America and America and World War IIWorld War II

APUSHAPUSH

Mr. McElhaneyMr. McElhaney

Questions- Pre-World Questions- Pre-World War II War II

Basic questions you should be able to answer:Basic questions you should be able to answer: How does the US public respond to Japanese, How does the US public respond to Japanese,

Italian, and German militarism and aggression in Italian, and German militarism and aggression in the 1930’s?the 1930’s?

Was it inevitable that the United States was going Was it inevitable that the United States was going to join the War? to join the War?

How does the Roosevelt administration try to stay How does the Roosevelt administration try to stay out of the growing conflicts in Europe and Asia out of the growing conflicts in Europe and Asia and what finally pushes the US into the conflict?and what finally pushes the US into the conflict?

How was FDR’s “Good Neighbor” policy a How was FDR’s “Good Neighbor” policy a departure for American politicians since the departure for American politicians since the 1890’s?1890’s?

United States Status United States Status After WWIAfter WWI

After WWI US is considered After WWI US is considered IsolationistIsolationist by by many, because of the desire to stay out of many, because of the desire to stay out of international politics (not a member of League of international politics (not a member of League of Nations…Wilson and Republicans)Nations…Wilson and Republicans)

Few international treaties:Few international treaties: Washington Naval Conference-limits naval armamentsWashington Naval Conference-limits naval armaments Kellogg-Briand Pact-outlaws warKellogg-Briand Pact-outlaws war Dawes Plan- reorganizes German WWI debt paymentsDawes Plan- reorganizes German WWI debt payments Trade drives American motivesTrade drives American motives Reduction of interference in Latin America (Good Reduction of interference in Latin America (Good

Neighbor)Neighbor) Above all- popular opinion in US is to stay out of Above all- popular opinion in US is to stay out of

foreign wars!foreign wars!

FDR and Foreign AffairsFDR and Foreign Affairs Similar to Wilson, FDR wanted to use power Similar to Wilson, FDR wanted to use power

to maintain orderto maintain order Moral and just principlesMoral and just principles However, must abide by public opinion which is However, must abide by public opinion which is

IsolationistIsolationist

Appoints Appoints Cordell HullCordell Hull as Secretary of State as Secretary of State Basic views:Basic views:

Isolation is not a lasting policyIsolation is not a lasting policy Technology impacts distance of oceansTechnology impacts distance of oceans Important to maintain American interests Important to maintain American interests

Reciprocal Reduction of Tariffs- will help the Reciprocal Reduction of Tariffs- will help the economy= countries that reduce tariffs, US economy= countries that reduce tariffs, US will also reduce tariffs= more trade for both will also reduce tariffs= more trade for both partnerspartners

““Good Neighbor” PolicyGood Neighbor” Policy FDR wanted to continue the cordial FDR wanted to continue the cordial

relations with the world and Latin America relations with the world and Latin America in particularin particular

Continued attempt begun with HooverContinued attempt begun with Hoover Cooperation and non-interventionistCooperation and non-interventionist Example: 1933 Montivideo International Example: 1933 Montivideo International

Conference- UruguayConference- Uruguay Repudiated the Roosevelt Corollary to the Repudiated the Roosevelt Corollary to the

Monroe Doctrine Monroe Doctrine Withdrew troops from HaitiWithdrew troops from Haiti Did not send troops to CubaDid not send troops to Cuba 1936 FDR visited Buenos Aires, arranged 1936 FDR visited Buenos Aires, arranged

meeting of LA nations supporting peace meeting of LA nations supporting peace movementmovement

Mussolini-Italian Right Mussolini-Italian Right Wing DictatorWing Dictator

Came to power in 1922Came to power in 1922 Right Wing, anti-Socialist and CommunistRight Wing, anti-Socialist and Communist Wanted greatness like the Roman Empire Wanted greatness like the Roman Empire

for Italyfor Italy Repressive but not too extreme- (no Repressive but not too extreme- (no

concentration camps)concentration camps) NationalistNationalist Invades Somalia (1935) and Ethiopia in Invades Somalia (1935) and Ethiopia in

19361936

Haile SelassieHaile Selassie Ethiopian Emperor- Condemned the Ethiopian Emperor- Condemned the

invasion of his country in the invasion of his country in the League of NationsLeague of Nations

This was a perfect example of the This was a perfect example of the failure of the League- no way to failure of the League- no way to enforce peace- beyond economic enforce peace- beyond economic sanctionssanctions

Haile Selassie is regarded as the Haile Selassie is regarded as the Messiah of the African race by Messiah of the African race by followers of the Rastafarian followers of the Rastafarian movement. The word ''Rastafarian'' movement. The word ''Rastafarian'' comes from Selassie's pre-comes from Selassie's pre-coronation name, Ras Tafari. coronation name, Ras Tafari.

Hitler Rises to PowerHitler Rises to Power

Germany has problemsGermany has problems Economic DepressionEconomic Depression Conflict with Socialist/Communists Conflict with Socialist/Communists

against Right Wing Groups- Nazis are one against Right Wing Groups- Nazis are one groupgroup

Nazis gain significant power in Reichstag Nazis gain significant power in Reichstag (German legislature) 1933 and Hitler (German legislature) 1933 and Hitler ascends to Chancellor (similar to Prime ascends to Chancellor (similar to Prime Minister-executive branch)Minister-executive branch)

Factors that Contributed to Factors that Contributed to Hitler’s RiseHitler’s Rise

Economic depressionEconomic depression Treaty of Versailles (Peace Treaty Treaty of Versailles (Peace Treaty

Germany and Allies World War I)Germany and Allies World War I) Striped Germany of land (East Prussia, Danzig Striped Germany of land (East Prussia, Danzig

and empire)and empire) Striped Germany of military, navy, air forceStriped Germany of military, navy, air force Allies had a right to intervene (Saar Basin Allies had a right to intervene (Saar Basin

Rhineland, many resources)Rhineland, many resources) German had to take explicit blame for the warGerman had to take explicit blame for the war Pay War RepartitionsPay War Repartitions

Socialists/Communists vs Right Wing Socialists/Communists vs Right Wing groups were fighting for controlgroups were fighting for control

Created conditions for popularity of Nazis Created conditions for popularity of Nazis for some German votersfor some German voters

Hitler and HindenburgHitler and Hindenburg

New Chancellor and Old President of New Chancellor and Old President of Weimar RepublicWeimar Republic

Hitler-Once in PowerHitler-Once in Power Hitler vows to make Germany great againHitler vows to make Germany great again To “Claim its rightful place in the Sun.”To “Claim its rightful place in the Sun.” Reichstag fire = Hitler has emergency powersReichstag fire = Hitler has emergency powers Hitler begins to implement his plan- (found in Hitler begins to implement his plan- (found in

his book his book Mein KampfMein Kampf)) Rearm GermanyRearm Germany Unite the German people in one country (all Unite the German people in one country (all

German speaking people; German speaking people; 1938 1938 Anschluss-Anschluss- politicalpolitical unity between Austria and Germany, later unity between Austria and Germany, later (Sudetenland) Czechoslovakia and East Prussia (Sudetenland) Czechoslovakia and East Prussia (part of Poland) (part of Poland)

Ethnically Cleanse German Territory (all non-Ethnically Cleanse German Territory (all non-Aryan…Jews, Gypsies) Aryan…Jews, Gypsies)

Expand East “Expand East “LebensraubLebensraub”- into Russian lands, ”- into Russian lands, Destroy communistsDestroy communists

European AppeasementEuropean Appeasement One of the huge lessons of World War II that is One of the huge lessons of World War II that is

brought up again and again is the idea of brought up again and again is the idea of AppeasementAppeasement (giving in to demands as an (giving in to demands as an expedient to avoid a conflict or difficult struggle)expedient to avoid a conflict or difficult struggle)

The powers of The powers of France, Great BritainFrance, Great Britain and others in and others in Europe have been accused of appeasing Hitler Europe have been accused of appeasing Hitler when they should have stopped his early demands.when they should have stopped his early demands.

The idea is that perhaps Hitler could have been The idea is that perhaps Hitler could have been stopped. Before he was too powerful.stopped. Before he was too powerful.

By giving in to Hitler’s demands, it encouraged him By giving in to Hitler’s demands, it encouraged him to push further and brought another Global Warto push further and brought another Global War

British Prime Minister British Prime Minister Nevielle ChamberlainNevielle Chamberlain will will always be remembered for his appeasement of always be remembered for his appeasement of Hitler. (“Peace in Our Time”) Munich AgreementHitler. (“Peace in Our Time”) Munich Agreement

Why did the Allies appease Why did the Allies appease Hitler?Hitler?

Treaty of Versailles-Treaty of Versailles- Peace was too harsh Peace was too harsh All consuming desire for peaceAll consuming desire for peace RearmamentRearmament Nationalism- create one nation, racial, Nationalism- create one nation, racial,

ethnic homogeneity, with strength and a ethnic homogeneity, with strength and a traditional spiritual locationtraditional spiritual location

Anschluss-Anschluss- Chamberlain and Munich= Sudetenland, Chamberlain and Munich= Sudetenland, 1939 Poland and the Polish Corridor-1939 Poland and the Polish Corridor-

Danzig- Nazi-Soviet Non-aggression PactDanzig- Nazi-Soviet Non-aggression Pact 1941 Lebensraum and Operation 1941 Lebensraum and Operation

Barbarossa-Barbarossa-

Failure of the League of Failure of the League of Nations Nations

Recall the League of Nations was Recall the League of Nations was designed to prevent wardesigned to prevent war

Problems: US is not part of Problems: US is not part of It did not have an enforcement capability- It did not have an enforcement capability-

especially could not use forceespecially could not use force Only weapon was economic embargo and Only weapon was economic embargo and

public pressurepublic pressure When Japan, then Italy, and later Germany When Japan, then Italy, and later Germany

pursue aggression invading other pursue aggression invading other countries (Manchuria, Somalia, Ethiopia, countries (Manchuria, Somalia, Ethiopia, Spanish Civil War, and Czchoslovakia)Spanish Civil War, and Czchoslovakia)

The international body will have little or The international body will have little or no effect no effect

China Still Weak China Still Weak

After WWI China remains weakAfter WWI China remains weak ““Open Door” ReinforcedOpen Door” Reinforced Nationalists (Kuomintang) Sun-Yat Nationalists (Kuomintang) Sun-Yat

Sen and Chiang Kai-shek- Friendly Sen and Chiang Kai-shek- Friendly to United States Fighting over to United States Fighting over control with Communist forces of control with Communist forces of Mao Tse TungMao Tse Tung

JapanJapan Wanted to expand it’s empire similar to Wanted to expand it’s empire similar to

France, Britain, and the US.France, Britain, and the US. Want to control China’s abundant natural Want to control China’s abundant natural

resourcesresources Japan was angry regarding theJapan was angry regarding the Washington Washington

Naval ConferenceNaval Conference (1921- Harding Admin, set (1921- Harding Admin, set limit for Japanese Navy, subordinate position limit for Japanese Navy, subordinate position to US and Britain, reinforced the “Open Door” to US and Britain, reinforced the “Open Door” policy, all nations can trade with China.policy, all nations can trade with China.

Japanese nationalists rise in power and Japanese nationalists rise in power and asserted that power in Manchuriaasserted that power in Manchuria

Japan invades Manchuria Japan invades Manchuria 19311931

Russo-Japanese War- begins Japanese Russo-Japanese War- begins Japanese interest in Manchuria (Rivals of Russians, interest in Manchuria (Rivals of Russians, and economic interests, raw materials)and economic interests, raw materials)

Japanese military asserted rights to Japanese military asserted rights to ManchuriaManchuria

Military- incident with Chinese forces is an Military- incident with Chinese forces is an excuse for full takeover of Manchuria, new excuse for full takeover of Manchuria, new name is Manchukuo. name is Manchukuo.

Later to further weaken China, Japan will Later to further weaken China, Japan will bomb Shanghai- over a boycott of Japanese bomb Shanghai- over a boycott of Japanese goodsgoods

Results of Japanese Results of Japanese invasion of Manchuriainvasion of Manchuria

US President was Hoover (1932)US President was Hoover (1932) Hoover responds with the Hoover responds with the Stimson Doctrine-Stimson Doctrine-

(Secretary of State under Hoover) refusing to (Secretary of State under Hoover) refusing to acknowledge results of gains made by acknowledge results of gains made by aggression-aggression-

US will not recognize territorial changes-US will not recognize territorial changes- League of Nations condemns the attack on ChinaLeague of Nations condemns the attack on China Japan subsequently withdraws from League of Japan subsequently withdraws from League of

Nations (League is essentially ignored)Nations (League is essentially ignored) No country wants war and China will suffer No country wants war and China will suffer

greatly when Japan attacks full scale invasion greatly when Japan attacks full scale invasion 1936(caution very graphic see 1936(caution very graphic see Rape of Nanjing))

200,000 civilians killed200,000 civilians killed Japan proclaims new order in Asia, and Japan proclaims new order in Asia, and

essentially closes the “Open Door”essentially closes the “Open Door”

Chinese FightChinese Fight

Chiang Kai-shek resists the Japanese Chiang Kai-shek resists the Japanese and moves capital to Chunking and and moves capital to Chunking and even unites with the the even unites with the the Communists- Mao Tse Tung for the Communists- Mao Tse Tung for the duration of the war.duration of the war.

American NeutralityAmerican Neutrality The The Neutrality Act of 1935-Neutrality Act of 1935- members of congress, members of congress,

wanted to keep America out of warwanted to keep America out of war Popular idea, US entered WWI because of bankers Popular idea, US entered WWI because of bankers

and industrialistsand industrialists Imposed an embargo on warring nationsImposed an embargo on warring nations Forbade American sale of war goods and ships Forbade American sale of war goods and ships

from transporting munitionsfrom transporting munitions to belligerent to belligerent countriescountries

Gave president power to prohibit Americans traveling Gave president power to prohibit Americans traveling on belligerent shipson belligerent ships

Neutrality Act 1936-Neutrality Act 1936- forbade loans to belligerent forbade loans to belligerent countriescountries

Neutrality Act 1937-Neutrality Act 1937- response to the response to the Spanish Civil Spanish Civil WarWar Goods from the US to warring nations had to Goods from the US to warring nations had to be be

paid for in cash paid for in cash (2 years only)(2 years only)

More NeutralityMore Neutrality

Many groups in America wanted IsolationMany groups in America wanted Isolation Irish, German- AmericansIrish, German- Americans Midwesterners, Anti-Communists, Anti-Midwesterners, Anti-Communists, Anti-

Semites, liberals who wanted continue reform, Semites, liberals who wanted continue reform, and pacifistsand pacifists

Ludlow Amendment-Ludlow Amendment- Isolationist support Isolationist support was so great that- an amendment to was so great that- an amendment to Constitution was proposed, that only in case of Constitution was proposed, that only in case of attack or invasion could US declare war. (not attack or invasion could US declare war. (not approved)approved)

Spanish Civil WarSpanish Civil War Loyalists-Democratically elected Socialists are Loyalists-Democratically elected Socialists are

attacked by Francisco Franco-attacked by Francisco Franco- Insurgents- Generalissimo Francisco Franco- Insurgents- Generalissimo Francisco Franco-

Nazis and Italian Fascists support with 50,000 Nazis and Italian Fascists support with 50,000 troops, planes, and tanks.troops, planes, and tanks.

Loyalists are supported by Soviet Union and Loyalists are supported by Soviet Union and International Brigades (Foreign volunteers- For International Brigades (Foreign volunteers- For Whom the Bell TollsWhom the Bell Tolls))

American Neutrality Acts – hurt the American Neutrality Acts – hurt the loyalist cause loyalist cause

FDR wanted to help but was FDR wanted to help but was hampered by isolationist law makershampered by isolationist law makers

Picasso’s painting of German bombing of ancient city of Gurenica, during Span Civ War-

German-Soviet Non German-Soviet Non Aggression PactAggression Pact

August 23, 1939- Hitler and Stalin sign a August 23, 1939- Hitler and Stalin sign a secret agreement to partition Poland- secret agreement to partition Poland-

Germans invade Poland in the WestGermans invade Poland in the West Russians invade Poland in the EastRussians invade Poland in the East World War II in Europe begins- France and World War II in Europe begins- France and

Britain had guaranteed Polish sovereigntyBritain had guaranteed Polish sovereignty US responds with a renewed Neutrality US responds with a renewed Neutrality

act 1939- “cash and carry” would aid act 1939- “cash and carry” would aid allies aloneallies alone

Non-Aggression PactNon-Aggression Pact

Non Aggression PactNon Aggression Pact

Germans and Germans and Soviets share Soviets share Poland-1939Poland-1939

The “Phony War”The “Phony War” Refers to the period between Poland’s Refers to the period between Poland’s

Surrendar and the attack on France and Britain.Surrendar and the attack on France and Britain. September 1939-April 1940September 1939-April 1940 Germany rapidly beat Poland “Blitzkrieg”Germany rapidly beat Poland “Blitzkrieg” France and Britain mobilized and waited for France and Britain mobilized and waited for

attackattack April 1940 Denmark, Norway, April 1940 Denmark, Norway, May 1940 Belgium and FranceMay 1940 Belgium and France Dunkirk-Dunkirk- 300,000 British troops escape the 300,000 British troops escape the

continent- Churchill now in chargecontinent- Churchill now in charge Paris Falls June 1940Paris Falls June 1940 England stands alone “Battle of England stands alone “Battle of

Britain”Britain”

Battle of Britain Battle of Britain Brits were alone as of June 1940Brits were alone as of June 1940 Winston Churchill, the new prime minister summed up Winston Churchill, the new prime minister summed up

the British attitude: the British attitude: ““We shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end. We shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end.

We shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and We shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and the oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and the oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, we shall defend our growing strength in the air, we shall defend our

island, whatever the cost may be. island, whatever the cost may be. We shall fight We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets,the fields and in the streets, we we shall fight in the hillsshall fight in the hills; we shall ; we shall never surrender.”never surrender.”

What will What will

“…“…in God's good time, the New in God's good time, the New World, with all its power and might, World, with all its power and might, steps forth to the rescue and the steps forth to the rescue and the liberation of the old." liberation of the old."

United States Reacts to WarUnited States Reacts to WarDebate 1940: Debate 1940:

Isolationist or InternationalistIsolationist or Internationalist IsolationistsIsolationists America First America First

CommitteeCommittee Charles A LindbergCharles A Lindberg ““Intervention is Intervention is

detrimental to detrimental to American American interests”interests”

InternationalistsInternationalists Committee to Committee to

Defend AmericaDefend America Best way to keep Best way to keep

US out of war is to US out of war is to Help allies fight Help allies fight the Germansthe Germans

Roosevelt is Roosevelt is sympathetic sympathetic

FDR Aids the AlliesFDR Aids the Allies

Summer 1940 FDR asks congress to Summer 1940 FDR asks congress to allow trade of 50 destroyers in allow trade of 50 destroyers in exchange for 99 year leases for exchange for 99 year leases for bases in the Atlanticbases in the Atlantic

Although population does not want Although population does not want to enter the war, 73% support aid to to enter the war, 73% support aid to Britain.Britain.

1941 Lend Lease1941 Lend Lease 1941 Lend Lease:1941 Lend Lease: Program to offer aid to BritsProgram to offer aid to Brits FDR in a “Fireside Chat” “If a neighbor’s FDR in a “Fireside Chat” “If a neighbor’s

home were on fire…”home were on fire…” ““lease, lend or otherwise dispose of” any lease, lend or otherwise dispose of” any

items not vital to the nation’s defense.items not vital to the nation’s defense. US is closer to the War- US is closer to the War- (US Ships secretly (US Ships secretly

were supporting the British Navy by were supporting the British Navy by searching and reporting on U-boat searching and reporting on U-boat locations)locations)

Hitler afraid to attack American ShipsHitler afraid to attack American Ships

Atlantic Charter AUGUST Atlantic Charter AUGUST 14, 194114, 1941

The President of the United States of America and the Prime Minister, Mr. Churchill, The President of the United States of America and the Prime Minister, Mr. Churchill, representing His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom, being met together, representing His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom, being met together, deem it right to make known certain common principles in the national policies of deem it right to make known certain common principles in the national policies of their respective countries on which they base their hopes for a better future for the their respective countries on which they base their hopes for a better future for the world.world.

First, their countries seek no aggrandizement, territorial or other;First, their countries seek no aggrandizement, territorial or other; Second, they desire to see no territorial changes that do not accord with the freely Second, they desire to see no territorial changes that do not accord with the freely

expressed wishes of the peoples concerned;expressed wishes of the peoples concerned; Third, they respect the right of all peoples to choose the form of government under Third, they respect the right of all peoples to choose the form of government under

which they will live; and they wish to see sovereign rights and self government which they will live; and they wish to see sovereign rights and self government restored to those who have been forcibly deprived of them;restored to those who have been forcibly deprived of them;

Fourth, they will endeavor, with due respect for their existing obligations, to further Fourth, they will endeavor, with due respect for their existing obligations, to further the enjoyment by all States, great or small, victor or vanquished, of access, on equal the enjoyment by all States, great or small, victor or vanquished, of access, on equal terms, to the trade and to the raw materials of the world which are needed for their terms, to the trade and to the raw materials of the world which are needed for their economic prosperity;economic prosperity;

Fifth, they desire to bring about the fullest collaboration between all nations in the Fifth, they desire to bring about the fullest collaboration between all nations in the economic field with the object of securing, for all, improved labor standards, economic field with the object of securing, for all, improved labor standards, economic advancement and social security;economic advancement and social security;

Sixth, after the final destruction of the Nazi tyranny, they hope to see established a Sixth, after the final destruction of the Nazi tyranny, they hope to see established a peace which will afford to all nations the means of dwelling in safety within their own peace which will afford to all nations the means of dwelling in safety within their own boundaries, and which will afford assurance that all the men in all lands may live out boundaries, and which will afford assurance that all the men in all lands may live out their lives in freedom from fear and want;their lives in freedom from fear and want;

Seventh, such a peace should enable all men to traverse the high seas and oceans without hindrance;Seventh, such a peace should enable all men to traverse the high seas and oceans without hindrance; Eighth, they believe that all of the nations of the world, for realistic as well as spiritual reasons must come to the Eighth, they believe that all of the nations of the world, for realistic as well as spiritual reasons must come to the

abandonment of the use of force. Since no future peace can be maintained if land, sea or air armaments continue abandonment of the use of force. Since no future peace can be maintained if land, sea or air armaments continue to be employed by nations which threaten, or may threaten, aggression outside of their frontiers, they believe, to be employed by nations which threaten, or may threaten, aggression outside of their frontiers, they believe, pending the establishment of a wider and permanent system of general security, that the disarmament of such pending the establishment of a wider and permanent system of general security, that the disarmament of such nations is essential. They will likewise aid and encourage all other practicable measure which will lighten for nations is essential. They will likewise aid and encourage all other practicable measure which will lighten for peace-loving peoples the crushing burden of armaments.peace-loving peoples the crushing burden of armaments.

Election of 1940 then the Election of 1940 then the DraftDraft

FDR decides to Run for a third termFDR decides to Run for a third term The Nation Needs emergency situation:The Nation Needs emergency situation:

War in EuropeWar in Europe Problems in AsiaProblems in Asia Wants to protect New Deal reformsWants to protect New Deal reforms

Ran against Wendell WillkieRan against Wendell Willkie

FDR Wins- then begins the processFDR Wins- then begins the process Prepare for War:Prepare for War:

DraftDraft Armament build upArmament build up

FDR Wins Unprecedented FDR Wins Unprecedented 33rdrd Term Term

Selective Service Act Selective Service Act Sept. 1930Sept. 1930

TIMETIME (September 23, 1940) (September 23, 1940)               Last week Congress passed the conscription bill. This week Last week Congress passed the conscription bill. This week

the President sighed it. A new thing had entered U.S. life: although the President sighed it. A new thing had entered U.S. life: although the U.S. had conscripted its citizens in two wars, never before had the U.S. had conscripted its citizens in two wars, never before had it conscripted them in peace. Some 16,500.000 men, aged 21 to it conscripted them in peace. Some 16,500.000 men, aged 21 to 36, forthwith became liable to compulsory military service. How, 36, forthwith became liable to compulsory military service. How, when, whether conscription would actually touch them was when, whether conscription would actually touch them was prescribed in 1) the bill, and 2) the selective system which the prescribed in 1) the bill, and 2) the selective system which the Army & Navy had long since prepared against a martial day. Army & Navy had long since prepared against a martial day.

            The Bill laid down the general philosophy, rules, scope of The Bill laid down the general philosophy, rules, scope of conscription: conscription:

            No more than 900,000 conscripts can be called in any one year No more than 900,000 conscripts can be called in any one year (the  Army plans to call 800,000 a year). They will be kept in (the  Army plans to call 800,000 a year). They will be kept in training for  one year, will then enter an enlisted reserve where training for  one year, will then enter an enlisted reserve where they will be subject to recall for emergency service for ten years or they will be subject to recall for emergency service for ten years or until they are 45. They will not be subject to periodic recalls for until they are 45. They will not be subject to periodic recalls for further training. But if Congress finds the nation in peril before further training. But if Congress finds the nation in peril before their initial year's  service ends, they can be held under arms their initial year's  service ends, they can be held under arms indefinitely. indefinitely.

Roosevelt’s Four Freedom’s Roosevelt’s Four Freedom’s Speech January 1941Speech January 1941

To congress, State of the Union, To congress, State of the Union, focus onfocus on war war preparednesspreparedness

“…“…the future of all the American Republics is the future of all the American Republics is today in serious danger. today in serious danger.

That is why this Annual Message to the Congress is That is why this Annual Message to the Congress is unique in our history. unique in our history.

The need of the moment is that our actions and The need of the moment is that our actions and our policy should be devoted primarily-almost our policy should be devoted primarily-almost exclusively--to meeting this foreign peril. For all exclusively--to meeting this foreign peril. For all our domestic problems are now a part of the great our domestic problems are now a part of the great emergency. emergency.

Just as our national policy in internal affairs has Just as our national policy in internal affairs has been based upon a decent respect for the rights been based upon a decent respect for the rights and the dignity of all our fellow men within our and the dignity of all our fellow men within our gates, so our national policy in foreign affairs has gates, so our national policy in foreign affairs has been based on a decent respect for the rights and been based on a decent respect for the rights and dignity of all nations, large and small. And the dignity of all nations, large and small. And the justice of morality must and will win in the end. justice of morality must and will win in the end.

Four Freedoms Four Freedoms ContinuedContinued

““The The first is freedom of speechfirst is freedom of speech and expression-- and expression--everywhere in the world. everywhere in the world.

The The second is freedom of every person to second is freedom of every person to worship Godworship God in his own way--everywhere in the in his own way--everywhere in the world. world.

The The third is freedom from want-third is freedom from want--which, -which, translated into world terms, means economic translated into world terms, means economic understandings which will secure to every nation a understandings which will secure to every nation a healthy peacetime life for its inhabitants-everywhere healthy peacetime life for its inhabitants-everywhere in the world. in the world.

The The fourth is freedom from fear-fourth is freedom from fear--which, -which, translated into world terms, means a world-wide translated into world terms, means a world-wide reduction of armaments to such a point and in such reduction of armaments to such a point and in such a thorough fashion that no nation will be in a a thorough fashion that no nation will be in a position to commit an act of physical aggression position to commit an act of physical aggression against any neighbor--anywhere in the world.”against any neighbor--anywhere in the world.”

Significance of “Four Significance of “Four Freedoms” SpeechFreedoms” Speech

Represents FDR’s view that America Represents FDR’s view that America needs to prepare for war and needs to prepare for war and support Britain.support Britain.

FDR Prepares for WarFDR Prepares for War Increased Military appropriationsIncreased Military appropriations Aliens are fingerprinted Aliens are fingerprinted Peace time draft to raise 2 million Peace time draft to raise 2 million

troopstroops

Big Questions: Winning Big Questions: Winning the Warthe War

To what extent was the mobilization for To what extent was the mobilization for war a key factor in the American victory?war a key factor in the American victory?

How is the American home front and How is the American home front and mobilization in WWI similar to the home mobilization in WWI similar to the home front and mobilization in WWII and how front and mobilization in WWII and how are they different?are they different?

Key Ideas: America’s Key Ideas: America’s Response to Pearl Harbor Response to Pearl Harbor and Warand War

US had started to prepare 1940US had started to prepare 1940 Airplane production/designAirplane production/design Draft/Selective Service-1940Draft/Selective Service-1940 Build the “Arsenal of Democracy”-Harness the Build the “Arsenal of Democracy”-Harness the

Industrial and Economic power of the US- and focus it Industrial and Economic power of the US- and focus it toward War. toward War.

Focus on building War material- Speficially Air power, Focus on building War material- Speficially Air power, Bombers, B17, B24, B29Bombers, B17, B24, B29

Germany was the biggest threat, Focus of first phase Germany was the biggest threat, Focus of first phase of Warof War

Then JapanThen Japan

Meeting Before the WarMeeting Before the War

Before US enters War: August, 1941 Before US enters War: August, 1941 NewfoundlandNewfoundland Secret, FDR and Churchill meet to Secret, FDR and Churchill meet to

coordinate coordinate Create the Create the Atlantic CharterAtlantic Charter (a (a

statement of principles agreed upon)statement of principles agreed upon) Condemned AggressionCondemned Aggression Endorsed National Self DeterminationEndorsed National Self Determination

Pearl HarborPearl Harbor

American Reaction to Pearl Harbor American Reaction to Pearl Harbor American reaction to Pearl Harbor was American reaction to Pearl Harbor was swift and violent.  swift and violent. 

Immediate calls for war and revenge Immediate calls for war and revenge were heard throughout the country.  were heard throughout the country. 

Congress declared war and thousands Congress declared war and thousands of soldiers volunteered to fight.  of soldiers volunteered to fight. 

Americans were mad and they would Americans were mad and they would never forget the treachery of the never forget the treachery of the Japanese. Japanese.

Japan OffensiveJapan Offensive Hitler and Mussolini both declared war on the Hitler and Mussolini both declared war on the

United States as a sign of support for the United States as a sign of support for the Japanese. Japanese.

Japan Attacks Polynesian Asia Japan Attacks Polynesian Asia Immediately following the attack on Pearl Immediately following the attack on Pearl Harbor Japanese forces began a systematic Harbor Japanese forces began a systematic invasion of the Pacific.  Malaysia, Singapore, invasion of the Pacific.  Malaysia, Singapore, Burma, French Indochina, and the Philippines Burma, French Indochina, and the Philippines were overrun.  American forces in the were overrun.  American forces in the Philippines were outnumbered and Philippines were outnumbered and overwhelmed by Japanese forces. overwhelmed by Japanese forces.

12,000 American prisoners were taken in the 12,000 American prisoners were taken in the fall of the last Philippine strong hold called fall of the last Philippine strong hold called Bataan. Bataan.

““Bataan Death March” Bataan Death March”

American “Arsenal of American “Arsenal of Democracy”Democracy”

America Mobilizes for War= (WPB) America Mobilizes for War= (WPB) War Production Board-War Production Board- goal is to goal is to

transform industrial production to War transform industrial production to War production, organize all industrial outputproduction, organize all industrial output

Board had much power to control resources:Board had much power to control resources: Limited civilian goods- Rationing of food, Limited civilian goods- Rationing of food,

fuel… fuel… Cars stopped being producedCars stopped being produced Conservation and recycle movement, rubber, Conservation and recycle movement, rubber,

metal, grease, metal, grease,

““Arsenal of Democracy”Arsenal of Democracy”

$320 Billion government spending- $320 Billion government spending- 1940-19451940-1945

Huge amount was 6 times that of Huge amount was 6 times that of Roosevelt’s first two terms.Roosevelt’s first two terms.

Financing the WarFinancing the War

Taxes increaseTaxes increase IncomeIncome

1941 7 million people file taxes1941 7 million people file taxes 1944 42 million people file taxes1944 42 million people file taxes Government starts a withholding $ from Government starts a withholding $ from

workersworkers Loans/War BondsLoans/War Bonds

$100 billion in bonds sold$100 billion in bonds sold

Problem of InflationProblem of Inflation

Prices rise with full inflationPrices rise with full inflation Full employment: GDP Doubles 1940-Full employment: GDP Doubles 1940-

1945 to $211.9 billion1945 to $211.9 billion Office of Price Administration is Office of Price Administration is

created to manage pricescreated to manage prices Freezes pricesFreezes prices Rations- Gas, tires, meat, sugar, Rations- Gas, tires, meat, sugar,

shoes, coffee, canned goods (Ration shoes, coffee, canned goods (Ration books-needed coupons to purchase books-needed coupons to purchase goods)goods)

The Size of Government The Size of Government ExplodesExplodes

Hundreds of agencies created:Hundreds of agencies created: National War Labor Boards- to National War Labor Boards- to

manage labor practices and prevent manage labor practices and prevent strikesstrikes

Office of War Mobilization- to help Office of War Mobilization- to help coordinate agenciescoordinate agencies

Local Draft BoardsLocal Draft Boards

Internment of Japanese Internment of Japanese AmericansAmericans

Japanese immigrants had increased Japanese immigrants had increased in the United States with the since in the United States with the since early 1900early 1900

When Japan bombed Pearl Harbor a When Japan bombed Pearl Harbor a great backlash was directed at great backlash was directed at Japanese AmericansJapanese Americans

Japanese RelocationJapanese Relocation 120,000 Japanese lived on the West coast 120,000 Japanese lived on the West coast Were accused of potentially aiding Japanese Were accused of potentially aiding Japanese

espionageespionage Some people, racist, and wanted to use the Some people, racist, and wanted to use the

opportunity to take Japanese land opportunity to take Japanese land February 1942 FDR signed an executive February 1942 FDR signed an executive

order order ““Remove any and all persons who might Remove any and all persons who might

pose a threat to national security.”pose a threat to national security.” Camps (Manzanar) were set up in the Camps (Manzanar) were set up in the

deserts of deserts of

Japanese Internment Japanese Internment CampsCamps

Japanese were relocated Japanese were relocated in Camps:in Camps:

Some Japanese sued for Some Japanese sued for their rights:their rights:

Korematus v. the United Korematus v. the United StatesStates

Supreme Court upheld the Supreme Court upheld the Internment of the Internment of the

Japanese Japanese

Japanese Japanese internmentinternmentIn the entire course of the war, 10 people In the entire course of the war, 10 people

were convicted of spying for Japan, all of whom were convicted of spying for Japan, all of whom were Caucasian. were Caucasian. Roosevelt interned 120,000 JapaneseRoosevelt interned 120,000 Japanese2/3 were American citizens and had never 2/3 were American citizens and had never shown disloyaltyshown disloyalty

Japanese American Japanese American Heroes Heroes

33,000 Japanese Americans served33,000 Japanese Americans served VolunteersVolunteers 442 Combat Regiment Team442 Combat Regiment Team

The 442nd received more medals than The 442nd received more medals than any other unit in US military history. any other unit in US military history. Some survivors swear it's because Some survivors swear it's because they were kept in combat longer than they were kept in combat longer than white units. white units.

War in EuropeWar in Europe Allies agreed that Europe was first priorityAllies agreed that Europe was first priority North Africa-November 1942North Africa-November 1942 1942 Bombing campaign against Germany begun1942 Bombing campaign against Germany begun 1942- Sicily-1942- Sicily- September 1943 Italy Surrenders (German Army September 1943 Italy Surrenders (German Army

occupies and holds Northern Italy)occupies and holds Northern Italy) 1944 Rome Falls1944 Rome Falls June 6, 1944 D-Day- Allied Invasion of Normandy June 6, 1944 D-Day- Allied Invasion of Normandy

France, the Second Front is opened.France, the Second Front is opened. December 16, 1944 Battle of the Bulge (German December 16, 1944 Battle of the Bulge (German

counter attack in the Ardennes Forrest, 200K counter attack in the Ardennes Forrest, 200K Germans attack Allies)Germans attack Allies)

May 7, 1945 Germany Surrenders (Hitler is dead, May 7, 1945 Germany Surrenders (Hitler is dead, Russians conquer Berlin)Russians conquer Berlin)

War in the PacificWar in the Pacific

Strategy of Island Hopping: bypass Strategy of Island Hopping: bypass some islands controlled by Japanese some islands controlled by Japanese and attack specific islands, to obtain and attack specific islands, to obtain air bases in an effort to bomb Japan air bases in an effort to bomb Japan more efficiently and to build up forces more efficiently and to build up forces in an effort to invade Japan.in an effort to invade Japan.

1942 Major victory at Midway Island 1942 Major victory at Midway Island US takes out Japanese aircraft carriersUS takes out Japanese aircraft carriers

Timeline of WWII (everything you (everything you wanted to know and more)wanted to know and more)

African Americans and African Americans and the Warthe War

A. Phillip RandolphA. Phillip Randolph Segregation in MilitarySegregation in Military End of segregation in War End of segregation in War

Industries, Presidential Executive Industries, Presidential Executive Order 8802Order 8802

Women and the WarWomen and the War Rosie the Rosie the

Riveter:Riveter: Women go Women go

to work in to work in munitions munitions factories, factories, other jobs, other jobs, and the and the militarymilitary

PropagandaPropaganda

Did the US engage in propaganda Did the US engage in propaganda during this war?during this war?

How and who was involved?How and who was involved? Can you cite some examples?Can you cite some examples?

Wartime ConferencesWartime Conferences FDR (and later Truman) will coordinate the effort with FDR (and later Truman) will coordinate the effort with

Allied leaders Churchill, and later StalinAllied leaders Churchill, and later Stalin Casablanca-1943Casablanca-1943 FDR, Churchill, agreed on war aims: FDR, Churchill, agreed on war aims:

Sicily invasion, Unconditional Surrender- of Japan and Sicily invasion, Unconditional Surrender- of Japan and GermanyGermany

Cairo-1943-Cairo-1943- FDR and Churchill, Chiang Kai-shek- FDR and Churchill, Chiang Kai-shek- discussed war aims in Asia, Japan will lose all islands discussed war aims in Asia, Japan will lose all islands acquired, Korea independentacquired, Korea independent

Teheran-1943 Teheran-1943 The “Big Three” discussed 2The “Big Three” discussed 2ndnd front in front in Europe (France), Postwar Germany, Europe (France), Postwar Germany,

Yalta-February 1945Yalta-February 1945 “Big Three” Discussed the fate of “Big Three” Discussed the fate of Poland, Stalin asserted need for “Buffer Zone” and sphere Poland, Stalin asserted need for “Buffer Zone” and sphere of influence; Stalin promised to of influence; Stalin promised to allow free electionsallow free elections; ; planned for the division of Germany after the war; Stalin planned for the division of Germany after the war; Stalin promised to declare war on Japan in exchange for Japanese promised to declare war on Japan in exchange for Japanese land/Kurile Islands; (FDR is dying and will be criticized for land/Kurile Islands; (FDR is dying and will be criticized for being manipulated by Stalin and “selling out” Eastern being manipulated by Stalin and “selling out” Eastern Europe to the Russians.Europe to the Russians.

Potsdam- Germany, July 1945Potsdam- Germany, July 1945, FDR dead, Truman, , FDR dead, Truman, Churchill gone, new Brit- Clement Atlee, Stalin- discussed Churchill gone, new Brit- Clement Atlee, Stalin- discussed boundaries for Germany, German resources would pay for boundaries for Germany, German resources would pay for the war, the war,

Casablanca 1943Casablanca 1943

Teheran 1943Teheran 1943

““GI Bill of Rights”GI Bill of Rights”

GI is the term used for American GI is the term used for American soldiers in WWII. (G.I. means soldiers in WWII. (G.I. means General Issue)General Issue)

The Servicemen’s Readjustment ActThe Servicemen’s Readjustment Act Provided veterans a series of Provided veterans a series of

benefits:benefits: Low interest loans for homes, business, Low interest loans for homes, business,

and farmsand farms Aid for educationAid for education

FDR Dies April 12, 1945FDR Dies April 12, 1945

FDR dies and Harry Truman takes overFDR dies and Harry Truman takes over FDR was elected to an unprecedented FDR was elected to an unprecedented

4 terms4 terms He was a extremely beloved leader.He was a extremely beloved leader. ““Roosevelt had filled their lives through Roosevelt had filled their lives through

depression and war for more than a depression and war for more than a dozen years, allying their years and dozen years, allying their years and giving them hope. Now he was gone…”giving them hope. Now he was gone…”

Election of 1944 running mate Harry S. Election of 1944 running mate Harry S. Truman, from Missouri, a Democratic Truman, from Missouri, a Democratic Senator, becomes President.Senator, becomes President.

Atomic Bomb ProductionAtomic Bomb Production Better Summarize:Better Summarize: FDR authorized a secret program code FDR authorized a secret program code

named “Manhattan Project”named “Manhattan Project” 1943, J. Robert Oppenheimer, led the 1943, J. Robert Oppenheimer, led the

team of physicists to develop and atomic team of physicists to develop and atomic weapon, to spit the atomweapon, to spit the atom

Los Alamos, New MexicoLos Alamos, New Mexico July 1945, the bomb was ready (Truman July 1945, the bomb was ready (Truman

had no idea any bomb like this was being had no idea any bomb like this was being worked on, when he took office)worked on, when he took office)

Harry TrumanHarry Truman

German Atrocity…German Atrocity…