amic‑fao workshop on evaluation programme for low‑cost

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AMIC‑FAO Workshop on Evaluation Programmefor Low‑Cost Audio‑Visual Aids (Filmstrips) onPopulation in Agricultural Themes : Chiangmai,Mar 19‑22, 1979 : [report]

1979

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Report

Paper No. 14

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REPORT O N

FAO-AMIC Workshop on Evaluation Programme for

Low-Cost Audio-Visual Aids (Filmstrips) on Population-

in-Agricul ture Themes in cooperation wi th SJMC-

Thammasat University, Chiengmai, Thailand.

19-22 March 1979


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R E P O R T

INTRODUCTION

The Workshop on Evaluation Programme for low-cost audio-visual aids

(Filmstrips) on Population-in-Agriculture Themes attended by 19 participants

and 10 observers was formally declared open by the Honourable Governor of

Chiengmai. The Governor in his address, stressed the importance of having

an incisive look into the feasibi l i ty of using low-cost audio-visual aids

especial ly filmstrips in the Asean countries. Earlier, the FAO Representative,

M r . Francisco Llaguno in the address read out on behalf of Dr. Umali, high

l ighted the significance and major objectives of the Workshop. The role of

Amic and the rationale behind its involvement in this Workshop was briefly

explained by its Director, Dr. P.R.R. Sinha. Dr. Somkuan Kaviya, Director,

School of Journalism and Mass Communication, Thammasat University, Bangkok

also welcomed the participants and observers to this Workshop.

Before commencing the proceedings of this Workshop, the participants

and observers unanimously elected Dr. Somkuan Kaviya as Chairman of the

Workshop. Mr . Roberto, Population Communication Adviser of the FAO,

Bangkok whi le introducing the Workshop theme, spoke of the consistent efforts

of the FAO in agricultural and rural development since its inception in 1948.

The importance of population education even amongst farming communities

demands eff ic ient and effective communication systems. Filmstrips having

been found to be quite cheap and convenient have been produced by the FAO

in the areaof population education as we l l . These filmstrips, most of which

have been produced in Afr ican and Latin American countries, do deserve

careful but analyt ical assessment for their application in population education

in the other developing countries of the world.


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This was followed up by four presentations of filmstrips by Mr . Llaguno

of FAO. Some of the issues that were raised and discussed somewhat in greater

detai l as a result of the showing of these filmstrips refer to - cost of production

of one fi lmstrip; role of photographer and script-writer; duration of the produc

t ion ; extent to which the local staff could be util ised in the preparation and

appl icat ion coupled with the degree of adaptabil i ty; feedback to the use of

filmstrips and so on. The first two filmstrips recently pre-tested in the Philippines

had revealed that the extension workers and v i l lage leaders felt bored watching

these filmstrips whereas unintended audiences of rural and semi-rural areas did

not show any such reactions. Furthermore, after each fi lmstrip showing, a small

discussion invariably ensued. It was also pointed out that the voice could be

provided live during fi lmstrip showing in order to put across the message more

ef fect ively. This might be an important component in view of the relevance of

comparability even though there would be some loss of music. Again at the

in i t ia l stage of planning for script-wri t ing and production of filmstrips, it would

be absolutely essential to seek the expert advice from subject matter specialists

in agriculture and population. A question was raised whether or not it would

be desirable to maintain the continuity of presentation of filmstrips especially in

case of larger numbers of frames. The discussion also touched upon the avai la

b i l i t y of different types of fi lmstrip projectors, some of which could be even run

on dry battery sets.

The presentation of FAO produced filmstrips on "compost" in particular

evoked lot of interest amongst the participants despite the fact that the dis

cussions were slightly tangent in the sense that the importance of compost and

its utter neglect on the part of the government and people al ike were discussed

at much greater length than the communication aspects of filmstrips. Nevertheless,

some significant points emerging from the discussion related to the use of Asean

characters and features in the filmstrips, credibi l i ty of the user of filmstrips,

proper assessment of the interests of the farmers and how to attract their

attention and create interests.


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I I . USE OF FILMSTRIPS - A status analysis

As for the status of the use of filmstrips in the farming communities of

the Asean countries it was revealed that in Indonesia, it is not very commonly

used even though introduced in early 1960s. It was also pointed out that slides

were used more than filmstrips for a variety of reasons. Some of the reasons

attr ibuted to the lesser use of filmstrips ore - high cost of production and

di f f icul t ies in locally processing the filmstrips. < In addi t ion, slides could be

adjusted whereas in case of filmstrips it would not be possible. However,

filmstrips are highly effective for instructional purposes and they could also be

used by off icials in-charge of paddy extension work in Indonesia. Dramatised

effects of filmstrips are l ikely to be more effective and important than slides.

It was observed that in Malaysia, the National Family Planning Board

and the Dept. of Agr icul ture, Govt , of Malaysia were producing filmstrips

but here also as in Indonesia, they were used mainly for teaching and instruc

t ional purposes and in very few cases for informational purposes as we l l . The

Division of Extension Education of the Dept. of Agriculture has been using f i lm-

strips but mainly in teaching and training centres. The use of filmstrips is limited

because of the lack of faci l i t ies to produce filmstrips locally and they could be

shown only at night. Editing and updating of filmstrips are more di f f icul t and

time required to produce such filmstrips are much longer than other visual aids.

It was also revealed that as st i l l visual slides and filmstrips do not attract at ten

t ion and create interest among the rural people, special equipments are needed

for synchronising sight wi th sound, and last but not the least, lack of electr ici ty

also limits the use of filmstrips in Malaysian vi l lages.

In case of Thailand, the Extension Training Centres did not use filmstrips

in their teaching and training programmes for reasons explained above. Instead,

they have been using mostly slides. The Centre for Educational Technology of

the Ministry of Education was perhaps the only Centre using filmstrips. Fi lm-

strips used to be very popular in Thailand after the Second World War but now

they are used only in schools and not in the f ie ld . They are used as a supplement

to the total teaching process. It is being felt that slides and'filmstrips could play

a very useful role in the rural areas of Thailand especially among the farmers but


-f-

some how, they have not played any significant role so far. The national

family planning programme produced various types of audio-visual aids

but no filmstrips have been produced for obvious reasons. The Public Relations

Dept. also seldom uses filmstrips.

The Philippines delegation had conducted a study with a view to esta

blishing a case for greater use of low-cost audio-visual aids especially f i lm -

strips. The study pointed out a clear and urgent need for low-oost audio

visual aids but not at the cost of high cost audio-visual aids. There are

several realities for this empahsis. Some of these are :-

1. share of information in material budget is less than one percent of the total budget,

2 . in the rural areas, four out of ten are st i l l not l i terate,

3. there is short supply of manpower in the Philippines (in a l l 82, 000 workers or one worker for every 325 vi l lagers),

4 . need to sustain the capabil i ty and morale of the extension workers,

5. person to person communication supported by radio and print st i l l works best, and

6. att itude change needs a variety of communication channels.

The low-cost aids were defined as - the use of existing resources of manpower and

mater ia l , use of donated resources and fac i l i t ies, exclusion of using counterpart .

funding (exclude the imputed cost l ike staff training, e t c . ) , low-cost related to

other media. It was also pointed out that the Communication Foundation for Asia,

Nat ional Media Production Center (NMPC), Commission on Population and the

University of the Philippines, Institute of Mass Communication (UP-IMC), are the

agencies involved in producing filmstrips. The study revealed that the average

cost of production of 15 minutes filmstrips would be seven thousand pesos (roughly

US$ one thousand). If the existing resources are not used, cost of production of

15 minutes filmstrips would be around US$ 3,000. For a colour production of 10

minutes filmstrips, the cost would be roughly three thousand pesos or US$ 500.


-<*3 -

As for the analysis of the use of filmstrips in the Philippines, it was found

that in the urban areas, 24 development oriented agencies are using both high

and low-cost audio-visual aids. Major i ty were using high cost and only 10 were

using filmstrips but imported ones which were mostly religious in nature and came

from Europe and America. The filmstrips are mostly on population, food produc

tion and nutr i t ion. As in other Asean countries in Philippines also, the use of

filmstrips has been lagging behind slides for reasons of value systems of the people,

convenience, lack of training and lack of knowledge. The study also revealed that

the multi-media approach was more effective than single medium approach. The

person aided by one audio-visual and one print was st i l l very ef fect ive. The human

resource is st i l l the most important one.

When the filmstrips were evaluated i t was found that the intended audience

were not too discriminating. But in case of unintended audience the results

were different. The extension workers were more discriminating and cr i t ical of

the filmstrips because of lack of realism, being out -of -date, too slow and not

moving. Some of the problems include lack of funds and equipments, short l i fe

of the data because priorities would be changing.

The NMPC has as many as 78 audio-visual mobile units in the Philippines.

These mobile units are equipped wi th 16mm sound slides and filmstrips as comple

mentary to the key communicator in the v i l l age . For coastal areas in the Philippines

there are floating media also. The Ministry of Agr icul ture, Govt , of the Philippines,

had 41 units of slides and filmstrips projectors with power generators in 1953. A l l

of them were imported. By 1954, 25 more units arr ived. The projectors and

audio-visual vans arrived in the provinces successfully. The provincial units

were provided with 10 copies of the filmstrips a l l from U.S.A. These filmstrips

were intended primarily for the American farmers and not related to the Philippine

agriculture at a l l . It was found out that the fi lmstrip projectors were not used

optimally for the fol lowing reasons : -

1. no suitable camera to use,

2. the value of filmstrips is hardly appreciated by the management and so funds are not made avai lab le .

3. lack of trained personnel to produce filmstrips,


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4. most of the projectors are out of order,

5. lack of spare parts,

6. absence of services capabi l i ty, and

7. dif f icult ies in processing and so on.

By the middle of 1960s, filmstrips were conspicously absent, but in 1973

some filmstrips were received from world neighbours.

In the Singapore context, the question of how low-cost was the low-cost

in relation to its cost effectiveness was pointed out for consideration of the

delegates. By and large, filmstrips are not being used in Singapore as in the

case of other Asean countries. Slides are much more in use than filmstrips.

WORKING GROUPS

The participants divided themselves into two working groups. While the

Group A discussed the problems and prospects of filmstrips in Asean countries,

Group B concentrated its discussion on "research, production and training relating

to the adaptabil i ty of filmstrips and other low-cost audio-visual media".

Members of both the groups emphasised the need for low-cost audio-visual

aids especially in rural areas. It was felt that its importance is being increasingly

realised in the developing countries including Asean region. However, of a l l

such audio-visual aids, filmstrips have been underused and underutilised. But

their potentials ought to be harnessed to the maximum so that filmstrips could

be used as effective supplementary and complementary communication tool in

bringing about desirable change in the thinking and doing of the people.

SUGGESTIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS

In order to have a proper perspective of the effective use of filmstrips,

both the groups used the FAO prepared paper on "Low-cost audio-visual material -

a two year programme for research, production and training" (appendix i i i ) as

the basis for discussion. The details of the group reports are enclosed as appendices.

It was-also suggested that the FAO should encourage production, distribution

and utilisation of filmstrips in the Asean region. While the bulk of the financial

resources (seed money) in the beginning w i l l he to be arranged by the FAO,


1 - H 5 " "

the contr ibut ion of the local institutions and governments' of the concerned

countr ies should be the imputed cost by way of time and money spent on their

ex ist ing staff and provision of other fac i l i t ies.

It was also recommended that the theme of the fi lmstrip must be relevant

to the needs and requirements of the people and place; and the characters depicted

should be cu l tura l ly compatible wi th the local people. In other words, the f i lm-

str ip must be localised to achieve desirable results.

Some of other important suggestions and recommendations emerging from

the discussions at the two working group meetings are as under:-

1. to bui ld background information at the country level;

2 . to prepare a manual of country information concerning audio-visual aids special ly fi lmstrips;

3 . to conduct workshop to review the manual, to come up with the guidel ine for planning and conducting adaptabil i ty tests and pre-tests of evaluat ion instruments;

4 . publ icat ion of manual;

5 . to conduct an incountry workshop to train the staff as to how to conduct adaptabi l i ty studies using the manual;

6 . to conduct adaptabi l i ty tests of FAO produced filmstrips and other selected low-cost audio-visual materials;

7 . to organise workshop to review results of a daptabi l i ty tests, come up w i th guidelines for the development, production and comparative testing of new low-cost audio-visual materials and for the f ie ld cam-pcign at the inter-country level;

8 . to develop and produce new low-cost audio-visual materials, launch campaign and distribute materials;

9. to evaluate new low-cost audio-visual materials in respect of overall impact and cost effectiveness, to analyse and write the results; and •

10. to organise workshop to review evaluation findings with a view to selecting some audio-visual materials for adaptation either on a regional or on a sub-regional level .

July 1979


8r " W - Appendix i

Report of Group A

Problems and Prospects of Filmstrips

Problems

There is an increasing use of low-cost educational audio-visual material in Asean countries. On examination it is observed that among the various AV aids filmstrips are underused and unexplored.

In al l these countries filmstrips are limited and are largely bought and secured from abroad. Hardly any is locally produced.

The problems identified, common in Asean countries are as follows:

1. The successful use of other AV materials like slides has discouraged the growth of filmstrip production.

2 . Some inherent limitations and difficulties have hindered filmstrip production such as: a) a filmstrip has limited number of frames; b) filmstrips are less easily updated, revised, and corrected than slides; c) producing a filmstrip is time consuming and requires disciplined scripting.

3 . Lack of equipment for the production and projection of filmstrip again hinders their popular use. Moreover, the necessary expertise is not available. Available funds are generally allocated for the production and usage of other AV materials.

4 . A knowledge of filmstrip — its existence, use, availability and effectivenesses — is lacking and this results in poorer appreciation as compared to other AV materials.

5 . In most Asean countries, geographical constraints hinder efficient timely distribution of AV materials from production centers to the utilization points.

In the case of filmstrips this problem is exacerbated by the fact that there are not enough copies to go around.

6. The difficulty of adopting and/or adapting foreign filmstrips to local conditions because of socio-cultural differences.

7 . The problem of resistance in the use of AV materials has always existed. This is more so for filmstrips which are less well known.

8. There is a great deal of audience resistance due to competition from other more dynamic and aesthetic media such as television and the movies.


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Prospects

In the production of filmstrips the tendency is towards documentary presentation without much regard for the entertaining qualities of the medium. For wider audience appeal there should be more serious efforts to achieve education through entertainment.

In certain countries filmstrips are mainly used in higher academic institutions. It is suggested that other sectors, especially government agencies with contact with rural people, be encouraged to make a wide extensive contact with rural people, be encouraged to make a wide use of filmstrips in the activities. For instance, in the Philippines, the Ministry of Agriculture, in cooperation with other ministries, is in the process of buying slides/filmstrips projectors as extension aids.

However, in most Asean countries, prospects are bright for wider utilization of filmstrips if FAO and other related or concerned bodies will provide the necessary financial and technical support.

Recommendations

In conclusion, we recommend that filmstrips be promoted as an additional communication tool in conjunction with other AV materials. In order to achieve the above we support the recommendations made by FAO-AMIC in their discussion paper "Low-cost AV material - a 2-year Programme for Research, Production and Training". These are:

Phase One

a) Building background information (Country level) b) Consolidation of Country Data into a Manual c) Workshop to Review Manual, the Guidelines for Planning and

ConductingAdaptability Tests and Conduct Pre-test of Evaluation Instruments.

d) Publication of Manual e) Training Workshop for In-country Research and Evaluation Staff

Phase Two

a) Conduct Adaptability Tests on FAO Filmstrips and Selected Low-cost AV Materials, Data Analysis and Write-up •

b) Workshop to Review Results of Adaptability Tests, Formulate Guidelines for the Development, Production and Comparative Testing of New Low-cost AV Materials and for the Field Campaign (Inter-country level)

c) Development and Production of New low-cost AV Materials, Launching of the Campaign and Distribution and Use of Materials in the Campaign.


d) Evaluation of Comparative Impact, Cost/Benefit and Cost Effectiveness of New-Low-cost AV Materials, Analysis and Write-up of Results

e) Workshop to Review Evaluation Findings and Selection of AV Materials for Adaptation on a Regional or Sub-Regional Level (Inter-country level)

Other recommendations

1. To introduce dramatized filmstrips In ASEAN countries;

2 . To work towards producing filmstrips, using locally available resources;

3 . To develop indigenous talents by training scriptwriters, photographers and technicians, etc. on filmstrip making;

4 . To convince senior officials and potential users of the value and advantages of filmstrips in terms of cost/benefits and effectiveness;

5 . To harmonise the use and production of filmstrips with local values, customs, traditions, and traditional art forms such as shadow play, puppet shows, zarzuelas, and the like.

Members of Group A

Name

Mr. Vic de Jesus (Chairman)

Mr. Mohamed F. Kamsah Ms. Joan Lim (Rapporteur) Ms. Sharen Liu (Rapportuer) Mr. Tony Ryanto Mr. Rosihan Anwar Mr. Dol Ramli Mr . Thavi Masmondana Mr. Narong Sompong Ms. Tuptim Sang fuck Mst Chongchit Sripun Mr . Surat Chanrabhat Mr . Rachanee Sriwachirawat Mr. Thanom Soongnarata Mr. Robin Bickley

Country

Philippines Malaysia Singapore Singapore Philippines Indonesia Malaysia Thailand Thailand Thai land Thailand Thailand Thailand Thailand Thailand


" Mr- Appendix ii

Report of Group B

Research, Production and Training Relating to the Adaptability of Filmstrips and Other Low-cost AV Media

It was proposed that a national inter-agency committee which shall include producers and users of AV media be formed wherever appropriate in order to assume the following responsibilities and functions:

1. data collection and consolidation;

2 . liaise and coordinate with the FAO and other Asean countries in the development of low-cost AV media;

3. publication of an inventory analysis catalogue; and

4 . conduct research, production and training programs on the low-cost A V media.

It was likewise proposed that the following activities under the Two-Year Programme for Reseach, Production and Training prepared by the FAO be adopted with certain modifications:

1. At country level and within 3-6 months, an Inventory Analysis Catalogue which is a listing of data and information about existing local and low-cost AV materials and the consolidated country data may be completed.

Information/data on any material in the catalogue may be with respect to its description, content, objectives, intended audience(s), description of how the material were developed and produced, etc.

The consolidated country data may include the analysis of data, synthesis of data and the criterion for the adaptability and evaluation instruments.

The activity may be funded at US$15,000/- per country preferably with country-counterpart funding. The activity fund may include the publication cost.

2 . A 5-day intercountry workshop may be conducted to review the catalogue, the guidelines for the adaptability tests and pre-tests of evaluation instruments. The participants may be 2 or 3 including the lead agency. Funding suggested is US$8,000.


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3 . Publication of the catalogue is included in the U5 $15,000/-mentioned earlier.

4 . A subsequent in-country workshop to train the staff how to conduct adaptability studies using the catalogue may be conducted preferably by agriculture ministries, population programmes and other appropriate institutions in cooperation with FAO.

The suggested funding is US$5,000/- per country, preferably with country-counterpart funding.

5 . Adaptability tests on FAO filmstrips and selected local low-cost AV materials, data analysis and write-up may be conducted at country level for a period of 3-6 months.

Funding suggested US$5,000/- country preferably with country-counterpart funding.

6 . A workshop to review results of adaptability tests, formulate guidelines for the development, production and comparative testing of new and local low-cost AV materials and for field campaigns may be conducted at inter-country level for a period of 1-3 months. Funding

Funding suggested US$8,000.00.

7 . Development and production of new and local low-cost AV materials including training of local production staff, launching of the campaign and distribution and use of materials in the campaign may be done at country level for a period of 5-7 months.

Funding suggested is US$12,000./country preferably with country-counterpart funding.

8 . Evaluation of comparative cost/effectiveness of new and local low-cost AV materials, analysis and write-up of results subsequently f o Hows at country level for a period of 4-6 months.

Funding suggested is US$6,000./country with country-counterpart funding preferred.

9. Workshop to reveiw evaluation findings and selection of AV materials adaptation on a regional and inter-country level for a period of 1-2 months.

Funding suggested is US$8,000.00. .


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The group also proposed that the following broad guidelines be considered for conducting adaptability tests:

I. Object ives— 1.1 The objective should be consistent with the country's development

goals and policies.

2 . S tory— 2.1 The story should project the socio-cultural background or values

peculiar to the country;

2 .2 The story should develop relevant and local themes; and

2 .3 The story should be highly probable in real-life and should avoid abstraction.

3. Language 3.1 Local language should be used.

4 . Setting 4.1 Real life scenes, settings and situations including mode of dressing

and other props should be used.

5 . Characters— 5.1 Real life and local characters should be used.

6 . Pacing and length 6.1 The duration of the material should be suitable to the objective of the

communicator vis-a-vis the audience.

7 . M u s i c — 7.1 Local music which are functionally relevant to the theme and objectives

should be used.

8 . Appropriate and reliable research and evaluation methods and techniques should be adapted to suit the local situation.


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Members of Group B

Name

Dr. Wong Soon Chong, Chairman

Mr . Lino At iemza, J r . , Rapporteur Dean Gloria D. Feliciano Dean Bumrongsook Siha-Umpai Mr . Frank Llaguno Mr . Surat Metheekul Mr . Sakorn Sebtrakool Mr. Kadirman Mr . Azahari Ismail Mr. RolfScheller Mr. Vatcharin Ruayajin Mr . Thavatchai Sankatiprapa Dr. Boonlert Suphadiloke

Country

Singapore Philippines Philippines Thailand FAO, Rome Thailand Thailand Indonesia Malaysia Amic , Singapore Thailand Thailand Thailand


" -23* - Appendix ?i?

Workshop on Evaluation Programme for Low-cost Audio-visual Aids (Filmstrips) on Population-in-Agriculture Themes

in cooperation with SJMC-TU

Chiengmai, Thailand - March 19-22, 1979

Low-Cost, Audio-Visual Materials: A Two-Year Programme for Research, Production and Training*

Justification

This proposed programme is a follow-up research and action

programme resulting from this Workshop, derives its rationale or justi

fication from the status, problems, trends and needs of AV communica

tion in the developing countries as detailed in the Workshop's background

paper. It draws from observations and findings of adaptability tests of

two FAO filmstrips as presented in, the Workshop's discussion paper.

It likewise takes into account the five criteria or terms of

reference of this Workshop, namely I) relative effectiveness of the FAO

filmstrips on their intended as well as their unintended users; 2) compara

tive suitability of said filmstrips among different audience levels and

communication objectives within each country; 3) country capacity to

produce or reproduce such AV aids: availability of local funds for

production, availability of technical expertise and creative talent,

availability of supplies, equipment and processing facilities and cost-

effectiveness considerations vis-a-vis other media; 4) methods to be used

for evaluation; and 5) work plan and costs.

*Discussion Paper prepared for the FAO-AMIC Workshop , Chiengmai, Thailand - March 19-22, 1979.


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In addit ion, this program w i l l also consider the individual country

status reports of the Workshop participants. Hence, the various act ivi t ies

listed here which have been based on incomplete data are tentative and

preliminary and w i l l therefore need to be amended during the plenary and

group sessions by the Workshop participants.

Phase One

I. Building Background Information (Country level)

(3 months: Apr i l to June 1979)

This first ac t iv i ty of the proposed two-year project is intended

to f i l l in information/data gaps relating to local and existing filmstrips

and other low-cost, audio-visual media (sound slides, f i lmlets, e tc . )

with respect to the fo l lowing: a) description of f i lmstrip (or other low-cost

media), b) content, c) objectives, d) intended audience(s), e) actual

audience(s), f) description of how the fi lmstrip (or other low-cost media)

was developed and produced, g) research basis (if any) including pre-tests,

h) distribution and extent of use, i) how it has been used, }) impact studies,

k) comparative ef fect iv i ty studies, if any, I) costings, etc.

These background data w i l l be collected at the country level

from existing records (if such exist) and through ? iterviews with those

concerned.

This task could be done during a 3-month period in cooperation

with the agriculture ministry, a communication school, other pertinent

agencies and FAO. Funding suggested: US$5,000/country wi th counterpart

country funding.


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I I . Consolidation of Country Data into a Manual

(Inter-country/regional) (3 months: July to September 1979)

The data w i l l be analyzed and synthesized and criteria drawn from

them to guide individual countries in the planning and conduct of adapta

b i l i ty studies. This could be done by a team of specialists drawn from the

Workshop participants who may be assigned to finalise the document.

The consolitation w i l l include the fol lowing tasks: a) analysis of

data, b) synthesis of data, and c) cul l ing out criteria or guidelines for planning

and conducting adaptabi l i ty studies including the formulation of adaptabi l i ty

instruments.

This task could be done collaboratively by FAO, regional institutions,

agriculture ministries and national population programmes concerned. Funding

suggested: US$15,000 including publication costs.

I I I . Workshop to Review Manual, the Guidelines for Planning and Conducting Adaptabi l i ty Tests and Conduct Pre-test of Evaluation Instruments

(Inter-country level) (5 days: October 1979) .

Funding suggested: US$8,000

IV. Publication of Manual

(November 1979)

(See II for funding suggestion)

V . Training Workshop for In-country Research and Evaluation Staff

(Country level) (December 1979 to February 1980)

The staff to be trairu d w i l l conduct the adaptabi l i ty studies using

said Manual and train other groups later. It is suggested that this act iv i ty

be done by agriculture ministries and/or national population programmes in


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cooperation wi th FAO. Funding suggested: US$5,000/country wi th coun

terpart country funding.

Phase Two

V I . Conduct of Adaptabi l i ty Tests on FAO Filmstrips and Selected

Low-cost A V Materials, Data Analysis and Wri te-Up

(Country level) (3 months: March to May 1980)

Funding suggested: US$5,000/country wi th counterpart country

funding.

V I I . Workshop to Review Results of Adaptabi l i ty Tests, Formulate

Guidelines for the Development, Production and Comparative

Testing of New Low-cost A V Materials and for the Field Campaign

(Inter-country level) (June 1980)


V I I I . Development and Production of New low-cost A V Materials,

Launching of the Campaign and Distribution and Use of Materials

in the Campaign

(Country level) (5 months: July to November 1980)

Funding suggested: US$12,000/country wi th counterpart country

funding.

IX. Evaluation of Comparative Impact/Effectiveness of New low-cost

A V Materials, Analysis and Write-up of Results

(Country level) (December 1980 to March 1981)

Fur.ding suggested: US$6,000/coun* wi th counterpart country funding


- - 2 7 -

Workshop to Review Evaluation Findings and Selection of AV

Materials for Adaptation on:a Regional or Sub-regional Level

(Inter-country level) (March 1981)


NOTE: The following year, the cycle can be repeated with FAO funding

phased out and the country using country resources.

13.3.79


amic‑fao workshop on evaluation programme for low‑cost

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