02 introduction to logic
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Progression and definition through history
INTRODUCTION TO LOGIC
Warm-up activity Introduction to Philosophy
LAST MEETING
Warm-up activity Introduction to Logic
THIS MEETING
Progression and definition through history
INTRODUCTION TO LOGIC
Johnny's mother had three children. The first child was named April. The second child was named May. What was the third child's name?
JOHNNY
How many animals of each species did Moses bring aboard the Ark?
None.
How can a woman living in New Jersey, legally marry 3 men, without ever getting a divorce, be widowed, or becoming legally separated?It’s her job.
Remove six matches to make ten.
CUT THE CAKE:How is it possible to cut a traditional circular cake into 8 equal size pieces, with only 3 cuts
Why can't you take a picture of an Indian woman with hair curlers? You can’t take photos with hair curlers. You need a camera.
You are in a race and you overtake the person who is in second place. What is your position now?Second.
“Experience is the source of knowledge, and logic is its structure.
Aristotle
Origin
Etymology:Greek word logosSpoken word/speech/reason
The actual term was introduced by Zeno (300 BC)Greek word logike
Discourses on thinking/Treatise on thought
Definition
The science of correct reasoning
Natural Logic vs. Scientific Logic
Logic is not the foundation of knowledge; it’s only a tool.
Definition
SCIENCE ART
Consists of a system of principles
that govern correct thinking
ART is the power to perform certain actions
guided by special
knowledge and executed
with skill
Types
SYMBOLIC LOGICPrecise symbolic
representations of logical concepts
INFORMAL LOGIC
Study of abstract relationships
between concepts
Application of logical concepts to the analysis of
everyday reasoning and
problem-solving
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
1 Nyaya philosophy
2 Pre-Aristotelian
3 Aristotelian
4 Post-Aristotelian
5 The Scholastics and Crusaders6 Modern Logic
Changes in the logical methods
and procedures
Nyaya Philosophy1
5th century B.C., India
Said to have been authored by Siddharta Gautama
There is a need for the human person to obtain
knowledgeNyaya – logical argument/syllogism
Nyaya Philosophy1
Four means of obtaining knowledge
PERCEPTION
INFERENCE
ANALOGY
VERBAL TESTIM
ONYError-free cognition
Comes from direct
contact between
the senses
and object
Use of implicatio
n Comparison
Due to authority and not by direct experienc
e
Pre-Aristotelian2
5th century B.C., Greece
Eleatics, Sophists, and MegaricsWhat is the origin of the universe?
Aristotelian3
384-322 BC
First thinker to devise a logical system (Reductio ad Absurdum)
Founder of Logic
Organon – “tool” or “instrument”
Post-Aristotelian4
Epistemology
Greek and Latin commentatorsExplanation and defense of Aristotle’s works on logic
Scholastics and Crusaders
5
devised mnemonic names for the valid moods canvassed in the Prior Analytics
Modern Logic6
Sciences (specifically Mathematics)Algebraic school
Logicist school
Mathematical school
DIVISIONS
1 Simple apprehension2 Judgment
3 Reasoning
DIVISIONS
1 Simple apprehensionThe act by which the intellect grasps the essence of somethingApprehension – lays hold of the thing mentallySimple – the intellect merely takes the thing in without any affirmation or denial about it
DIVISIONS
1 Simple apprehension
DIVISIONS
2 Judgment
A mental operation that pronounces the identity or non-identity between two ideas
DIVISIONS
2 Reasoning
A mental act that proceeds from the previously known truth to a new truth
ANY QUESTIONS?
Warm-up activity Progression and definition of logic through history
Divisions of Logic
SUMMARY
Definition of TermsRules of Clear Definition
NEXT MEETING
Progression and definition through history
INTRODUCTION TO LOGIC
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