1858 illinois state race ◦ d-stephen douglas ◦ r-abraham lincoln douglas wins, lincoln gains...

The Civil War

1858 Illinois State Race◦ D-Stephen Douglas◦ R-Abraham Lincoln

Douglas wins, Lincoln gains national recognition

Lincoln Douglas Debates

3 Events give strength to the Republican Party prior to 1860◦ The Fugitive Slave Law◦ Uncle Tom’s Cabin◦ John Brown’s Raid

Support for Republicans

The westward expansion of slavery = split in Democratic Party◦ Northern an Southern Democrats

Problems for Democrats

ND-Stephen Douglas SD-John C. Breckinridge R-Abraham Lincoln Cont. Union Party-John Bell

Candidates

Split ruins chances for Democrats Lincoln wins with 0 southern support

Results

Lincoln-final straw (feared they have lost their voice)

South Carolina Secedes By February

1861 GA, FA, AL, MISS, LA, and TX also secede

Secession

March 1861 Inaugural Speech

◦ Promises not to interfere with slavery where it already is

◦ Civil War will be in the hands of the South◦ Preserve the Union

Lincoln Takes Office

Lincoln has 3 options◦Let South go in peace◦Offer a compromise◦Make South return to the union (war)

Lincoln’s Options

Est. February 1861 Capitol-Montgomery, AL Similar to the Articles of Confederation

◦ States rights◦ Jefferson Davis powerless

Confederate States of America

April 1861 Union Troops still at Ft. Sumter Lincoln sends supplies to troops-

Confederate troops attack April 12, 1861 South takes Fort

◦ Casualties? Lincolns calls for 75,000 troops VA, NC, TN, and AR secede MO, KY, MD remain—Border states

Fort Sumter

Economic and Military Balance North South

Economy Strong Weak

Manufacturing (factories)

110,000 18,000

Population 71 29

Proportion of Nation’s Farm Acreage

65 35

Railroad Mileage 22,000 9,000

Cotton Only Production

Strong Est of Government

Could call for more troops

Battle Ground Home field advantage

Cause Inspiring Cause

Military Leaders 7/8 Military colleges

StrategyNorth South

Blockade South Ports Capture Mississippi

River◦ Divide Confederacy

Capture Richmond

Anaconda Plan

Defensive War of Attrition◦ Ware down the other

army Defensive Strategy Avoid large battles Force the north to

exhaust resources

Major LeadersNorth: McLellan, Burnside, Hooker, Meade, Grant, ShermanSouth: Lee, Jackson

Union Generals: Top (l-r) – McLellan, Burnside, Hooker; Bottom (l-r) – Meade, Grant, Sherman

Confederate Generals – Robert E. Lee & Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson

Early Battles

When: July 21, 1861

Where: Northern VA

Outcome: CSA Victory

Significance◦ Proves conflict will be long and bloody◦ Stonewall Jackson

1st Bull Run

When: April 6 & 7 1862 Where: Western Tenn Outcome: Union Victory Significance

◦ Union caught by surprise > Grant loses Lincoln’s respect◦ More casualties than all previous American

wars combined

Shiloh

Monitor v. Merrimack – 1st ironclad battleships March 8–9, 1862, Elizabeth and Nansemond Rivers meet the James

River just before it enters Chesapeake Bay. Eof the Confederacy to break the Union blockade,

which had cut off Virginia's largest cities, Norfolk and Richmond, from international trade

Battle of the Ironclads

When: Sept 17, 1862 Where: Maryland Why: Lee invades North

to gain support for Great Britain

Outcome: Battle ends in a draw◦ Bloodiest day in the Civil War◦ Lincoln issues Emancipation Proclamation (British stay out)

Antietam

When: December 11–15, 1862 Where: Spotsylvania, VA Outcome: CSA Victory Greatest victory for South

Fredericksburg

Stonewall Jackson killed

Chancellorsville

Life During the War

South◦ Economy collapses

Blockade Lack of supplies Food shortages Confederate $=worthless

North◦ Booming◦ Pass 1st income tax to pay for the war

Economy

Government

North South

Lincoln is a strong leader

Suspends Writ of Habeas Corpus to punish war opponents◦ John Merryman, a state

legislator from Maryland, is arrested for attempting to hinder Union troops from moving from Baltimore to Washington during the Civil War

Ineffective Jefferson Davis is

powerless States have all the

power

People

Women African Americans

Nurses Clara Barton was a

civil war nurse, later founds American Red Cross

Union Regiments Runaway slaves

◦ contraband

Primitive Amputations Little Understand of infection

Civil War 150

Medicine

Fighting Techniques◦ Stood in line◦ Musket accurate for 75 yards◦ Honorable

Rifled Musket◦ Accurate 300 yards◦ Casualties increased

Revolution-> 8 years-10,000 casualties

Civil War-> 4 years-600,000 casualties

◦ Leads to Trench warfare

Modern Warfare

Photographs Air force Gatling Gun Submarine

◦ CSA Hunley Biological Warfare

◦ yellow fever

Other New Technology

Turning Points

When: May-July 4th 1863 Where: Mississippi Outcome: Union Victory Significance:

◦ Battle was a siege◦ Victory gives Union control of the Mississippi River◦ Victory moves Grant to commander of the entire Union

Army

Marched 180 miles in 17 days, fought five battles, inflicted 7,200 casualties—driven to Vicksburg

City of Vicks would not celebrate Forth of July for 80 years

Vicksburg

When: July 1-3 Where: Pennsylvania

◦ Lee’s second northern invasion Outcome: Union Victory Significance: THE TURNING POINT OF THE

WAR◦ U Casualties-23,000◦ CSA Casualties-28,000◦ CSA cannot replace lost troops◦ Lee can do little more than retreat

Gettysburg

November 19, 1863 Town of Gettysburg Dedication of the Soldier’s National

Cemetery 2 minute speech

◦ Human equality in regards to D. of Independence◦ War is now not just to preserve the union but

fighting for “a new birth of freedom”

Gettysburg Address

The War Ends

When: begins Nov 1864 Where: Atlanta to Savannah Significance:

◦ Sherman’s destroy everything in their path◦ Birth of “Total War”◦ Breaks with will of the people◦ Assures Lincoln’s election

Sherman’s March to Sea

Re-elected in 1864◦ Soldiers allowed to vote

President for only six weeks Jan 31, 1865 13th Amendment passed Second inaugural address

◦ God’s punishment for slavery◦ Reconstruction

Lincoln

After Petersburg, Lee and his army try to escape to the Blue Ridge Mountains

Surrendered at Appomattox Courthouse, VA Lee surrenders to Grant on April 9, 1865 April 14th, 1865 Lincoln is assassinated by

John Wilkes Booth

Surrender