11-2 five parts of an information information systems ......five parts of an information system 1....
TRANSCRIPT
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© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Information Systems Elements
and
Information Flow
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Five Parts of an Information System
1. People 2. Procedures 3. Software
4. Hardware 5. Data
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People
" Most important part of any system " Contact is …
" Direct " Indirect
" Computer uses " Business & Entertainment " Education & Medicine
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Procedures
" Between people " With software " With hardware " Data input " Processing " Programming
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Software
" Programs - Instructions " Two major kinds of software
" System Software " Application Software
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System Software 11-6
" Background software that helps the computer manage its own resources
" Enables the application software to interact with the hardware
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" “End-user” software " Two major categories
" General purpose " Special purpose
Application Software
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Hardware
" Equipment that processes the data
" Controlled by software " Collection of physical
devices " Create connectivity and
expand capabilities of computers and systems
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Data
" Raw, unprocessed facts " Processing creates information " Stored electronically in files
" Document files " Worksheet files " Database files " Presentation files
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Connectivity
" Connectivity " Used for creating networks of systems " Sharing of information between computers " Expands the capability of an information system
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Information Flow Overview
" Collection of people, procedures, software, hardware and data” creates information flow within organization for: " Providing sufficient information " Helps in making decisions " Permits access to more information " Needs to match organization’s structure
" Information flows to and from job functions and management levels
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Functions and Information " Accounting
" Statements, budgets, forecasts
" Marketing " Planning, selling, promoting
" Human Resources " Compensation, training, benefits
" Production " Materials, processing, quality control
" Research and Development " Discoveries, statistics, design
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Organizational Information Flow
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Three Management Levels
" Top management
" Middle management
" Supervisor
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Management Levels and Information
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Information Flow by Management Level
" Information needs based on the level of management
" Top level management " Summary Long-Term Data " Flow is up and from outside
sources
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Information Flow by Management Level
" Middle management " Summarized Short-Term " Horizontal Across Functions " Vertical Upward and Downward
" Supervisors " Detailed Daily " Across Functions " Primarily Upward
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Primary Information Flows
" Top managerial-level " Vertical, horizontal & external
" Middle managerial level " Vertical & horizontal
" Supervisory-level " Vertical
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Information Flow
strategic: future-oriented, internal and external information
tactical: historical, internal information
operational: day to day, internal information
information from outside
Kinds of Information Needed
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Information Flow
" Based on needs of management " Within an organization from
top to bottom and bottom to top
" Based on needs of organization " Within an organization across
functions Supervisors
Middle
Top
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FAQs
" What is an information system? " What are the five elements of an information
system (IS)? " What is the difference between data and
information? " What is the most important IS element and why? " What is the second most important IS element?
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FAQs
" Explain how organizations can be structured according to the five functions and three management levels
" Describe how information flows in an organization
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FAQs
" List the five basic functions of an organization. " Name the three management levels. " Understand the primary information flows and
the specific information needs of various functions and management levels needed from information systems.
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Participation Question
Information flow for middle management is primarily _______ . A. horizontal and from the outside B. vertical, horizontal and from the outside C. across functions and horizontal D. below and above E. vertical upward and downward, and horizontal