enlightenment and revolution chapter 22. the scientific revolution section 1
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Enlightenment and Revolution
Chapter 22
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The Scientific Revolution
Section 1
Nicolaus Copernicus
Johannes Kepler
Galileo Galilei
Francis Bacon
Isaac Newton
Zacharias Janssen
Scientific Revolution
Causes of the Scientific
Revolution
Nicolaus Copernicus
Studied planetary movements Reasoned that the stars and planets revolve around
the sun Idea became known as the heliocentric theory
Johannes Kepler
Brilliant mathematician Used the data of Tycho Brahe to prove the accuracy
of Copernicus’s ideas about the motion of the planets
Galileo Galilei
Scientific discoveries Proposed the heliocentric theory
Sun-centered theory Law of the pendulum Falling objects accelerate at fixed predictable rates
Francis Bacon
Helped develop the scientific method
Isaac Newton
Great mathematician and physicist Brought together theories and discoveries of
Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo under a single theory of motion called the law of universal gravitation All physical objects are affected equally by the same
forces
Zacharias Janssen
Invented the microscope Made the Anton van Leeuwenhoek’s discoveries
possible
Scientific Revolution
Caused improvements in medicine and scientific instruments
What was so revolutionary
about the Scientific
Revolution?
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The Enlightenment in Europe
Section 2
Hobbes
Locke
Philosophes
Voltaire
Montesquieu
Rousseau
Cesare Beccaria
Mary Wollstonecraft
Thomas Hobbes
Contradicted the ideas of the U.S. constitution
Social contract Explained the idea of direct democracy
John Locke
Political thinker
Felt people are reasonable
Supported self-government
Argued that the purpose of government is to protect people’s natural rights If government can’t protect natural rights- people
can overthrow it
What influence did the ideas of John
Locke have on the Declaration of Independence?
Philosophes
Believed in progress for all of society Used reason to address social issues
Voltaire
Fought for tolerance, freedom of religion, and freedom of speech Got him into trouble with the clergy, aristocracy, and
the government of France
Montesquieu
Devoted to the study of political liberty
Wrote On the Spirit of the Laws Proposed that separation of powers would keep any
individual or group from gaining total control of a government Influenced the Constitution
How? Separation of powers
Rousseau
Had many disagreements with other philosophers Many philosophers believed that reason, science,
and art improved the lives of all people He argued that civilization corrupts people’s natural
goodness
Cesare Beccaria
Greatly influenced criminal law reformers
Argued against the use of torture and other common abuses of justice
Mary Wollstonecraft
Wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Women Presented an argument for the education of women Declared that women should have the same political
rights as men
What were some of the most important
effects of the Enlightenment?
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The Enlightenment Spreads
Chapter 22.3
Fredrick II (Great)
Joseph II
Catherine the Great
Fredrick II (Great)
Ruled Prussia as an enlightenment despot
Supported freedom of worship
Joseph II
Ruled Austria as an enlightened despot
Abolished serfdom
Catherine the Great
Ruled Russia as an enlightened despot Believed a monarch should have absolute authority* Gave nobility absolute power over the serfs
Brutally crushed a massive uprising of serfs
Why do you think
Catherine the Great was
attracted to the ideas of
the philosophes?
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The American Revolution
Section 4
Thomas Jefferson
Constitutional Convention
Articles of Confederation
Congress
Bill of Rights
Scientific Revolution
Thomas Jefferson
Wrote the Declaration of Independence
Constitutional Convention
Occurred after the American Revolution
Articles of Confederation
Created the first national government of the 13 individual states in North America
Congress
Created by the Articles of Confederation
Bill of Rights
Influences Voltaire John Locke Jean Jacques Rousseau
Scientific Revolution
Influenced the American Revolution How?
Questioned assumptions that led to challenging ideas about government
Enlightenment ideas
U.S. Constitution Bill of Rights
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