Progression and definition through history

INTRODUCTION TO LOGIC

Warm-up activity Introduction to Philosophy

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Warm-up activity Introduction to Logic

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Progression and definition through history

INTRODUCTION TO LOGIC

Johnny's mother had three children. The first child was named April. The second child was named May. What was the third child's name? 

JOHNNY

How many animals of each species did Moses bring aboard the Ark?

None.

How can a woman living in New Jersey, legally marry 3 men, without ever getting a divorce, be widowed, or becoming legally separated?It’s her job.

Remove six matches to make ten.

CUT THE CAKE:How is it possible to cut a traditional circular cake into 8 equal size pieces, with only 3 cuts

Why can't you take a picture of an Indian woman with hair curlers? You can’t take photos with hair curlers. You need a camera.

You are in a race and you overtake the person who is in second place. What is your position now?Second.

“Experience is the source of knowledge, and logic is its structure.

Aristotle

Origin

Etymology:Greek word logosSpoken word/speech/reason

The actual term was introduced by Zeno (300 BC)Greek word logike

Discourses on thinking/Treatise on thought

Definition

The science of correct reasoning

Natural Logic vs. Scientific Logic

Logic is not the foundation of knowledge; it’s only a tool.

Definition

SCIENCE ART

Consists of a system of principles

that govern correct thinking

ART is the power to perform certain actions

guided by special

knowledge and executed

with skill

Types

SYMBOLIC LOGICPrecise symbolic

representations of logical concepts

INFORMAL LOGIC

Study of abstract relationships

between concepts

Application of logical concepts to the analysis of

everyday reasoning and

problem-solving

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

1 Nyaya philosophy

2 Pre-Aristotelian

3 Aristotelian

4 Post-Aristotelian

5 The Scholastics and Crusaders6 Modern Logic

Changes in the logical methods

and procedures

Nyaya Philosophy1

5th century B.C., India

Said to have been authored by Siddharta Gautama

There is a need for the human person to obtain

knowledgeNyaya – logical argument/syllogism

Nyaya Philosophy1

Four means of obtaining knowledge

PERCEPTION

INFERENCE

ANALOGY

VERBAL TESTIM

ONYError-free cognition

Comes from direct

contact between

the senses

and object

Use of implicatio

n Comparison

Due to authority and not by direct experienc

e

Pre-Aristotelian2

5th century B.C., Greece

Eleatics, Sophists, and MegaricsWhat is the origin of the universe?

Aristotelian3

384-322 BC

First thinker to devise a logical system (Reductio ad Absurdum)

Founder of Logic

Organon – “tool” or “instrument”

Post-Aristotelian4

Epistemology

Greek and Latin commentatorsExplanation and defense of Aristotle’s works on logic

Scholastics and Crusaders

5

devised mnemonic names for the valid moods canvassed in the Prior Analytics

Modern Logic6

Sciences (specifically Mathematics)Algebraic school

Logicist school

Mathematical school

DIVISIONS

1 Simple apprehension2 Judgment

3 Reasoning

DIVISIONS

1 Simple apprehensionThe act by which the intellect grasps the essence of somethingApprehension – lays hold of the thing mentallySimple – the intellect merely takes the thing in without any affirmation or denial about it

DIVISIONS

1 Simple apprehension

DIVISIONS

2 Judgment

A mental operation that pronounces the identity or non-identity between two ideas

DIVISIONS

2 Reasoning

A mental act that proceeds from the previously known truth to a new truth

ANY QUESTIONS?

Warm-up activity Progression and definition of logic through history

Divisions of Logic

SUMMARY

Definition of TermsRules of Clear Definition

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Progression and definition through history

INTRODUCTION TO LOGIC