01 a first look at anatomy 2009

Could we organize things a

bit better?

• The overall objective of this Human Anatomy course is to gain an integrated understanding of the spatial and functional relationships of body systems and to know correct anatomical terminology for all body systems.

In anatomy we try to see beyond mere superficialities

Our goal in this course is to see the outside and the inside of others

Galen 129-200 BC

“Human organs were so well constructed, and in such perfect relation to their function(s), that both the form and structure of all organs were justified by their destiny”

The body is a fabric, a piece of workmanship in which the parts must be fitted into the system as a whole.

Andreas Vesalius, 1514-1564 AD

Leonardo da Vinci, 1452-1519 AD

“Anatomy” is the study of the body’s structure

“Physiology” is the study of the function of the body’s structures

Physiology focuses especially on cellular processes

In this class we focus on gross anatomy

“Gross anatomy” investigates the large body parts visible to the naked eye.

“Microscopic anatomy” is the study of structures too small to see with normal vision. It includes “cytology”, which is the study of cells, and “histology”, which is the study of tissues.

We will take a “systemic approach” to human anatomy (e.g. digestive system, skeletal system, etc.)

Close range .44 caliber handgun wound.

A “regional approach” to human anatomy studies just one area. This is particularly useful in dealing with local trauma.

Left nipple

Gun shot wound (GSW) to upper right abdomen. Note powder deposits.

Localized trauma caused by a kitchen knife

We are not happy if our cells are not happy.

Specialized cells carry out specific functions for the whole organism.

Tissues are layers or aggregations of similar cells that perform specific functions.

An organ (such as the heart) is two or more tissues (such as nervous, muscular, and connective) integrated to perform a particular function (such as pumping blood).

The body’s tissues and organs are organized into systems (such as the digestive system). All of the systems are interrelated, constituting the total organism

Because of their complex level of organization, humans are capable of metabolism, growth, responsiveness, homeostasis (regulation of internal environment), and reproduction.

The language of human anatomy is very exact and descriptive. Don’t just memorize the words, but learn the meanings of the words.

Manubrium

Gladiolus

Xiphoid

Roman short sword (gladius)

The Greeks called a sword like this a xiphos.

The anatomical position. All terms of direction are made in reference to a persons standing in anterior view.

Anterior view

Lateral view

Coronal (frontal) plane

Coronal plane

Transverse (horizontal or cross-sectional) plane.

Directional terms

Directional terms

Dorsal fin

IN THE ANATOMIC POSITION, WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS MOST LATERAL?

A XIPHOID

B THUMBS

C NIPPLES

D ROOF OF SKULL

E EARS

Body regions

Head (caput) consists of the cranial region, that protects and supports the brain, and the facial region, which includes the eyes, nose, and mouth.

Neck (cervical region) supports the head

Trunk (torso). Note mammary region (the breasts contain mammary glands) of chest (thorax)

Chest (thorax). Note sternal region located medial to breasts in this male, and pectoral region.

Chest (thorax). Note armpit (axillary region).

Chest (thorax). Note vertebral region.

Note navel (umbilicus) located in anterior midline of abdominal region

Cullen’s sign

Pelvic region of female

Male and female perineum

Lumbar region

Sacral region

Intramuscular injection

Deltoid region

Intramuscular injection

Brachium

Antebrachium Dorsum of manus

Puncture of vein in antecubital fossa for removal of blood or for the addition of medications

Wrist, located between antebrachium and manus

Anterior view of hand (manus)

WHAT DO YOU CALL THE STRUCTURES FOUND ON THE DORSAL SURFACE OF THE DISTAL PORTION OF THE UPPER EXTREMITIES?

A TEETH

B SOLES

C LIPS

D NAILS

E FINGERPRINTS

Lower extremity

Lower leg (crural region)

Ankle and foot

Inferior surface of the foot is called the plantar surface

Plantar surface of a black bear

A bear is a plantigrade animal (describes walking on plantar surface)

Plantar warts

Toes (digits)

Achondroplastic dwarf(note: you have an article that relates to this condition)

IN PERSONS WHO HAVE ACHONDROPLASIA, WHERE IS THE ILLIZAROV APPARATUS APPLIED ACCORDING TO YOUR ASSIGNED READING?

A ABOVE OR BELOW THE POPLITEAL FOSSA

B CERVICAL REGION

C LUMBAR REGION

D INFERIOR TO THE PLANTAR SURFACE

E JUST INSIDE THE NATAL CLEFT AND GRADUALLY ADJUSTED

The posterior body cavity contains the brain and spinal cord

Contents of thoracic (chest) cavity.

Mediastinum is shown in green, blue, and yellow

Parietal peritoneum (a serous membrane)

Retroperitoneal organs

Serous membranes

Midsagittal section

Peritoneal lavage to detect trauma to abdominal organs

Peritoneal lavage

Figure 01.10

Where does it hurt?

WHAT ORGAN LOCATED IN THE UPPER LEFT ABDOMINAL QUADRANT WILL OFTEN HEMORRHAGE UNCONTROLLABLY FOLLOWING BLUNT ABDOMINAL TRAUMA?

A STOMACH

B OVARY

C APPENDIX

D GALLBLADDER

E SPLEEN

Ascending aorta

Heart

Cardiac computed tomography (CT) of coronary arteries