1-1 human anatomy, first edition mckinley & o'loughlin chapter 1 lecture outline: a first...
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Human Anatomy, First EditionMcKinley & O'Loughlin
Chapter 1 Lecture Outline: A First Look at Anatomy
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A First Look at Anatomy
Anatomy is the study of structure. The word anatomy is derived from
Greek and means “to cut up” or “to cut open.” Anatomists examine the relationships
among parts of the body along with the structure of individual organs.
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Introduction to Anatomy
Physiology The scientific discipline that studies
the function of body structures. Structure and function cannot be
completely separated. Form is related to function.
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Levels of Organization in the Human Body
The simplest level of organization within the body is the chemical level, which is composed of atoms and molecules. Atoms are the smallest units of
matter.
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Levels of Organization in the Human Body
Molecules Two or more atoms combine to form a
molecule, such as a protein, a water molecule, or a vitamin.
Macromolecules Larger and more complex molecules
such as DNA and proteins.
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Levels of Organization in the Human Body
At the cellular level, specialized structural and functional units called organelles permit all living cells to share some common functions.
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Levels of Organization in the Human Body
Large molecules join in specific ways to form cells, the basic units of structure and function in organisms. The cell is the smallest structural unit
that exhibits the characteristics of living things (organisms), and it is the smallest living portion of the human body.
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Levels of Organization in the Human Body
Tissues Groups of similar cells with a common
function form tissue. Tissues are precise organizations of
similar cells that perform specialized functions.
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Levels of Organization in the Human Body Organs
Different tissue types that work together to perform specific, complex functions form an organ.
Organ Systems The organ system level consists of related
organs that work together to coordinate activities and achieve a common function.
There are 11 organ systems in the human body.
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Levels of Organization in the Human Body
Organism All body systems function
interdependently in a single living human being, the organism.
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The Four Types of Tissues in the Human Body Are:
Epithelial tissue covers exposed surfaces and lines body cavities.
Example: The inner lining of the digestive system
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The Four Types of Tissues
Connective tissue protects, supports, and interconnects body parts and organs.
Can be solid (such as bone), liquid (such as blood), or intermediate (such as cartilage).
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The Four Types of Tissues
Muscle tissue produces movement.
Skeletal muscle Smooth muscle Cardiac muscle
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The Four Types of Tissues
Nervous tissue conducts impulses for internal communication.
Brain, spinal cord, and nerves
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Integumentary Provides protection
Regulates body temperature
Site of cutaneous receptors
Synthesizes vitamin D
Prevents water loss
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Skeletal Provides support
and protection Site of
hematopoeisis (blood cell production)
Stores calcium and phosphorus
Allows for body movement
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Muscular Produces body
movement Generates heat
when muscles contract
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Nervous A regulatory system
that controls body movement Responds to sensory
stimuli Helps control all
other systems of the body
Also responsible for consciousness, intelligence, memory
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Endocrine Consists of glands
and cell clusters that secrete hormones, some of which regulate
body and cellular growth
chemical levels in the body
reproductive functions
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Cardiovascular
Consists of a pump (the heart) that moves blood through blood vessels in order to distribute hormones, nutrients, gases, and pick up waste products
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Lymphatic Transports and
filters lymph (interstitial fluid) Initiates an
immune response when necessary
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Respiratory Responsible for
exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between blood and the air in the lungs
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Digestive Mechanically and
chemically digests food materials Absorbs nutrients Expels waste
products
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Urinary Filters the blood
and removes waste products from the blood Concentrates
waste products in the form of urine, and expels urine from the body
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Male Reproductive System
Produces male sex cells (sperm) and male hormones (e.g., testosterone) Transfers
sperm to the female
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Female Reproductive System
Produces female sex cells (oocytes) and female hormones (e.g., estrogen and progesterone)
Receives sperm from male Site of fertilization of
oocyte Site of growth and
development of embryo and fetus
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AnatomicalTerminology
Anatomic position is a specific body position in which an individual stands upright with the feet parallel and flat on the floor.
The head is level, and the eyes look forward toward the observer.
The arms are at either side of the body with the palms facing forward and the thumbs pointing away from the body.
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Anatomical Terminology
A plane is an imaginary surface that slices the body into specific sections.
The three major anatomic planes of reference are the coronal, transverse, and sagittal planes.
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Sectionsand Planes
A coronal plane, also called a frontal plane, is a vertical plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts.
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Sectionsand Planes
A transverse plane, also called a cross-sectional plane or horizontal plane, cuts perpendicularly along the long axis of the body or organ separating it into both superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts.
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Sectionsand Planes
A sagittal plane or median plane, extends through the body or organ vertically and divides the structure into right and left halves.
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Sections and Planes A sagittal plane in the body midline is a
midsagittal plane. A plane that is parallel to the
midsagittal plane, but either to the left or the right of it, is termed a parasagittal (or sagittal) plane.
A minor plane, called the oblique plane, passes through the specimen at an angle.
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Directional Terms of the Body
Directional terms are precise and brief, and for most of them there is a correlative term that means just the opposite.
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Relative and Directional Terms of the Body Relative to front (belly
side) or back (back side) of the body :
Anterior = In front of; toward the front surface
Posterior = In back of; toward the back surface
Dorsal =At the back side of the human body
Ventral = At the belly side of the human body
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Relative and Directional Terms of the Body Relative to the
head or tail of the body:
Superior = Toward the head or above
Inferior = Toward feet not head
Caudal = At the rear or tail end
Cranial = At the head end
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Relative and Directional Terms of the Body Relative to the midline
or center of the body: Medial = Toward the
midline of the body Lateral = Away from
the midline of the body Deep = On the inside,
underneath another structure
Superficial = On the outside
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Relative and Directional Terms of the Body Relative to point of
attachment of the appendage: Proximal =
Closest to point of attachment to trunk
Distal = Furthest from point of attachment to trunk
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Body Regions The human body is partitioned into
two main regions, called the axial and appendicular regions. the axial region includes the head,
neck, and trunk which comprise the main vertical axis of our body
our limbs, or appendages, attach to the body’s axis and make up the appendicular region
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Body Cavities
and Membranes The posterior
aspect of the body has two enclosed cavities
A cranial cavity is formed by the cranium and houses the brain.
A vertebral canal is formed by the individual bones of the vertebral column and contains the spinal cord.
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Body Cavities Both the thoracic and abdominopelvic
cavities are lined with thin serous membranes, which are composed of two layers: A parietal layer lines the internal surface of
the body wall. A visceral layer covers the external surface
of organs (viscera) within the cavity. Between the parietal and visceral layers of the
serous membrane is a thin serous cavity, containing a lubricating film of serous fluid.
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Body Cavities and Membranes
Constant movement of the organs causes friction.
The serous fluid reduces friction and helps the organs move smoothly against both one another and the body wall.
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Body Cavities and Membranes
The median space in the thoracic cavity is called the mediastinum.
It contains the heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and major blood vessels that connect to the heart.
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Body Cavities and Membranes
Within the mediastinum, the heart is enclosed by a two-layered serous membrane called the pericardium.
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Insert Fig 1.9d
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The Thoracic Cavity The right and left sides of the
thoracic cavity contain the lungs; they are lined by a two-layered serous membrane called the pleura. The outer layer is the parietal pleura; it lines
the internal surface of the thoracic wall The inner layer is the visceral pleura; it
covers the external surface of the lung The narrow, moist, potential space between
them is called the pleural cavity
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Abdominopelvic Cavity
The abdominopelvic cavity consists of an abdominal cavity and a pelvic cavity.
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The Abdominopelvic Cavity The peritoneum
is a moist, two-layered serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity.
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Insert figure 1.9d
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Abdominopelvic Regions
The abdominopelvic cavity is partitioned into 9 smaller, imaginary compartments.