1 supralaryngeal anatomy. 2 supportive framework facial skeleton mandible cervical vertebrae

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Supralaryngeal Anatomy

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Supportive Framework

• Facial Skeleton

• Mandible

• Cervical Vertebrae

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Skull• Composed of 22 irregular or flattened bones

• Joined together with sutures (immovable, fibrous)

• Principal sutures:– Sagittal– Coronal– Lambdoidal– Occipitomastoid

• 2 Main parts of skull:– Cranium (braincase)– Facial skeleton (forms framework for organs of

mastication)

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Bones of the Face• Mandible (1)

• Maxillae (1)

• Nasal Bones (2)

• Palatine Bones (2) & Nasal Conchae (2)

• Zygomatic Bones (2)

• Lacrimal Bones (2)

• Hyoid Bone (1) Total= 14

• Vomer (1)

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Bones of Cranial Skeleton

• Ethmoid Bone (1)

• Frontal Bone (1)

• Parietal Bones (2)

• Occipital Bone (1)

• Temporal Bones (2)

• Sphenoid Bone (1) Total= 8

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Frontal Bone

Skull

Nasal Bone

VomerMaxilla

Mandible

EthmoidPerpendicular

ProcessZygomatic

Bone

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Lateral SkullCoronal Suture

FrontalBone

ParietalBone

NasalBone

Maxilla

MandibleZygomatic

Arch

LambdoidalSuture

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Bones of The Facial Skeleton: Mandible

• Single Bone; U-Shaped

• Upper surface of a tooth bearing mandible is the alveolar arch– Dental alveolus (tooth socket)

• Angle of mandible approximates a right angle (90 degrees)

• Function for Speech: Houses the lower teeth and forms points of attachment for the tongue & other muscles

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Maxillae

• Maxillae are second largest bones in the face

• Paired bone, forms entire upper jaw &

contributes to the formation of the roof of the

mouth

• Articulates with 9 bones:

– Frontal, Ethmoid, Nasal Lacrimal, Zygomatic,

Palatine, Vomer, inferior nasal concha

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Nasal Bones

• Two small oblong plates of bones, forms bridge of nose

• Situated medially to the frontal process of the maxillae

• Articulate with frontal bone above & perpendicular plate of ethmoid

• Articulate with septal cartilage too

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Palatine Bones

• Located at the back of the nasal cavity

• Form the 3 cavities: – The floor and lateral walls of the nasal cavity

– The roof of the mouth

– The floor of the orbital cavity

• Articulates with 6 bones: Palatine from opposite side, Sphenoid, Ethmoid, Maxilla, Inferior nasal choncha & Vomer

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Lacrimal Bones

• Smallest of facial bones

• Forms part of the medial walls of the orbital cavity

• Each has an orbital and nasal surface

• Articulates with 4 bones: Frontal, Ethmoid, Maxilla & Inferior Nasal Choncha

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Zygomatic Bones

• Articulates with the frontal, sphenoid,

maxillary and temporal bones

• Contributes to the lateral wall and floor

of the orbital cavity

• Important muscles of articulation and

mastication attach to the zygomatic bone

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Vomer

• Inferior half of bony septum

• Unpaired, thin quadrilateral plate

• Articulates with maxillae & palatine bones inferiorly

• Perpendicular plate of ethmoid & rostrum superiorly

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Bones of Cranium• Ethmoid: Unpaired, contributes to facial skeleton,

articulates with 15 bones

• Frontal: Unpaired, forms anterior part of braincase, articulates with 12 bones

• Parietal: forms most of rounded roof of cranium, articulates with 5 bones

• Occipital: Unpaired, forms lower & back portions of cranium

• Temporal: Paired, forms lateral base & sides of braincase

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Bones of Cranium: Sphenoid

• The bone in the base of the skull forming the roof of the pharyngeal & nasal cavities

• Resembles a bat in flight– Greater & lesser wings

• Medial & lateral pterygoid plates– Hammulus of pterygoid

• Attaches jaw bone through pterygomandibular raphe• Serves as pulley for the tendon that stretches the soft

palate taught

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Sphenoid Bone

Lesser Wing ofSphenoid

Greater Wing ofSphenoid

Hammulus of thePterygoidPterygomandibular

Ligament

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Dentition• Housed within the alveoli of the maxilla &

mandible

• Provide mechanism for mastication & articulatory surfaces for many speech sounds

• Upper & lower dental arches contain same number of teeth

• Four types of teeth:– incisors– cuspids– bicuspids– molars

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Dentition• Teeth larger in upper arch

• Upper arch overlaps lower arch (normally)

• Five surfaces:– Medial- movement along arch to midline– Lateral-movement along arch away from midpoint– Mesial surface- surface “looking” along the arch

toward the midpoint between central incisors– Distal surface- Surface of any tooth that is farthest

from the midline point– Buccal surface- contact with cheek– Lingual surface- facing the tongue

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Mandibular Dental Arch

Central IncisorLateral Incisor

Cuspid1st Bicuspid

2nd Bicuspid1st Molar 2nd Molar3rd Molar

PalatineBone

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Dental Occlusion

• Process of brining the upper & lower teeth into contact

• Proper occlusion essential for successful mastication

• Bite down lightly and leave molars occluded, sets orientation of arch & occlusion

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Malocclusions

• Class I: First molar of the mandibular arch is one-half tooth advanced of the maxillary molar, upper incisors project beyond lower (overjet), Upper incisors naturally hide lower incisors (overbite)

• Class II: First mandibular molar are retracted at least one tooth from the maxillary molars (mandible retracted)

• Class III: First mandibular molar is advanced farther than one tooth beyond the first maxillary molar (mandible protruded)

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Class IMalocclusion

Class IIMalocclusion

Class IIIMalocclusion

Malocclusions

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Reading/Assignments

• Seikel: Pgs. 261-299

• Dickson: Pgs. 179-194