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LSW experiments with pulsed magnets+Vacuum Magnetic Birefringence (VMB)
HIMAFUN 30th May 2017
Toshiaki Inada
• Magnet/bank: T.Yamazaki et al, NIM A 833, 122 (2016)
• VMB: X.Fan et al, arXiv: 1705.00495
• X-‐ray LSW: T.I. et al, PRL. 118, 071803 (2017)
1
Fundamental physics in vacuum
Be Be
a
Be Be
a
Be
a
Be
Light-‐by-‐light interac0on VMB
VMB
LSW
Nonlinear QED Axions, ALPs
We are studying both of these nonlinear QED and axions 2
Haloscope, Helioscope
Pump-‐probe scheme for vacuum physics
Laser (~1 PW) Pulsed magnet
Laser (op^cs)
X rays (XFEL)
Laser LSW VMB
X-‐ray LSW Laser-‐induced diffrac^on/birefringence
Light-‐by-‐light sca`ering Four-‐wave mixing
We use pulsed pump to get a high field
Probe Pump
3
Pump-‐probe scheme for vacuum physics
Probe Pump Laser
(~1 PW) Pulsed magnet
X rays (XFEL)
Laser LSW VMB
Light-‐by-‐light sca`ering Four-‐wave mixing
X-‐ray LSW
4
XFEL PW laser
Diffracted x rays (with flipped pol.)
A 0.5-‐PW laser will be available from 2018 à Now tes^ng with 2.5 TW (link: h`p://tabletop.icepp.s.u-‐tokyo.ac.jp/Tabletop_experiments/VB__SACLA+laser_files/seino-‐lnpc17.pdf)
Laser (op^cs)
Laser-‐induced diffrac^on/birefringence
Pulsed magnets Magnet types • Solenoid: good symmetry à 80-‐100 T -‐ We need a transverse field over large length • Racetrack: bad symmetry à 31.7 T (XXL-‐coil) Merits -‐ Intensity: LSW: B×L, VMB: B2×L -‐ VMB with IZ scheme: temporal field modula^on Drawback Low duty: fast repe^^on -‐ Power supply: charging ^me of capacitors, 0.1 Hz -‐ Magnet: hea^ng <-‐> cooling efficiency (LN2) à as high as possible, hopefully to 0.1 Hz
5
Light Magne^c field
Current
Coil structures
Bobin
Lem pole Right pole (rewound)
Dipole
Single coil
Minimalized field-‐volume
Crack at 9 T
6 No a`rac^ve force with a single coil
20 cm
20%
Field map along the beam path • Transverse field along the pipe center (inner diameter 5.3 mm) • Tilted path (2.75°) à smaller for the edges
20 cm
Beam pipe Bobin
Dot: measurement Line:finite element simula^on in 3D (ANSYS)
7
Conven^onal backup metal
Coil
(Lem) fipng the coil into a backup ring, (right) pressing it with plates Drawbacks • Expansion force (Maxwell stress) concentrates on the ring corners • Large eddy current runs in the ring and plates to cancel the field
Expansion
Eddy current1 (ring)
Eddy current2 (top/bo`om plates)
8
Position (mm)-150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150
B/I (
T/kA
)
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Dividing the metal into 20 pieces 積層補強を被せる前の,裸のコイル(5号機)
• Avoid the concentra^on of the expansion force • Divide the backup metal where eddy current runs
Reducing materials with small thermal conduc^vity à Cooling efficiency
Number of divisions ― 3 ― 7
― 20 ― 40
9
time [ms]0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
I [kA
]
0
2
4
6
8
10
time [ms]0 1 2 3 4 5
I [kA
]-6-4-202468
10
Power supply for high-‐rep. opera^on • Lem: conven^onal single-‐shot circuit • Right: energy recycling circuit
One cycle • Frist pulse (SCR1) à posi^ve field • Second pulse (SCR2) à nega^ve field • Re-‐charge the capacitor by the energy lost by the two pulses
First
Second
10
12 capacitors in total: 3mF, 1.9t à Dividing them into 4 units for transportability Max. voltage: 4.5kV (30 kJ)
2m
1.7m
①
② ③
④ Capacitor units
Discharge sec^on Control panel
11
# of shots0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
[T]
peak
, cen
ter
B
8.6
8.8
9
9.2
9.4
9.6 / ndf 2 2.047e-05 / 11
p0 0.0005752± 8.722 p1 0.5002± 0.6619 p2 1.775± -0.8172 p3 0.03466± 2.334
/ ndf 2 2.047e-05 / 11p0 0.0005752± 8.722 p1 0.5002± 0.6619 p2 1.775± -0.8172 p3 0.03466± 2.334
Con^nuous opera^on Opera^onal condi^on • 4 magnets à 0.8 m • 4 kV -‐ 3 kV: 9.2 T – 6.0 T cycle • cycle repe^^on: 0.1 Hz • Heat loss: 2.4 kW for 4 magnets
Pulse interval is adjustable: 30 Hz in this case Fields are stable(± 0.5%) amer reaching equilibrium
Decay of peak field of the first pulse
12
732 pulses
Summary: current status of the field-‐genera^on system
Development of a field-‐genera^on system suited for repe^^ve opera^on -‐ Mul^ple racetracks à small field-‐volume, small hea^ng, high cooling efficiency -‐ Power supply for a high-‐rep. use à energy recycling scheme 9 T over 0.8 m with 0.1 Hz (cycle) has been achieved à B2×L = 54 T2 m -‐ NIM A 833, 122 (2016)
13
Pump-‐probe scheme for vacuum physics
Probe Pump Laser
(~1 PW) Pulsed magnet
Laser
X rays (XFEL)
Laser LSW VMB
X-‐ray LSW Laser-‐induced diffrac^on/birefringence
Light-‐by-‐light sca`ering Four-‐wave mixing
PD Laser
14
The OVAL experiment Observing VAcuum with Laser -‐ Tes^ng setup with one magnet -‐ B2×L = 13.8 T2 m
Electrode
Magnet
2.4 m
Vacuum chamber
Mirror
Polarizer
15
Con^nuous DAQ large gamma: two possibili^es 1. laser not hipng
the center of the mirrors
16
shields for leakage fields
Side view
To observe VMB, a long-‐term run is necessary -‐ Cavity resonance has to survive pulsed fields We must remove the disturbance of mechanical shocks -‐ The disturbance is decoupled by these bellows?
At present, it works
It
Typical response of PDt
During the pulse -‐ No mechanical shock was observed at 9 T
ARer the pulse Acous^c shock: arrives at 4 ms à Resonance survives
17
N2 measurement
18
Pressure (Pa)0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
)-2
) (T
2(N
CM
k
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
01510×
/ndf 2.825 / 22
8.6e-16±) 1.3e-15 -2 (TCM, vack 4.1e-18±) -3.7e-17 -1Pa-2)(T
2(NCM
Pressure (Pa)0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
)-1) (
T2
(N Fk
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1210×
/ndf 3.855 / 22
7.3e-14±) -8.3e-14 -1 (TF, vack 3.8e-16±) 4.5e-15 -1Pa-1)(T
2(NF
We also measured kCM and kF of N2 gas (100-‐350 Pa)
Preliminary
Vacuum measurement
Fi`ed for 100 cycles
Preliminary kCM = -0.5±1.1×10-18 (T-2)
As a test, we applied 100 cycles of 9.0 T and -‐4.5 T à 15 min
19
Future steps
This measurement Target value Gain Upgrade plan/Status
Magne7c filed 9[T] 15[T] 2 Changing wound wire from Cu to Ag-‐Cu
Field length 0.2[m] 0.8[m] 4 Preparing for loading 4m op7cal bench now
Pulse width 1.2[ms] 4.8[ms] 2 The Modifica7on of the power supply unit.
DAQ 7me 15[min] 180[days] 130 Building a stable DAQ system is on going
Finesse 350,000 650,000 2 Upgrade is succeeded
Intensity 0.03[mW] 5[mW] 40 Upgrade is succeeded
Intensity noise
1×10-‐4 [1/√Hz]
1×10-‐5 [1/√Hz]
3 Upgrade is succeeded
Improvements of op^cs have almost finished We need to combine it with magnets -‐ Work in progress!
Table of improvements to observe QED with a 6-‐month run
20
Pump-‐probe scheme for vacuum physics
Probe Pump Laser
(~1 PW) Pulsed magnet
Laser
X rays (XFEL)
Laser LSW VMB
X-‐ray LSW Laser-‐induced diffrac^on/birefringence
Light-‐by-‐light sca`ering Four-‐wave mixing
21 Pioneering work at ESRF: PRL 105:250405 (2010 )
X-‐ray LSW search for ALPs • First-‐phase experiment: -‐ DC x rays at SPring-‐8 BL19LXU: 3×1013 photon/s at 9.5 keV -‐ using 4 magnets -‐ 2 days for DAQ in Nov. 2015 à 27,676 pulses!
12 vessels (LN2 100 l)
XFEL SACLA
SPring-‐8
22
Opt. hutch Exp. hutch 1 Exp. hutch 2
XPD1
S2 LSW setup
BL19LXU undulator
DCM TRM Slit
W1 W2
W3 RL LPD S1
Ge crystal
3 m
Setup
23
Time-‐energy distribu^on of events
Tim
e (s
)2
4
6
8
Energy (keV)2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Tim
e (m
s)
05
10
Signal region
0Time (ms)0 1 2
(T)
0B
-5
0
5
10
First pulse
Second pulse
• Time window: 2.1 ms (lem) • Energy window: beam energy (9.5 keV) ±2σ(detector resolu^on)
Signal region
No events!
Energy threshold Beam energy
Monotonic environmental BG
Zoom around the ^me window
24
Limits on the coupling constant
(eV)am-210 -110 1
)-1
(GeV
ag
-410
-310
-210
ESRF (2010)
SPring-8 (2017)
SACLA, 4 magnets (expected)
SACLA, 8 magnets (expected)
• Next target: XFEL + 8 magnets -‐ 4×1011 photon/pulse, 30 pulse/s, 2-‐day run • Also, keep improving the magnet
5.2 PRL. 118, 071803 (2017)
25
Test of 8 magnets at SPring-‐8
Upstream 4 magnets
Downstream 4 magnets in LN2
Capacitor bank
26
Summary
We develop racetrack pulsed magnets and study vacuum physics (nonlinear QED, ALPs) with combina^on of x rays and op^cal lasers. We keep improving our magnet toward higher fields. Using the present version of magnets and XFEL, -‐ VMB -‐ x-‐ray LSW -‐ vacuum diffrac^on/birefringence experiments have started and begun to obtain results in their first phase.
27
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