1 urban transport: background, problems and challenges pimms transfer mc 2009 almada, 24 march 2009...
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Urban Transport: background, problems and challenges
PIMMS TRANSFER MC 2009
Almada, 24 March 2009
Giuliano [email protected]
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Agenda of this morning
• 09:30 – 10:15: Urban transport: background, problems and challenges
• 10:15 – 11:00: Group works• 11:00 – 11:15: Coffee break• 11:15 – 11:45: How to change the mobility plan of
a city: the case of Graz (Gerhard Ablasser)• 11:45 – 12:30: Interactive Session
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Urban transport: background, problems and challenges
We will discuss:– The development of metropolitan regions;
– The relation between transportation and urban forms;
– The concepts of Mobility and Accessibility;
– The importance of transport for urban regions;
– Urban transport problems and challenges;
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The development of metropolitan regions
• Metropolitan areas develop according to a specific pattern: the Urban Life Cycle (ULC)
• There are 4 stages in urban development:– Urbanization – Sub-urbanization– De-urbanization– Re-urbanization
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The Theory of the Urban Life Cycle
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The development of metropolitan regions
• Nowadays urban regions are entering a new (5th) stage of development where the focus is on:– Economic growth;– Accessibility;– Environmental Quality;– Health;
QUALITY OF LIFE
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Evolution of commuting (I)
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Evolution of commuting (2)
HOME WORKPLACE
HOME
KINDERGARTEN WORKPLACE
GYM
SUPERMARKETVIDEO-RENTAL
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Brownian movements
• Brownian motion is the seemingly random movement of particles suspended in a fluid (i.e. a liquid or gas)
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Changes in modal choice
• 1890s till 1930s: WALKING
• 1930s till 1950s: BUS & BICYCLE
• 1960s on: CAR
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Transportation and Urban Form
Urban transportation is organized in three broad categories:
• Collective transport
• Individual transport
• Freight transport
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Transportation and Urban Form
Urban transportation is associated with a spatial form which varies according to the modes being used.
Considering commuting:
• Walking – 5 km
• Cycling – 15 km
• Driving (no freeways) – 30 km
• Driving (freeways) – 60 km
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Transportation and Urban Form
The automobile requires space to move around (roads) but it also spends 98% of its existence stationary in a parking space.
As such, a significant amount of urban space must be allocated to accomodate the automobile, especially when it does not move and is thus economically and socially useless!
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Transportation and Urban Form
The major components of the spatial imprints of urban transportation are:
• Pedestrian areas
• Cycling areas
• Roads and parking areas
• Transit systems
• Transport terminals
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Mobility vs. Accessibility (1)
• Mobility: the ease of moving
• Mobility in the city: the ease of moving in the city
• Accessibility: the ease of reaching a destination
• Accessibility of a city: the ease of reaching that city
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Mobility vs. Accessibility (2)
Mobility = amount of movement; it can be measured in terms of vehicle-km traveled, so in terms of distance traveled.
Accessibility = ease of reaching a destination; it can’t be directly measured, but only quantified or indicated in terms of other variables.
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Mobility vs. Accessibility (3)
Accessibility, unlike mobility, is always seen as positive.
Therefore, unlike mobility, more accessibility is always seen as better!
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Mobility vs. Accessibility (4)
Statements:
• Accessibility cannot increase in an environment where mobility is increasing
• Improving mobility does not mean increasing accessibility
• Accessibility is the ultimate aim of mobility!
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The importance of transport for urban regions
Key questions:
• How important is transport for the economic functioning of cities?
• Does investment in transport (infrastructure) promote economic growth at urban and regional level?
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Why these questions?
• Because too often transport policy is used by governments to get aims other than transport:– Regional development;– Employment;– Social inclusion;
• Is this approach correct?
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Accessibility vs. GDPAccessibility vs. GDP
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Perceived quality as a business location vs. Perceived external accessibility
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Changing role of external accessibility
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Cumulative Modal Contribution to Economic Opportunities
HorsesMaritime shipping
Canal shipping
Railways
Roads Air
Telecommunications
1750 1775 1800 1825 1850 1875 1900 1925 1950 1975 2000 2025 2050
Econ
om
ic O
pp
ort
un
itie
s
Industrial Revolution Mass Production
Globalization
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Urban Transport Problems
Transport problems are usually urban problems!Most notable urban transport problems:• Traffic congestion and parking difficulties;• Public transport inadequacy;• Difficulties for pedestrians;• Loss of public space;• Environmental impacts and energy consumption;• Accidents and safety;• Land consumption;• Freight distribution;
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Urban Transport Challenges
The major urban transport challenges are:
• Get people out of the car?
• Get people use cleaner vehicles?
• Get more people walking and cycling?
• ...?
• ...?
• ...?
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Group work
• 8 groups, 5/6 persons each
• Your task: 1. State what are, according to you, the three most
important problems and the three most important challenges in urban transport;
2. Motivate your choice and be prepared to defend it during the interactive discussion!