files

"  Document files "  Worksheet files "  Database files "  Presentation files

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Connectivity

"  Connectivity "  Used for creating networks of systems "  Sharing of information between computers "  Expands the capability of an information system

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Information Flow Overview

"  Collection of people, procedures, software, hardware and data” creates information flow within organization for: "  Providing sufficient information "  Helps in making decisions "  Permits access to more information "  Needs to match organization’s structure

"   Information flows to and from job functions and management levels

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Functions and Information "  Accounting

"   Statements, budgets, forecasts

"  Marketing "   Planning, selling, promoting

"  Human Resources "   Compensation, training, benefits

"  Production "   Materials, processing, quality control

"  Research and Development "   Discoveries, statistics, design

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Organizational Information Flow

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Three Management Levels

"  Top management

"  Middle management

"  Supervisor

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Management Levels and Information

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Information Flow by Management Level

"   Information needs based on the level of management

"  Top level management "  Summary Long-Term Data "  Flow is up and from outside

sources

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Information Flow by Management Level

"  Middle management "  Summarized Short-Term "  Horizontal Across Functions "  Vertical Upward and Downward

"  Supervisors "  Detailed Daily "  Across Functions "  Primarily Upward

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Primary Information Flows

"  Top managerial-level "  Vertical, horizontal & external

"  Middle managerial level "  Vertical & horizontal

"  Supervisory-level "  Vertical

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Information Flow

strategic: future-oriented, internal and external information

tactical: historical, internal information

operational: day to day, internal information

information from outside

Kinds of Information Needed

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Information Flow

"  Based on needs of management "  Within an organization from

top to bottom and bottom to top

"  Based on needs of organization "  Within an organization across

functions Supervisors

Middle

Top

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FAQs

"  What is an information system? "  What are the five elements of an information

system (IS)? "  What is the difference between data and

information? "  What is the most important IS element and why? "  What is the second most important IS element?

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FAQs

"  Explain how organizations can be structured according to the five functions and three management levels

"  Describe how information flows in an organization

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FAQs

"  List the five basic functions of an organization. "  Name the three management levels. "  Understand the primary information flows and

the specific information needs of various functions and management levels needed from information systems.

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Participation Question

Information flow for middle management is primarily _______ . A. horizontal and from the outside B. vertical, horizontal and from the outside C. across functions and horizontal D. below and above E. vertical upward and downward, and horizontal