American ImperialismAmerican Imperialism

Chapter 22 Pg 692Chapter 22 Pg 692

The Essential QuestionThe Essential Question

How did America’s growing power How did America’s growing power affect its relationships with other affect its relationships with other nations?nations?

Vocabulary WordsVocabulary Words

Imperialism:Imperialism: Policy by which stronger Policy by which stronger nations extend their economic, political, or nations extend their economic, political, or military control over weaker nations. military control over weaker nations.

William Seward:William Seward: Secretary of State under Secretary of State under President Lincoln and Andrew Johnson; President Lincoln and Andrew Johnson; purchased Alaska from Russia in 1867purchased Alaska from Russia in 1867

Pearl Harbor:Pearl Harbor: Hawaiian port; granted by Hawaiian port; granted by 1887 treaty to the United States for use as 1887 treaty to the United States for use as a refueling station for U.S. ships. a refueling station for U.S. ships.

Vocabulary (Continued)Vocabulary (Continued) Yellow Journalism:Yellow Journalism: style of journalism that exaggerates or style of journalism that exaggerates or

sensationalizes the news.sensationalizes the news. U.S.S. MaineU.S.S. Maine: U.S. warship that exploded off Havana Cuba : U.S. warship that exploded off Havana Cuba

on Feb. 15, 1898on Feb. 15, 1898 Spanish American War:Spanish American War: 1898 war that began when the 1898 war that began when the

United States demanded Cuba’s independence.United States demanded Cuba’s independence. George Dewey:George Dewey: U.S. naval officer who defeated the Spanish U.S. naval officer who defeated the Spanish

fleet during the Spanish American War. fleet during the Spanish American War. Rough Riders:Rough Riders: members of the first U.S> volunteer cavalry, members of the first U.S> volunteer cavalry,

organized by Theodore Roosevelt during the Spanish organized by Theodore Roosevelt during the Spanish American War. American War.

Platt Amendment:Platt Amendment: agreement stating the United States’ agreement stating the United States’ right to intervene in Cuban affairsright to intervene in Cuban affairs

Anti-Imperialist League:Anti-Imperialist League: group of influential Americans who group of influential Americans who believed the United States should not deny other people believed the United States should not deny other people the right to govern themselves. the right to govern themselves.

Vocabulary (Continued)Vocabulary (Continued) Sphere of Influence:Sphere of Influence: areas where foreign nations areas where foreign nations

claim special and economic privileges. claim special and economic privileges. Open Door Policy:Open Door Policy: U.S. policy proposed in 1899 U.S. policy proposed in 1899

which states that no single country should have a which states that no single country should have a monopoly on trade with China. monopoly on trade with China.

Boxer Rebellion:Boxer Rebellion: 1900 nationalist uprising in 1900 nationalist uprising in ChinaChina

Panama Canal:Panama Canal: Canal through the isthmus of Canal through the isthmus of Panama that connects the Atlantic and Pacific.Panama that connects the Atlantic and Pacific.

Roosevelt Corollary:Roosevelt Corollary: Unites States claim of right Unites States claim of right to interfere in the affairs of Latin American to interfere in the affairs of Latin American countries. countries.

America Becomes an Imperial America Becomes an Imperial PowerPower

Can someone tell me what Manifest Can someone tell me what Manifest Destiny means?Destiny means?• Since very early in U.S. history many Since very early in U.S. history many

Americans believed that it was their Americans believed that it was their manifest-destiny or “God given right” to manifest-destiny or “God given right” to push America westward all the way to push America westward all the way to the Pacific Ocean. the Pacific Ocean.

Once this goal had been achieved, Once this goal had been achieved, Americans began to look overseas Americans began to look overseas for additional sources of wealth. for additional sources of wealth.

Reasons for U.S. ExpansionReasons for U.S. Expansion

By the late 1800’s the imperialist powers By the late 1800’s the imperialist powers in Europe had already established many in Europe had already established many colonies, and the U.S. was eager to catch colonies, and the U.S. was eager to catch up with them. up with them.

European countries had been establishing European countries had been establishing colonies for centuries, more importantly, colonies for centuries, more importantly, they benefited financially from taking over they benefited financially from taking over other territories. other territories.

Reasons for ExpansionReasons for Expansion

““Many supporters of expansionism Many supporters of expansionism argued that it would increase the argued that it would increase the nations financial prosperity, nations financial prosperity, strengthen the nations military, and strengthen the nations military, and spread democratic ideas. They also spread democratic ideas. They also firmly believed in the superiority of firmly believed in the superiority of Western cultures.” Western cultures.” • Basically, Americans wanted to get more Basically, Americans wanted to get more

money, enlarge the military, and spread money, enlarge the military, and spread their culture. their culture.

Why did Americans Why did Americans support imperialism?support imperialism?

Economic Interests

Military Interests

Belief in Cultural

Superiority (to spread democracy or Christianity)

Reasons for ExpansionReasons for Expansion

EconomicEconomic MilitaryMilitary CulturalCultural

Maintain industrial Maintain industrial prosperityprosperity

Show other countries Show other countries the strength of the U.S.the strength of the U.S.

Belief that Belief that industrialized cultures industrialized cultures are better. are better.

Acquire raw materials Acquire raw materials from new marketsfrom new markets

Build strong U.S. navy Build strong U.S. navy to protect Shipping to protect Shipping laneslanes

Belief in cultural Belief in cultural inferiority of non-inferiority of non-industrial societies.industrial societies.

Find new markets for Find new markets for sale of American sale of American goods.goods.

Establish U.S. military Establish U.S. military bases overseas.bases overseas.

Belief in need to Belief in need to spread democracy and spread democracy and Christianity. Christianity.

American ExpansionismAmerican Expansionism

Alaska:Alaska: (America (America acquiresacquires Alaska) Alaska) • William Seward was a strong backer of William Seward was a strong backer of

American Imperialism (Expansionism) he American Imperialism (Expansionism) he bought Alaska from Russia in 1867.bought Alaska from Russia in 1867.

• He was criticized for buying Alaska for $7.2 He was criticized for buying Alaska for $7.2 million… Newspapers called Alaska, “Seward’s million… Newspapers called Alaska, “Seward’s Ice Box” Ice Box”

• This turned out to be a good buy, for about This turned out to be a good buy, for about twenty-two cents an acre the U.S. acquired a twenty-two cents an acre the U.S. acquired a land rich in minerals, timber, and oil. land rich in minerals, timber, and oil.

American ExpansionismAmerican Expansionism

Hawaii Hawaii ( America ( America AnnexesAnnexes Hawaii) Hawaii) • In the early 1800’s American In the early 1800’s American

missionaries had gone to Hawaii to try missionaries had gone to Hawaii to try to convert the local population to to convert the local population to Christianity.Christianity.

• Some of the missionaries decedents’ Some of the missionaries decedents’ established sugar plantations in Hawaii.established sugar plantations in Hawaii.

• By the end of the 1800’s American By the end of the 1800’s American planters dominated Hawaii’s economy. planters dominated Hawaii’s economy.

American ExpansionismAmerican Expansionism HawaiiHawaii (The Annexation of Hawaii) (The Annexation of Hawaii)

• In 1891 Queen Liliuokalani became the ruler of Hawaii In 1891 Queen Liliuokalani became the ruler of Hawaii and tried to limit the power of the American planters.and tried to limit the power of the American planters.

• The American planters were not happy with the The American planters were not happy with the limitations that the Queen established and in 1893 the limitations that the Queen established and in 1893 the planters staged a revolt and with the help of U.S. planters staged a revolt and with the help of U.S. Marines, they overthrew the Queen.Marines, they overthrew the Queen.

The planters then asked the United States to Annex Hawaii. The planters then asked the United States to Annex Hawaii. • President Grover Cleveland did not agree with what the President Grover Cleveland did not agree with what the

planters had done and did not annex Hawaii - He tried planters had done and did not annex Hawaii - He tried to restore the Queen. to restore the Queen.

Hawaii was not annexed until 1898, during the presidency Hawaii was not annexed until 1898, during the presidency of William McKinley.of William McKinley.

• Hawaii was valuable to the U.S. because it became an Hawaii was valuable to the U.S. because it became an important naval base in the Pacific. important naval base in the Pacific.

Stop & ThinkStop & Think

Explain the U.S. acquisition of Alaska, Explain the U.S. acquisition of Alaska, and interest in Hawaii. and interest in Hawaii.

Alaska offered rich resources and Alaska offered rich resources and Hawaii had value as a naval base. Hawaii had value as a naval base.

The Spanish – American WarThe Spanish – American War

America’s Interest in CubaAmerica’s Interest in Cuba• When the English colonies were When the English colonies were

established in the U.S. Spain was a very established in the U.S. Spain was a very powerful monarchy and had colonies powerful monarchy and had colonies around the world…around the world…

But by the 1890’s Spain was much weaker But by the 1890’s Spain was much weaker and the Spanish Empire was falling apart – and the Spanish Empire was falling apart – they only had a couple colonies including they only had a couple colonies including those in the Philippines, Cuba, and Puerto those in the Philippines, Cuba, and Puerto Rico... And many of those people had begun Rico... And many of those people had begun to demand their independence. to demand their independence.

America’s Interest in CubaAmerica’s Interest in Cuba

Both Puerto Rico and Cuba had Both Puerto Rico and Cuba had strong cultural ties with Spain, strong cultural ties with Spain, however bad economic conditions in however bad economic conditions in Cuba angered many Cubans, and Cuba angered many Cubans, and Cuba had a history of rebellions Cuba had a history of rebellions against Spain. against Spain. • Cuba fought several rebellions against Cuba fought several rebellions against

Spain to try to gain their independence. Spain to try to gain their independence.

America’s Interest in CubaAmerica’s Interest in Cuba

Many American capitalists began Many American capitalists began investing a lot of money in the sugar investing a lot of money in the sugar plantations on the island.plantations on the island.• Cuba’s economy depended on Sugar, Cuba’s economy depended on Sugar,

and the United States was Cuba’s main and the United States was Cuba’s main market. market.

However, the U.S. eventually placed However, the U.S. eventually placed a large tariff (tax) on Cuban sugar a large tariff (tax) on Cuban sugar and the Cuban economy was and the Cuban economy was destroyed. destroyed.

Cubans RebelCubans Rebel

Because of the bad economic conditions, Because of the bad economic conditions, many Cubans, under many Cubans, under Jose MartiJose Marti rebelled rebelled against Spainagainst Spain• Spain treated the rebels and other Cubans Spain treated the rebels and other Cubans

harshly, Many Cubans were forced from their harshly, Many Cubans were forced from their homes (over 300,000 Cubans were sent to homes (over 300,000 Cubans were sent to Concentration Camps.) Thousands died of Concentration Camps.) Thousands died of starvation and disease. starvation and disease.

Yellow JournalismYellow Journalism

Many newspapers back home began reporting Many newspapers back home began reporting on the issues in Cuba… many on the issues in Cuba… many exaggeratedexaggerated, or , or sensationalizedsensationalized the harsh conditions that the harsh conditions that were taking place in Cuba and many were taking place in Cuba and many Americans were outraged and demanded that Americans were outraged and demanded that the U.S. get involved. the U.S. get involved. • While the truth was that many Cubans were treated While the truth was that many Cubans were treated

harshly during this time period, the newspapers really harshly during this time period, the newspapers really did exaggerate it, for example one newspaper of the did exaggerate it, for example one newspaper of the time claimed that Spain was poisoning the wells in Cuba time claimed that Spain was poisoning the wells in Cuba and that the children were being fed to the sharks. This and that the children were being fed to the sharks. This deepened American sympathy for the rebels. deepened American sympathy for the rebels.

America Declares WarAmerica Declares War

William McKinley, the U.S. President during William McKinley, the U.S. President during that time did not want to go to war. that time did not want to go to war. • ““I have been through war,” he told a friend, “I I have been through war,” he told a friend, “I

have seen the dead piled up, and I do not want have seen the dead piled up, and I do not want to see another.” to see another.”

But American public opinion forced him to But American public opinion forced him to take action…he demanded that Spain halt take action…he demanded that Spain halt its harsh treatment of Cubans, and he also its harsh treatment of Cubans, and he also sent the U.S. battleship U.S.S Maine to sent the U.S. battleship U.S.S Maine to Cuba to protect the Americans there… Cuba to protect the Americans there…

““Remember the Maine”Remember the Maine”

On Feb 15On Feb 15thth 1898 The U.S.S. Maine 1898 The U.S.S. Maine exploded off the coast of Havana Cuba exploded off the coast of Havana Cuba and 266 American soldiers died – (no one and 266 American soldiers died – (no one really knows what caused this ship to sink, really knows what caused this ship to sink, however many of the journalists of the however many of the journalists of the time blamed Spain) today, many historians time blamed Spain) today, many historians believe that the U.S.S. Maine exploded by believe that the U.S.S. Maine exploded by accidentaccident• ““Remember the Maine became the call to Remember the Maine became the call to

arms.” – arms.” – War was inevitable…War was inevitable…

““U.S.S Maine” U.S.S Maine”

The Battles for the Philippines and The Battles for the Philippines and CubaCuba

Although the U.S. primarily went to Although the U.S. primarily went to war with Spain to help free Cuba…war with Spain to help free Cuba…• The first major battle of the Spanish The first major battle of the Spanish

American War was fought in the American War was fought in the Philippines.Philippines.

The Philippines also had a history of The Philippines also had a history of revolting against Spain. revolting against Spain.

The Battle in the PhilippinesThe Battle in the Philippines

On April 30On April 30thth 1898 the U.S. fleet in 1898 the U.S. fleet in the Pacific made its way to the the Pacific made its way to the Philippines and on the next day Philippines and on the next day George Dewey gave the order to George Dewey gave the order to attack the Spanish fleet at Manila, attack the Spanish fleet at Manila, the Philippine capital. the Philippine capital. • In 7 hours Dewey's fleet had destroyed In 7 hours Dewey's fleet had destroyed

the entire Spanish fleet. the entire Spanish fleet. • About 380 Spanish soldiers were dead or About 380 Spanish soldiers were dead or

wounded… wounded… NNo Americans died.o Americans died.

War in the CaribbeanWar in the Caribbean

When the Spanish American War began When the Spanish American War began the U.S. army consisted of 28,000 men, the U.S. army consisted of 28,000 men, within four months, over 200,000 men had within four months, over 200,000 men had joined. joined. • Among those who volunteered to fight in the Among those who volunteered to fight in the

Spanish American War was future president Spanish American War was future president Theodore Roosevelt who organized the first Theodore Roosevelt who organized the first voluntary cavalry known as the voluntary cavalry known as the Rough RidersRough Riders. .

Its recruits included cowboys, miners, college Its recruits included cowboys, miners, college students, New York policemen, athletes, and students, New York policemen, athletes, and Native Americans. Native Americans.

The War Comes to and EndThe War Comes to and End

The Spanish American War did not The Spanish American War did not last very long at all, the war lasted last very long at all, the war lasted only 16 weeks, and of the 300,000 only 16 weeks, and of the 300,000 American soldiers who served in the American soldiers who served in the war only 5,400 died…of this number, war only 5,400 died…of this number, only 379 were battle casualties, only 379 were battle casualties, while the rest died of disease and while the rest died of disease and other causes. In fact, Secretary of other causes. In fact, Secretary of State John Hay referred to it as… State John Hay referred to it as… • ““a splendid little war” a splendid little war”

The Treaty of ParisThe Treaty of Paris

On December 10On December 10thth 1898 the United 1898 the United States and Spain signed the Treaty of States and Spain signed the Treaty of Paris. The treaty called for…Paris. The treaty called for…

11. Cuba would become independent. Cuba would become independent 22. Spain would give Puerto Rico and . Spain would give Puerto Rico and

the pacific island of Guam to the U.S.the pacific island of Guam to the U.S. 33. The U.S. would pay Spain $20 . The U.S. would pay Spain $20

million for the annexation of the million for the annexation of the Philippine Islands. Philippine Islands.

The New American EmpireThe New American Empire

The question of what to do with the The question of what to do with the Philippines after its annexation to the Philippines after its annexation to the United States was a very difficult one. United States was a very difficult one. • Filipinos had fought along side the United Filipinos had fought along side the United

States in the war against Spain thinking that States in the war against Spain thinking that they were fighting for their independence…but they were fighting for their independence…but after the war President McKinley, “in the spirit after the war President McKinley, “in the spirit of imperialism” decided that they should “just of imperialism” decided that they should “just take them all” [the Philippines.] So after the take them all” [the Philippines.] So after the war the Filipinos just found themselves under a war the Filipinos just found themselves under a new ruler… the United States. new ruler… the United States.

Filipinos fight backFilipinos fight back

Filipinos were very discouraged when Filipinos were very discouraged when they learned that they would be they learned that they would be ruled by the U.S. ruled by the U.S. • Filipinos, led by Emilio Aguinaldo began Filipinos, led by Emilio Aguinaldo began

to fight against their new colonial rulers. to fight against their new colonial rulers. • American troops were not able to put American troops were not able to put

down the Filipino rebellion until 1902down the Filipino rebellion until 1902

CubaCuba

Cuba was granted its independence Cuba was granted its independence by the Treaty of Paris, however by the Treaty of Paris, however remained under the control of the remained under the control of the U.S. military… (to safeguard Cuba?) U.S. military… (to safeguard Cuba?) • The American position was that if the The American position was that if the

U.S. were to pull its troops out of Cuba U.S. were to pull its troops out of Cuba too soon it would jeopardize Cuban too soon it would jeopardize Cuban stability. stability.

CubaCuba

Cuba was forced to add the Cuba was forced to add the Platt Platt amendmentamendment to its constitution to its constitution

The Platt Amendment gave the The Platt Amendment gave the United States the right to intervene United States the right to intervene in Cuban affairs anytime there was a in Cuban affairs anytime there was a threat to, “life, property, and threat to, “life, property, and individual liberty.” individual liberty.”

Cuba also had to allow a naval base Cuba also had to allow a naval base at Guantanamo Bay. at Guantanamo Bay.

Puerto RicoPuerto Rico Puerto Rico became a U.S. territoryPuerto Rico became a U.S. territory The U.S. created a government in Puerto The U.S. created a government in Puerto

Rico and appointed all the top officials.Rico and appointed all the top officials.• There were some small scale rebellions in There were some small scale rebellions in

Puerto Rico led by Luis Munoz RiveraPuerto Rico led by Luis Munoz Rivera In 1917 the United States agreed to make In 1917 the United States agreed to make

Puerto Rico a Puerto Rico a self governing territoryself governing territory, , allowed them to have an independent allowed them to have an independent government,government, and granted U.S. citizenship and granted U.S. citizenship to all Puerto Ricans. to all Puerto Ricans. • Luis Munoz Rivera helped Puerto Rico gain an Luis Munoz Rivera helped Puerto Rico gain an

independent government. independent government.

The Anti-Imperialist LeagueThe Anti-Imperialist League

The way the U.S. treated Spain’s former The way the U.S. treated Spain’s former colonies after the war disappointed many colonies after the war disappointed many people in the U.S.people in the U.S.

Several influential Americans, including Several influential Americans, including former president Grover Cleveland, former president Grover Cleveland, businessman Andrew Carnegie, and Social businessman Andrew Carnegie, and Social reformer Jane Adams were among its reformer Jane Adams were among its members.members.

Members in the league believed that Members in the league believed that America should not deny other countries America should not deny other countries the right to govern themselves. the right to govern themselves.

An end to the Anti-Imperialist An end to the Anti-Imperialist LeagueLeague

The voice of the Anti-Imperialist The voice of the Anti-Imperialist League was silenced because of the League was silenced because of the widespread approval of imperialism. widespread approval of imperialism. • Most Americans were for imperialism Most Americans were for imperialism

because they wanted to build the because they wanted to build the “American Empire”“American Empire”

Many Americans hoped to surpass Many Americans hoped to surpass the glory of the former “Spanish the glory of the former “Spanish Empire.” Empire.”

Stop & ThinkStop & Think

What Role did the newspapers play What Role did the newspapers play in leading to the Spanish American in leading to the Spanish American War? War?

Newspapers printed exaggerated Newspapers printed exaggerated stories about Spanish cruelty, which stories about Spanish cruelty, which made Americans feel sorry for the made Americans feel sorry for the Cubans and demand the U.S. get Cubans and demand the U.S. get involved. involved.

Stop & ThinkStop & Think

Where was the first major battle Where was the first major battle during the Spanish American War?during the Spanish American War?

The PhilippinesThe Philippines

Stop & Think Stop & Think

What did the Filipino people believe What did the Filipino people believe as they were fighting side by side as they were fighting side by side with Americans during the Spanish with Americans during the Spanish American War?American War?

They believed that they were fighting They believed that they were fighting for their independence and that the for their independence and that the U.S. was helping them become a free U.S. was helping them become a free country. country.

Stop & ThinkStop & Think

What Happened to the Philippines What Happened to the Philippines after the War?after the War?

They became an American Colony. They became an American Colony.

Stop & ThinkStop & Think

Where is the U.S. naval base Where is the U.S. naval base Guantanamo Bay?Guantanamo Bay?

CubaCuba Why did U.S. leaders require Cuba to Why did U.S. leaders require Cuba to

sign the Platt Amendmentsign the Platt Amendment Because they wanted the power to Because they wanted the power to

interfere in Cuban affairs. interfere in Cuban affairs.

Okay – Now here is a hard oneOkay – Now here is a hard one

How did the U.S. betray its How did the U.S. betray its democratic principals by adding the democratic principals by adding the Platt Amendment to the Cuban Platt Amendment to the Cuban Constitution?Constitution?

The United States claimed to stand The United States claimed to stand for freedom, but by adding the Platt for freedom, but by adding the Platt Amendment they were limiting the Amendment they were limiting the freedom of Cuba. freedom of Cuba.

Stop & thinkStop & think

What happened to Puerto Rico after What happened to Puerto Rico after the War?the War?

It became a U.S. territoryIt became a U.S. territory Who helped Puerto Rico gain an Who helped Puerto Rico gain an

independent governmentindependent government Luis Munoz RiveraLuis Munoz Rivera

A power in the PacificA power in the Pacific

In the 1890’s Japan proved to be a In the 1890’s Japan proved to be a power in the Pacific after a power in the Pacific after a successful war with China. successful war with China. • After the Chinese-Japanese War Japan After the Chinese-Japanese War Japan

really expanded its sphere of influence really expanded its sphere of influence in China… in China… what does this mean?what does this mean?

Japan had its own part of China Japan had its own part of China where only they can trade. where only they can trade.

Spheres of Influence with China Spheres of Influence with China

By the 1890’s France, Germany, Britain, By the 1890’s France, Germany, Britain, Japan, and Russia had already established Japan, and Russia had already established prosperous settlements along the coast of prosperous settlements along the coast of China. China.

They also enjoyed exclusive rights to They also enjoyed exclusive rights to railroad construction and mining railroad construction and mining development in China. development in China.

So basically, all of these other countries So basically, all of these other countries are making money of off China…what do are making money of off China…what do you think the U.S. is going to want to do?you think the U.S. is going to want to do?

The U.S. interest in ChinaThe U.S. interest in China

The United States wanted to have their The United States wanted to have their own own Sphere of InfluenceSphere of Influence with China… with China…• What does this mean? What does this mean?

Secretary of State John Hay was worried Secretary of State John Hay was worried that the U.S. would not benefit from trade that the U.S. would not benefit from trade with China so he asked all the other with China so he asked all the other countries to allow an countries to allow an Open Door PolicyOpen Door Policy with regard to trade with China – with regard to trade with China – What What does this mean?does this mean?

U.S. asks for an Open Door PolicyU.S. asks for an Open Door Policy

As you already know, the U.S. wanted to trade As you already know, the U.S. wanted to trade with China but all of the other powers already had with China but all of the other powers already had extensive spheres of influence with China… so extensive spheres of influence with China… so the U.S. secretary of State John Hay asked all of the U.S. secretary of State John Hay asked all of the countries involved in trade with China to the countries involved in trade with China to follow an open door policy with regard to trade follow an open door policy with regard to trade with China. with China.

This meant that no single country would have a This meant that no single country would have a monopoly in trade with China…that is, that every monopoly in trade with China…that is, that every country would have equal access to trade with country would have equal access to trade with China. China.

Most countries reluctantly accepted the open Most countries reluctantly accepted the open door policy. door policy.

The Boxer RebellionThe Boxer Rebellion A secret society of people in China called the “Boxers” A secret society of people in China called the “Boxers”

became very angry with the spread of Western became very angry with the spread of Western influences in China. They were especially upset influences in China. They were especially upset because of the special treatment that the foreigners because of the special treatment that the foreigners were given and with how those foreigners showed were given and with how those foreigners showed disrespect towards their culture. They started a revolt disrespect towards their culture. They started a revolt to try to kick out the “foreign devil.” This led to the to try to kick out the “foreign devil.” This led to the Boxer Rebellion.Boxer Rebellion.

The The Boxer RebellionBoxer Rebellion was an uprising in China where was an uprising in China where the “Boxers” tried to get rid of the foreign influence in the “Boxers” tried to get rid of the foreign influence in China…they failed, the rebellion was put down by an China…they failed, the rebellion was put down by an international force including the U.S. – 230 foreigners international force including the U.S. – 230 foreigners and thousands of Chinese people died as a result of and thousands of Chinese people died as a result of the rebellion. the rebellion.

America Secures the PhilippinesAmerica Secures the Philippines

U.S. imperialists saw the taking of the U.S. imperialists saw the taking of the Philippines as a gateway to the rest of Philippines as a gateway to the rest of Asia, especially China. (China was seen as Asia, especially China. (China was seen as a potential large market for American a potential large market for American products.) products.)

An Indiana senator is quoted as saying, An Indiana senator is quoted as saying, “The Philippines are ours forever…and just “The Philippines are ours forever…and just beyond the Philippines are China’s beyond the Philippines are China’s [unlimited] markets. We will not retreat [unlimited] markets. We will not retreat from either…The power that rules the from either…The power that rules the Pacific is the power that rules the world.” Pacific is the power that rules the world.” • What do you think this quote means?What do you think this quote means?

U.S. interests in Latin AmericaU.S. interests in Latin America

As the U.S. became a world power, and as As the U.S. became a world power, and as it sought to increase trade with China, and it sought to increase trade with China, and improve communication with the U.S. improve communication with the U.S. colonies in the Pacific, it became colonies in the Pacific, it became imperativeimperative for the U.S. to find a shorter for the U.S. to find a shorter way to get from the East Coast of the U.S. way to get from the East Coast of the U.S. to Asia.to Asia.

What is the U.S. going to do to make trade What is the U.S. going to do to make trade routes shorter and increase trade in Asia? routes shorter and increase trade in Asia?

The Panama CanalThe Panama Canal

What does the Panama Canal mean for What does the Panama Canal mean for U.S. ships. U.S. ships.

It would mean that U.S. ships would not It would mean that U.S. ships would not have to go all the way around South have to go all the way around South America to get to the Pacific. It would America to get to the Pacific. It would greatly reduce travel time for commercial greatly reduce travel time for commercial and military transport. and military transport.

The Spanish American War which was The Spanish American War which was fought in both oceans also proved that it fought in both oceans also proved that it was necessary to have this short cut. was necessary to have this short cut.

The Panama Canal The Panama Canal

The decision to build the canal was The decision to build the canal was an easy one, a more difficult decision an easy one, a more difficult decision was where? The best place to build was where? The best place to build the canal was at the lower end of the canal was at the lower end of Central America – which belonged to Central America – which belonged to Colombia – and Colombia was not Colombia – and Colombia was not willing to allow the U.S. to create the willing to allow the U.S. to create the Canal on their land. Canal on their land. • (Then Panama was a province of (Then Panama was a province of

Colombia.) Colombia.)

The Panama CanalThe Panama Canal Because Colombia would not allow the U.S. to Because Colombia would not allow the U.S. to

build the canal, the U.S. helped organize a build the canal, the U.S. helped organize a Panamanian rebellion against Colombia. Panamanian rebellion against Colombia. • Nearly a dozen U.S. warships were present when Nearly a dozen U.S. warships were present when

Panama declared its independence. Panama declared its independence. The U.S. helped negotiate a treaty and made sure The U.S. helped negotiate a treaty and made sure

that Panama would remain free…they also made that Panama would remain free…they also made sure that the U.S. would keep perpetual control of sure that the U.S. would keep perpetual control of the ten mile zone called the Canal Zone.the ten mile zone called the Canal Zone.

Finally, the U.S. applied the same principles as Finally, the U.S. applied the same principles as those they imposed in Cuba those they imposed in Cuba (The Platt Amendment.)(The Platt Amendment.) So the U.S. now had the right to intervene in any So the U.S. now had the right to intervene in any Panamanian affairs. Panamanian affairs.

Construction of the CanalConstruction of the Canal Building the Panama Canal was a huge Building the Panama Canal was a huge

challenge. In fact, it is known as one of the challenge. In fact, it is known as one of the worlds greatest engineering feats. worlds greatest engineering feats.

For ten years thousands of workers cut 50 For ten years thousands of workers cut 50 miles through Panama. miles through Panama.

The land was swampy and full of The land was swampy and full of mosquitoes that carried malaria. mosquitoes that carried malaria.

More than 5,600 workers (at least 4,500 of More than 5,600 workers (at least 4,500 of whom were African American) died from whom were African American) died from accidents and disease. accidents and disease.

The total cost of the canal was nearly $400 The total cost of the canal was nearly $400 million. million.

The Panama Canal The Panama Canal

The Panama CanalThe Panama Canal

On August 15, 1914 the canal opened for On August 15, 1914 the canal opened for business.business.

Control of the Panama Canal enhanced the Control of the Panama Canal enhanced the power of the United States, but the power of the United States, but the circumstances under which the canal was circumstances under which the canal was built damaged U.S. – Latin American built damaged U.S. – Latin American relations.relations.

In 1921 Congress paid Colombia $25 In 1921 Congress paid Colombia $25 million for the loss of its territory, but the million for the loss of its territory, but the resentment that resulted from Roosevelt resentment that resulted from Roosevelt taking Panama lasted for decades. taking Panama lasted for decades.

U.S. Interest in Latin AmericaU.S. Interest in Latin America

The Panama Canal was only one sign The Panama Canal was only one sign of U.S. involvement in Latin America. of U.S. involvement in Latin America. As the U.S. economy continued to As the U.S. economy continued to grow, so did U.S. interest in the grow, so did U.S. interest in the resources of their southern neighbor. resources of their southern neighbor. • Businesses in the U.S. figured out that Businesses in the U.S. figured out that

they could buy food and raw materials they could buy food and raw materials such as bananas, coffee, and copper such as bananas, coffee, and copper very cheap from Latin America and then very cheap from Latin America and then sell them for higher prices. sell them for higher prices.

Policing the Western HemispherePolicing the Western Hemisphere

President Roosevelt worried that President Roosevelt worried that instability in Latin America might instability in Latin America might tempt European nations to intervene tempt European nations to intervene in the region. in the region.

During his presidency, Theodore During his presidency, Theodore Roosevelt made it clear that the Roosevelt made it clear that the United States would remain the United States would remain the dominant power in the western dominant power in the western hemisphere. hemisphere.

President Roosevelt’s Foreign President Roosevelt’s Foreign PolicyPolicy

President Roosevelt summed up his President Roosevelt summed up his foreign policy by saying, “speak foreign policy by saying, “speak softly and carry a big stick; you will softly and carry a big stick; you will go far.” go far.” • What do you think this means? What do you think this means?

President Roosevelt was warning that President Roosevelt was warning that the United States would use military the United States would use military power if its interests were power if its interests were threatened. threatened.

Roosevelt's Big Stick Diplomacy

President Roosevelt is depicted as a police officer exercising international police power.

This cartoon represents the Roosevelt Corollary, which states that the U.S. has the right to “police” the entire western hemisphere.

It also shows that the U.S. would use force if necessary.

Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine Doctrine

Roosevelt reminded European powers of Roosevelt reminded European powers of the the Monroe DoctrineMonroe Doctrine – the policy that – the policy that barred European nations from intervening barred European nations from intervening in Latin America. in Latin America.

In 1905 Roosevelt added the In 1905 Roosevelt added the Roosevelt Roosevelt CorollaryCorollary. It allowed the United States to . It allowed the United States to serve as a “police man” in Latin America. serve as a “police man” in Latin America.

The United States could now intervene in The United States could now intervene in all Latin American affairs in order to all Latin American affairs in order to protect U.S. economic interests. protect U.S. economic interests.

Using the Roosevelt CorollaryUsing the Roosevelt Corollary

The Dominican RepublicThe Dominican Republic• In 1905 the U.S. used the Roosevelt In 1905 the U.S. used the Roosevelt

Corollary to justify taking over the Corollary to justify taking over the Dominican Republic’s finances. The Dominican Republic’s finances. The Dominican Republic failed to pay its Dominican Republic failed to pay its foreign debts and the U.S. stepped in foreign debts and the U.S. stepped in and helped resolve the issue. and helped resolve the issue.

• The Dominican Republic faced the The Dominican Republic faced the longest period of financial supervision of longest period of financial supervision of all Latin American Countries. all Latin American Countries.

Using the Roosevelt CorollaryUsing the Roosevelt Corollary

NicaraguaNicaragua• In 1911 a rebellion in Nicaragua left the In 1911 a rebellion in Nicaragua left the

country bankrupt…President William H. Taft country bankrupt…President William H. Taft arranged for U.S. banks to lend Nicaragua arranged for U.S. banks to lend Nicaragua enough money to pay its debts, in return the enough money to pay its debts, in return the bankers were given the right to recover their bankers were given the right to recover their money by collecting Nicaragua’s customs money by collecting Nicaragua’s customs duties. duties.

• The U.S. bankers also gained control of The U.S. bankers also gained control of Nicaragua’s state owned railroad system and Nicaragua’s state owned railroad system and its national bank. its national bank.

Nicaragua (Continued) Nicaragua (Continued)

Nicaraguan citizens did not agree Nicaraguan citizens did not agree with the deal and revolted against with the deal and revolted against the president Adolfo Diaz. the president Adolfo Diaz.

The U.S. sent over 2000 U.S. Marines The U.S. sent over 2000 U.S. Marines to stop the rebellion. to stop the rebellion.

U.S. Marines remained in the country U.S. Marines remained in the country until 1933. until 1933.

Using the Roosevelt CorollaryUsing the Roosevelt Corollary

President Taft’s successor President President Taft’s successor President Woodrow Wilson also used the Roosevelt Woodrow Wilson also used the Roosevelt Corollary to intervene in Latin American Corollary to intervene in Latin American affairs. affairs.

According to President Wilson’s According to President Wilson’s “missionary diplomacy” the U.S. had a “missionary diplomacy” the U.S. had a moral responsibility not to recognize any moral responsibility not to recognize any Latin American government it considered Latin American government it considered oppressive, undemocratic, or hostile to oppressive, undemocratic, or hostile to U.S. interests. U.S. interests.

The Mexican RevolutionThe Mexican Revolution

During the 30 year regime of Porfirio During the 30 year regime of Porfirio Diaz, Americans had invested heavily Diaz, Americans had invested heavily in Mexico’s oil wells, mines, railroads, in Mexico’s oil wells, mines, railroads, and ranches. and ranches.

Wealthy landowners, the church, and Wealthy landowners, the church, and the military supported Diaz, but the the military supported Diaz, but the vast majority of peasants and vast majority of peasants and workers forced him to resign in 1910.workers forced him to resign in 1910.

The Mexican RevolutionThe Mexican Revolution In 1911 Francisco Madero, a reformer and In 1911 Francisco Madero, a reformer and

wealthy landowner became president of Mexico. wealthy landowner became president of Mexico. He was in office two years but he could not satisfy He was in office two years but he could not satisfy

the conflicting demands of landowners, peasants, the conflicting demands of landowners, peasants, factory workers, and the urban middle class.factory workers, and the urban middle class.

After his two years as president General After his two years as president General Victoriano Huerta took over by force and Victoriano Huerta took over by force and executed Madero. executed Madero.

Americans with business interests in Mexico Americans with business interests in Mexico urged President Wilson to recognize the Huerta urged President Wilson to recognize the Huerta government but Wilson was dedicated to his government but Wilson was dedicated to his policy of policy of Missionary DiplomacyMissionary Diplomacy and refused to and refused to recognize, “a government of butchers.” recognize, “a government of butchers.”

The Mexican RevolutionThe Mexican Revolution Wilson adopted a plan of “Watchful Wilson adopted a plan of “Watchful

Waiting” looking for an opportunity to act Waiting” looking for an opportunity to act against the Huerta government. against the Huerta government.

In 1914 Mexican officials arrested a group In 1914 Mexican officials arrested a group of American sailors and Wilson used that of American sailors and Wilson used that as an excuse to intervene in Mexico and as an excuse to intervene in Mexico and ordered U.S. marines to occupy Veracruz. ordered U.S. marines to occupy Veracruz. More than 100 Mexicans died in the More than 100 Mexicans died in the invasion. invasion.

The incident brought the U.S. and Mexico The incident brought the U.S. and Mexico close to war, Argentina, Brazil, and Chile close to war, Argentina, Brazil, and Chile stepped in to mediate the conflict. stepped in to mediate the conflict.

The Mexican RevolutionThe Mexican Revolution They proposed that Huerta step down and They proposed that Huerta step down and

the U.S. troops withdraw without paying the U.S. troops withdraw without paying Mexico for damages.Mexico for damages.

Mexico refused and President Wilson Mexico refused and President Wilson refused to recognize a government that refused to recognize a government that had come to power as a result of violence. had come to power as a result of violence.

The Huerta government soon collapsed The Huerta government soon collapsed and Venustiano Carranza, an nationalist and Venustiano Carranza, an nationalist leader became president in 1914.leader became president in 1914.

The U.S. then withdrew its troops and The U.S. then withdrew its troops and formally recognized the Carranza formally recognized the Carranza government. government.

Pancho Villa & Emiliano ZapataPancho Villa & Emiliano Zapata

Pancho Villa & Eminliano ZapataPancho Villa & Eminliano Zapata

Problems in Mexico got worse as Emiliano Problems in Mexico got worse as Emiliano Zapata and Francisco “Pancho” Villa led Zapata and Francisco “Pancho” Villa led revolts against Carranza. Zapata was an revolts against Carranza. Zapata was an Indian dedicated to land reform and Villa Indian dedicated to land reform and Villa was an anti-Carranza revolutionary. was an anti-Carranza revolutionary.

Pancho Villa was angry because the U.S. Pancho Villa was angry because the U.S. had recognized the Carranza government had recognized the Carranza government and threatened revenge against the U.S.and threatened revenge against the U.S.

The Mexican RevolutionThe Mexican Revolution President Carranza promised to protect foreigners President Carranza promised to protect foreigners

lives in Mexico and invited a group of U.S. lives in Mexico and invited a group of U.S. engineers to operate an abandoned mine in engineers to operate an abandoned mine in Northern Mexico.Northern Mexico.

Villa’s men took the Americans off of the train Villa’s men took the Americans off of the train and shot them. Two months later some of Villa’s and shot them. Two months later some of Villa’s men raided Columbus, New Mexico and killed men raided Columbus, New Mexico and killed several Americans. several Americans.

Although Villa was not directly involved, most Although Villa was not directly involved, most Americans blamed him for his followers actions. Americans blamed him for his followers actions.

Carranza reluctantly allowed the U.S. to send Carranza reluctantly allowed the U.S. to send troops to Mexico to try to capture Villa. troops to Mexico to try to capture Villa.

The Mexican RevolutionThe Mexican Revolution General John J. Pershing led an expeditionary General John J. Pershing led an expeditionary

force of about 15,000 men – they looked for Villa force of about 15,000 men – they looked for Villa for about a year and were unsuccessful. for about a year and were unsuccessful.

Wilson then called out 150,000 National Wilson then called out 150,000 National Guardsmen and stationed them along the Guardsmen and stationed them along the Mexican border. Mexican border.

Mexicans were very angry because of U.S. Mexicans were very angry because of U.S. invasion of their lands, in 1916 U.S. troops invasion of their lands, in 1916 U.S. troops clashed with Carranza’s army resulting in deaths clashed with Carranza’s army resulting in deaths on both sides.on both sides.

Carranza demanded the withdrawal of U.S. Carranza demanded the withdrawal of U.S. troops, Wilson refused. troops, Wilson refused.

The Mexican RevolutionThe Mexican Revolution

U.S. troops never captured Villa – he U.S. troops never captured Villa – he continued his raids until Carranza was continued his raids until Carranza was overthrown in 1920. overthrown in 1920.

Villa is known for turning his horses’ shoes Villa is known for turning his horses’ shoes the opposite way so that it looked like he the opposite way so that it looked like he was going one way, when in fact he was was going one way, when in fact he was going in the opposite direction. going in the opposite direction.

Pershing’s pursuit of Villa intensified Anti-Pershing’s pursuit of Villa intensified Anti-American feelings in Mexico. American feelings in Mexico.

Villa was assassinated in 1920. Villa was assassinated in 1920.

The ResultsThe Results

Americans rarely questioned U.S. actions Americans rarely questioned U.S. actions in Latin America. They saw their nation as in Latin America. They saw their nation as a “good police officer” maintaining peace a “good police officer” maintaining peace and preventing disorder. and preventing disorder.

However many Latin American Countries However many Latin American Countries did not agree. They saw the U.S. as did not agree. They saw the U.S. as nothing more than nothing more than greedy imperialists.greedy imperialists.

This mistrust continues to trouble U.S. This mistrust continues to trouble U.S. relations with its neighbors. relations with its neighbors.

The ResultsThe Results

For better or worse, imperialism had For better or worse, imperialism had drawn the United States deeper into drawn the United States deeper into world affairs. world affairs.

At the same time, imperialism At the same time, imperialism pushed Europeans towards the most pushed Europeans towards the most destructive war they had ever destructive war they had ever experienced – a war the U.S. could experienced – a war the U.S. could not avoid. not avoid.

Stop and Think Stop and Think

What led to the Boxer RebellionWhat led to the Boxer Rebellion Chinese resentment of foreigners’ Chinese resentment of foreigners’

attitudes of cultural superiority. attitudes of cultural superiority. What did the Monroe Doctrine to the What did the Monroe Doctrine to the

Roosevelt Corollary allow?Roosevelt Corollary allow? The United States to serve as a The United States to serve as a

policeman in Latin America policeman in Latin America

Stop & ThinkStop & Think

What did John Hay propose as a What did John Hay propose as a result of other countries expansion of result of other countries expansion of their spheres of influence?their spheres of influence?

He asked them to follow an open He asked them to follow an open door policy.door policy.

How did Theodore Roosevelt sum up How did Theodore Roosevelt sum up his foreign policy?his foreign policy?

Speak softly and carry a big stickSpeak softly and carry a big stick

Stop and thinkStop and think

How did the U.S. respond to Pancho How did the U.S. respond to Pancho Villa’s raids in New MexicoVilla’s raids in New Mexico

The U.S. sent troops to Mexico.The U.S. sent troops to Mexico.

Name GameName Game

1.1. ____ is the policy by which strong ____ is the policy by which strong nations extend their control over nations extend their control over weaker territories.weaker territories.

2.2. ____ was responsible for the U.S. ____ was responsible for the U.S. acquiring of Alaska in 1867acquiring of Alaska in 1867

3.3. In 1898 the ____ exploded and sak In 1898 the ____ exploded and sak off the coast of Cuba. off the coast of Cuba.

4.4. The ____ was opposed to foreign The ____ was opposed to foreign presence in Chinapresence in China

Name GameName Game

5. ____ were members in the first 5. ____ were members in the first voluntary cavalry. voluntary cavalry.

6. The ____ was fought over Cuba’s 6. The ____ was fought over Cuba’s right to independence.right to independence.

7. Construction of the ____ facilitated 7. Construction of the ____ facilitated trade between the U.S and Latin trade between the U.S and Latin America. America.

Name GameName Game

8. In 1902 the U.S. insisted that Cuba 8. In 1902 the U.S. insisted that Cuba add the ____ to its new constitution. add the ____ to its new constitution.

9. Reporting exaggerated or 9. Reporting exaggerated or sensationalized news is know as ____sensationalized news is know as ____

10. In 1898 the U.S. proposed an ___ 10. In 1898 the U.S. proposed an ___ to promote unrestricted trade with to promote unrestricted trade with China. China.