© oxford university press, 2008. all rights reserved. 1 chapter 9 chapter 9 landscapes, sediments,...

© Oxford University Press, 2008. All rights reserved.1

Chapter 9

CHAPTER 9

LANDSCAPES,

SEDIMENTS, AND SOIL

DEVELOPMENT

© Oxford University Press, 2008. All rights reserved.1

Chapter 9

THE LITHOSPHERE AND THE LANDSCAPE

• Multi-lithology landscapes

• Landscape development

– Davis’s theory of landscape evolution

– The nine-unit land surface model

• Landscapes and the inheritance factor

© Oxford University Press, 2008. All rights reserved.1

Chapter 9

CLIMATE AND LANDFORMS

• Arid landscapes

• Humid temperate landscapes

• Climate and time

• Landform combinations – physiographic regions

© Oxford University Press, 2008. All rights reserved.1

Chapter 9

SOILS AND THEIR PROPERTIES• Horizonation• Soil texture – conventional size ranges• Soil structure• Organic matter in soils• Soil colour• Soil permeability• Soil pH

© Oxford University Press, 2008. All rights reserved.1

Chapter 9

SOIL-FORMING FACTORS

• Jenny’s equation

• Parent material

• Climate

• Organisms

• Relief (topography)

• Time

© Oxford University Press, 2008. All rights reserved.1

Chapter 9

SOIL-FORMING PROCESSES

• Additions

• Losses

• Transfers

• Transformations

© Oxford University Press, 2008. All rights reserved.1

Chapter 9

DISTRIBUTION OF SOIL TYPES• Classification systems in different countries • Soils and landscapes in Australia

– Ancient deeply weathered landscapes– Erosional landscapes– Fluvial landscapes– Aeolian landscapes– Carbonate-rich landscapes– Coastal landscapes– Alpine and subalpine landscapes

• Soil landscape mapping