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1
Promotion of bike: the Dutch experience
PIMMS TRANSFER MC 2009
Almada, 25 March 2009
Giuliano Mingardomingardo@ese.eur.nl
2
Why the Netherlands?
3
Why the Netherlands?
• Proportion of journeys to work by bicycle (Urban Audit 2004):– 12 out of the best 20 European cities are Dutch
cities
• The average distance biked per person per day is 2.6 Km;
4
Proportion of journeys to work by bicycle: the best 10 cities
1 Groningen (NL) 37.00%
2 København (DK) 36.12%
3 Oulu (FI) 34.00%
4 Odense (DK) 33.74%
5 Leeuwarden (NL) 32.00%
6 Enschede (NL) 31.00%
7 Apeldoorn (NL) 29.00%
8 Tilburg (NL) 28.00%
9 Aarhus (DK) 26.98%
10 Umeå (SE) 26.00%
5
Bicycle use in the Netherlands
6
What is the secret?
• Conventional wisdom might suggest that culture, topology and climate are responsible for the success in the Netherlands;
• However, policies are the impetus for making cities either bicycle-friendly or car-friendly!
7
Bicycle policy in the Netherlands
• In the Netherlands there are two main policy documents for bicycle:– 1994: ‘Sign up for a bike’– 2007: ‘Design Manual for bicycle traffic’
• Both documents have been issued by CROW, the Knowledge Platform for Infrastructure, Traffic, Transportation and Public Spaces
8
Policies or guidelines?• These manuals are guidelines;• They are not a legislative or reglatory
instrument!• Nevertheless, the majority of Dutch
municipalities use the guidelines published in these manuals!!
• They provide the information designers need to make the bicycle a fully fledged participant in the traffic and transport system.
9
Why the bicycle?
• For the user (cyclist):– It’s cheaper;– It’s healthier;– It’s reliable;– It’s comfortable;
• For the employer:– A bicycle rack is cheaper than a parking space;– Employees that cycle regularly are less sick than
the average;
10
Cyclists are healthy people!
• TNO research among three large employers in the Netherlands:– 1,236 employees;– 64% regularly cycle to work;
• Main outcome:– Employees that cycle regularly are less sick;– The larger the distance they cycle the less they are
sick;
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Motives
• The most important reason to use the bike is health;
• The most important reason for not using the bike are:– Distance;– Weather;– Sweaty;
12
How to stimulate bike use?• TNO survey among 879 HR managers:
– 48% actively stimulates bicycle use;– How? Providing facilities: showers and parking
• How could you stimulate cycling further?– Financial subsudies;– Better knowlege of the investment in cycling
infrastructure;– Cooperation with professional organizations that
stimulate cycling;
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Erasmus University Rotterdam
34143%
20%
19925%
152%
41%
21928%
71%
Car
Moped/scooter
P ublic transport
Bicycle
By foot
Motor
Car+publictransport
Modal Split employees
14
Erasmus University Rotterdam
3%
5%
0%
4%
43%
1%
0%
16%
11%1%
16% 19%
6%
5%
1%
4%
13%
19%
21%
1%
8%
3%0%
Comfortable
Quiet, be on yourownTo avoid delays
Cheap
Reliable
Rapidly
Pleasant
Safe
Independent
Flexible
Good forhealth/environmentNo other reason
Reasons for traveling by car
15
Erasmus University Rotterdam
1%3% 5%4%
2%
28%
13%0%
9%
5%
30%
2% 4%7%
10%
3%
15%
11%0%8%
12%
25%
3%
Comfortable
Quiet, be on yourownTo avoid delays
Cheap
Reliable
Rapidly
Pleasant
Safe
Independent
Flexible
Good forhealth/environmentNo other reason
Reasons for traveling by bike
16
Erasmus University Rotterdam
5
1
1
40
7
0
158
1
24
124
6
0
0
270
0
172
54
2
4
6
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Car
Mop
ed/sc
oote
r
Public
tran
spor
t
Bicycle
By fo
ot
Mot
or
Car+p
ublic
tran
spor
t
Mode
Per
cen
tag
e
8+ kilometre
2-8 kilometre
0-2 kilometre
Distance vs. modal split
17
Erasmus University Rotterdam
10
1
26 36 2
0 0
313
1 90
118 9
4
6
18
283
65 4
0
1
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Car
Mop
ed/sc
oote
r
Public
tran
spor
t
Bicycle
By fo
ot
Mot
or
Car+p
ublic
tran
spor
t
Transport mean
Per
cen
tag
e
Neutral
Negative
Positive
Opinion about the monthly payment for parking the car
18
Erasmus University RotterdamModal Split students
341
43%
2
0%
199
25%
15
2%
4
1%
219
28%
7
1%
Car
Moped/scooter
P ublic transport
Bicycle
By foot
Motor
Car+publictransport
435
17%
2
0%
1432
56%
593
23%
74
3%
4
0% 32
1%
19
Entrepreneur
20
E-bike
21
E-bike
• Main advantages:– Electric support;– You can bike at an average speed of 20-25 km/h
without being sweaty;– Increased speed = Increased distance
• Main problems:– Cost (approx. €2,000);– Safety;– Image?
22
What about parking and bicycles?
23
Rain sensor
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