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Small Ideas Big Impacts

Ph.D. SEMINAR ONApplication of nanotechnology in Agriculture

Presented By:AMIT BISHNOIDEPARTMENT OF AGRONOMYRAJASTHAN COLLEGE OF AGRICULTUREMAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR -313001(RAJ.)

Seminar Outline IntroductionBackground of NanotechnologyNanoparticles Applications of nanotechnologyNanotechnology in Agriculture and allied sciencesEnvironmental remediationNanopesticidesConclusion

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IntroductionAgriculture is the backbone of most developing countries, with more than 60% of the population reliant on it for their livelihood. Agricultural scientists are facing a wide spectrum of challenges such as stagnation in crop yields, low nutrient use efficiency, declining soil organic matter, multi-nutrient deficiencies, climate change, shrinking arable land and water availability and shortage of labour besides exodus of people from farming. we need to attain a sustainable growth in agriculture at the rate of 4% to meet the food security challenges. Nanotechnology is emerging as the sixth revolutionary technology in the current era after the Industrial Revolution of Mid 1700s, Nuclear Energy Revolution of the 1940s, The Green Revolution of 1960s, Information Technology Revolution of 1980s and Biotechnology Revolution of the 1990s. The recent statistics suggest that about 90% of the nano-based patents and products have come from just seven countries, namely, China, Germany, France, Japan, Switzerland, South Korea and USA

6Nanotechnology ?...

Nanotechnology is the art and science of manipulating matter at nanoscaleThe design, characterization, production and application of structure, device and system by controlling shape and size at nanoscale British standard institution, 2005

Nano scaleNano- Greek word means Dwarf 1 nm = one billionth (10) of metre Size range between 0.1 and 100 nm

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8Nanoscale

Theres Plenty of Room at the Bottom - at American Physical Society meeting at the California Institute of Technology on Dec-29, 1959.Adaptability to manipulate, control, assemble, produce and manufacture things at atomic precision

9Father of nanotechnologyNobel Laureate-1965Richard Feynman, Physicist

Norio Taniguchi, Professor - coined the term Nanotechnology (1974)Nano-technology - Processing, separation, consolidation and deformation of materials by one atom or by one molecule.

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~ 2000 Years AgoSulfide nanocrystals used by Greeks and Romans to dye hairs~ 1000 Years AgoGold nanoparticles of different sizes used to produce different colors in stained glass windows 1959There is plenty of room at the bottom by R. Feynman1974Taniguchi uses the term nanotechnology for the first time1981IBM develops Scanning Tunneling Microscope1985Buckyball - Scientists at Rice University and University of Sussex discover C601986Engines of Creation - First book on nanotechnology by K. Eric Drexler. Atomic Force Microscope invented by Binnig, Quate and Gerbe 1989IBM logo made with individual atoms1991Carbon nanotube discovered by S. Iijima 1999Nanomedicine 1st nanomedicine book by R. Freitas 2000National Nanotechnology Initiative launched

(British Standards Institution, 2005) Time Line of Nanotechnology

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Nano Particle

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Arranged or assembled into ordered layers, or mine layersRevolutionize agriculture including fertilizer, herbicides ,insecticides management as well as develop new high yielding or resistant verities in the near futurePossess distinct physical, biological and chemical properties associated with their atomic strength Bhattacharyya et al., 2010

13Nanoparticles

10nm50nmPropertyBelow about 100 nm the rules that govern the behaviour of the elements of our known world start to give way to the rules of quantum mechanics, and everything changes Quantum effects

14Properties of nanoparticles

Nanoscience and technology are today at the same stage as information technology was in 1960s and biotechnology was in the1980s.14

Carbon in the form of graphite (i.e. pencil lead) is soft, at the nano-scale, can be stronger than steel and is six times lighter

Nano-scale copper is a highly elastic metal at room temperature, stretching to 50 times its original length without breaking

Shiny orange yellow Gold changes its colour to brownish black on reducing the size

15Things behave differently in nano-world

Scanning Tunneling Microscope or Scanning probe Microscope

Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer in 1981 and get Noble Prize in Physics in 1986

Development of Nanotechnology

(Royal Society and Royal Academy of Engineering, 2004)

METHODS OF NANOPARTICLE PRODUCTION17

(Royal Society and Royal Academy of Engineering, 2004)TOP DOWN APPROACH18

(Royal Society and Royal Academy of Engineering, 2004)

19BOTTOM UP APPORAOCH

Dendrimers

Quantumdots

NanosensorsFullerenesCarbon NanotubesNano Chips

C60Cadmium selinade3D macromolecules

Tools of Nanotechnology

ApplicationsOfNanotechnology

MedicineCancer treatmentBone treatmentDrug deliveryAppetite controlDrug developmentMedical toolsDiagnostic testsImaging

Information TechnologySmaller, faster, more energy efficient and powerful computing and other IT-based systems

EnergyMore efficient and cost effective technologies for enenergy productionSolar cellsFuel cellsBatteriesConsumer GoodsFoods and beveragesAdvanced packaging materials, sensors, and lab-on-chips for food quality testingAppliances and textilesStain proof, water proof and wrinkle free textilesHousehold and cosmeticsscratch free products, paints, and better cosmetics

Nanomaterials and Agriculture

There has been significant interest in using nanotechnology in agriculture

The goals fall into several categories Increase production rates and yield Increase efficiency of resource utilization Minimize waste productionNano-based treatment of agricultural waste Nanosensors Specific applications include: Nano-fertilizers, Nano-pesticides

Application of nanotechnology in agriculture and allied sciences Food technologyCrop improvementSeed technologyPrecision farmingNano-fertilizer for balance crop nutritionPlant disease diaganoseWeed managementWater managementBiosensors (Electronic nose)Agricultural engineering issueAnimal scienceFishery and aquaculturePest management

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Food science and technology

Nanotechnology for enhancing food security in India Sastry et al., 2011

Hybrid polymer : Smart packaging with Nano silicon embedded durethan polymer to enhance the shelf life of the food materials Bayer polymers

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Precision farming

Smart Field SystemBio-Nanotechnology has designed sensors which give increased sensitivity and earlier response to environmental changes and linked into GPS

These monitor soil conditions and crop growth over vast areas

Such sensors have already been employed in US and Australia

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Plant pathology

100% growth inhibition was seen in the Pythium ultimum, Magnaporthe grisea, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Botrytis cinere and, Rhyzoctonia solani, showed at 10 ppm of the nanosized silica-silver Park et al., 2006

QDs have emerged as pivotal tool for detection of a particular biological marker with extreme accuracy Madhuri et al., 2010

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Crop improvement Gene therapy for plants : use of 3-nm mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSN) for smuggling foreign DNA into cells. Peterson et al.,2014 Shown the feasibility of DNA sequencing using a fluidic nanochannel functionalized with a graphene nanoribbon Kyu min et al., 2013

Seed technologyUse of carbon Nanotubes increases the germination through better penetration of the moisture Khodokovskaya et al.,2010

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Nanotechnology in Seed ScienceDetecting pollen load that will cause contamination to ensure genetic purity Use of nano-sensore specific to contaminating pollen can help alert the possible contaminationDetection of seed borne pathogensNano-coating of seeds to improve germination Natarajan and Sivasubramnian, 2007

Gene transformation in plants is normally carried out by Agrobacterium species, application of some chemicals and physical techniques (electroporation, microprojectile, etc.). Now a days with better efficacy and reproducibility, novel technologies for the direct gene transfer like liposome, positively charged liposome (lipofectin) and nanoparticle based delivery systems are used for genetic transformation of plants. In this review, we have enlightened the novel nanotechnologies like liposome, Carbon nano-tube and nanoparticles with their current status and future prospects in transgenic plant development.Mehrnaz et al., 2012

Fig. 1. Nanotechnology based gene carrier studied in plant biotechnology

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were found to penetrate tomato seeds and affect their germination and growth rates. The germination was found to be dramatically higher for seeds that germinated on medium containing CNTs (1040 g/mL) compared to control. Analytical methods indicated that the CNTs are able to penetrate the thick seed coat and support water uptake inside seeds, a process which can affect seed germination and growth of tomato seedlings.USA Khodakovskaya 2009Fig.2. Effect of carbon nanotubes seed germination in plant growth

Crop nutrition Management Slow release of nano-fertilizer On situ diagnosis of nutrient status Diagnosis of Nutrient disorder in plants

Fig.3. Nitrogen use efficiency (%) of conventional and nano-fertilizer TNAU, Coimbtore Subramanian and Tarafdar, 2011

Fig.4. A) Higher root growth of peanut plant after nanoscale ZnO treatment (1000 ppm). The plants were uprooted after 110 days. B) Pot culture experiment showing higher plant growth after nanoscale ZnO treatment (1000 ppm), after 110 days.Tirupati Parasad et al., 2012

Tirupati Parasad et al., 2012Fig. 5. Photograph showing the effect of foliar application of lower dosage of nanoscale ZnO on the pod yield. A and B) nanoscale ZnO @ 2 g/ 15 L and C) control

Nano-fertilizer technology Use of nanoscale nutrients to suppress crop disease. Amendment protocols necessary to maximize plant health often vary with the level of infection or absence of the pathogen.

Micronutrients are critical in the defense against crop disease, with tissue infection inducing a cascade of reactions commonly resulting in the production of inhibitory secondary metabolites.

Foliar application of nano Phosphorous as fertilizer (640 mg ha-1) and soil application of phosphorous fertilizer (80 kg ha-1 ) yielded equally in clusterbean and pearl millet under arid environment. Tarafdar et al., 2012

These metabolites are often generated by enzymes that require activation by micronutrient cofactors.

The use of nanoparticle-based micronutrient formulations may offer(Singh, 2012)

a highly effective novel platform for crop disease suppression yield enhancement through more targeted strategic nutrition-based promotion of host resistance.

For example, Si-accumulating species areknown to show resistance to a number of foliar and

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Nano particles may enter plant leaves through stomata and the cuticle structures.

NP metals/metal oxides are more effectively translocated than corresponding bulk elements and that this greater transportability exists in both xylem and phloem.

Sufficient micronutrient content in key tissues will enhance plant defense in the presence of pathogens but a number of factors may limit this supply.

Table 1. Response of peanut to application of nanoscale zinc oxideTirupati Parasad et al., 2012

Nano-herbicide for effective weed controlEncapsulated herbicide in a MnO2 core shellSmart delivery mechanism TNAU, Coimbatore Chinnamuthu and Kokiladevi, 2007

Herbicides inside nano particles are developed that can be timed-release or have release linked to an environmental trigger . Less herbicide is required to achieve the reduction weed reduction effects .

If the active ingredient is combined with a smart delivery system, herbicide will be applied only when necessary according to the conditions present in the field. (Grure et al., 2011)

Fig. 6. Smart delivery of nanoencapsulated herbicide in the crop-weed environmentTNAU, Coimbatore Chinnamuthu and Kokiladevi, 2007

Nano-pesticideDeveloping pesticides encapsulated in nanoparticles. (OECD and Allianz, 2008)These pesticides may be time released or released upon the occurrence of an environmental trigger (temperature, humidity, light).

Zahir et al., 201245Efficacy of plant-mediated synthesized silver nanoparticles againstSitophilus oryzae

Silver nano particle synthesis by BtSilver nano particle were synthesised by the spore complex of B. thuriengiensis These nanostructures are highly toxic to multi drug resistant human pathogenic bacteria46

Jain et al., 2010

Antifungal activity of NP Cu2O on Phytothphora infestans with tomato.

The foliar application resulted in significantly greater protection (73.5 %) from the pathogen, compared to the bulk amendment (57.8 %).(Servin et al., 2015)

Soil remediation Nanotech-based soil binder called SoilSet employed to avoid soil erosion Sequoia Pacific Research of Utah (USA)

Removal of heavy metalsLigand based nanocoating can be utilized for effective removal of heavy metals as these have high absorption tendency

Water treatments magnetite (iron oxide) nanocrystals to capture and remove arsenic from contaminated water. Researchers at Rice University

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Animal scienceNano micelles, liposomes, nano-emulsions complexes improves the utilization efficiency of nutrients in the fodder

Fishery and aquacultureNanoCheck- 40 nm lanthanum-based compound absorbs phosphates from the water and prevents algae Growth.

Fast growing fish: Younger carp exhibited 30% faster growth rate when fed with iron nanoparticles Russian Academy of Sciences Agricultural Engineering IssuesNano coating of agricultural tools to increase their resistance against wear and corrosion 49

Application in sericulture 25 ppm of Silver nanoparticles can be used as growth stimulant to increase the silk yield Prabhu et al., 2011Production of Electrospun silk fibroin based fibers using CNT Seth et al., 2007

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Positive effects of Nano materials in crop protection

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Nano encapsulated agrochemicals designed in such a way that they possess all indispensable properties such as effective concentration with high solubility, stability and effectiveness, time controlled release in response to certain stimuli enhanced targeted activity less Eco toxicity with harmless effortless mode of delivery thus avoiding repetitive application.

controlled release of agrochemicals and site targeted delivery of various macromolecules needed for improved plant disease resistance, efficient nutrient utilization and enhanced plant growth.

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Nano particles on biological systems and the environment such as toxicity generated by free radicals leading to lipid peroxidation and DNA damage.

High concentration of nanosilica silver produced some chemical injuries on the tested plants (cucumber leaves and pansy flowers).

Negative effects of nano materials

Environmental remediationDetecting contaminants in food or environmental media by using nano-sensorAmine et al., 2006Detection of multiple residues of organophosphorus pesticides has been accomplished using a Nanomagnetic particle in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test (Hu et al., 2010)Removal of metal ion and heavy metals from aqueous solutions by using nano-magnets

Agro chemicals

Agricultural chemical companies such as Monsanto, Syngenta and BASF; have ventured in developing nanoparticle pesticides

The world's leading chemical company already sells a number of pesticide emulsions containing nanoparticles

The positive side of nanoparticle pesticides is that far less need to be applied and reducing cost and environmental damage.55

Worlds largest agrochemical company syngenta have number of chemicals with emulsions that contain nanoparticles.

To date, none of these agrochemicals are currently labeled as containing nano particles.Syngenta have obtained a patent for GUTBUSTER microcapsule will break open in alkaline environments, including the stomach of certain insects (ETC Group, 2004). Syngentas US Patent No. 6,544,540

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Primo MAXX-plant growth regulator Banner MAXX Fungicide Apron MAXX RFC seed treatmentCruise MAXX Beans

Primo MAXX-plant growth regulator Banner MAXX Fungicide Apron MAXX RFC seed treatmentCruise MAXX Beans

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e-Nose Operates like human nose Identify different types of odors and their concentrationsUse of ZnO nanoparticles

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Quantum dotsMarking insectsDetecting and tracking insects

59Nanotechnology In Migrational Studies

Potential Risks of NanotechnologyHealth issuesNanoparticles could be inhaled, swallowed, absorbed through skin, Carbon Nanotubes could cause infection of lungsThey trigger inflammation and weaken the immune system. And interfere with regulatory mechanisms of enzymes and proteinsEnvironmental issuesNanoparticles could accumulate in soil, water and plantsOther issuesLoss of jobs (in manufacturing, farming, etc)Atomic weapons could be more accessible and destructiveNew risk assessment methods are neededNational and international agencies are beginning to study the risk Results will lead to new regulations

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Future Of Nanotechnology

In this slide, you can see how Nanotechnology could help redesigning the future of several technologies, products and markets. Scientists and engineers can now work with materials at the atomic level to create stain-proof fabrics, more efficient fuel cells and batteries

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National Science and Technology Council (USA) claims that:

Nanotechnology is an enabling technology that will change the nature of almost every human-made object in the next century.

Future of Nanotechnology

This statement has obvious meaning that Nanotechnology is capable of changing the way almost everything is designed and made: from computers to clothing; from sports equipments to space ships and satellites; from cars to cancer therapies; from bridges to paint; and even objects and devices not yet imagined.

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From the ongoing presentation, it can be concluded that the Nanotechnology is capable of being used in agricultural products that protect plants and monitor plant growth and detect diseases

Scientists are still seeking new applications of nanotechnology in agriculture and the food industry

The agricultural sector and the food industry will indeed see tremendous changes for the better in the coming years63Conclusion

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Thank youFor your visit inNano world