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AMATEUR RADIO OPERATOR INTRODUCTION January 2013 Active Devices Diodes, Transistors, and Tubes

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SEMICONDUCTORS VERY STABLE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE SILICON & GERMANIUM MOST COMMON SILCON ATOMS SHARE VALENCE ELECTRONS (8 ELECTRONS) CAN BE GOOD INSULATOR INTRINSIC- PURE MATERIAL, NO FREE CHARGE CARRIERS EXTRINSIC – MATERIAL DOPED WITH EXTRA CARRIERS

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Page 1: AMATEUR RADIO OPERATOR INTRODUCTION January 2013 Active Devices Diodes, Transistors, and Tubes

AMATEUR RADIO OPERATOR

INTRODUCTION

January 2013Active Devices

Diodes, Transistors, and Tubes

Page 2: AMATEUR RADIO OPERATOR INTRODUCTION January 2013 Active Devices Diodes, Transistors, and Tubes

AGENDA Diodes TRANSISTORS/FETS TUBES QUESTIONS

Page 3: AMATEUR RADIO OPERATOR INTRODUCTION January 2013 Active Devices Diodes, Transistors, and Tubes

SEMICONDUCTORS VERY STABLE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE SILICON & GERMANIUM MOST COMMON SILCON ATOMS SHARE VALENCE

ELECTRONS (8 ELECTRONS) CAN BE GOOD INSULATOR INTRINSIC- PURE MATERIAL, NO FREE

CHARGE CARRIERS EXTRINSIC – MATERIAL DOPED WITH

EXTRA CARRIERS

Page 4: AMATEUR RADIO OPERATOR INTRODUCTION January 2013 Active Devices Diodes, Transistors, and Tubes

DOPING

Page 5: AMATEUR RADIO OPERATOR INTRODUCTION January 2013 Active Devices Diodes, Transistors, and Tubes

JUNCTIONS N TYPE – EXTRA

ELECTRON (- CHARGE) P TYPE – MISSING

ELECTRON (+ CHARGE)

PN JUNCTION

Page 6: AMATEUR RADIO OPERATOR INTRODUCTION January 2013 Active Devices Diodes, Transistors, and Tubes

DEPLETION ZONE

Page 7: AMATEUR RADIO OPERATOR INTRODUCTION January 2013 Active Devices Diodes, Transistors, and Tubes

DEPLETION ZONE

Page 8: AMATEUR RADIO OPERATOR INTRODUCTION January 2013 Active Devices Diodes, Transistors, and Tubes

PN JUNCTION

Page 9: AMATEUR RADIO OPERATOR INTRODUCTION January 2013 Active Devices Diodes, Transistors, and Tubes

FORWARD BIAS

Page 10: AMATEUR RADIO OPERATOR INTRODUCTION January 2013 Active Devices Diodes, Transistors, and Tubes

DIODES 2 TERMINAL PN

JUNCTION ANODE – P CATHODE - N

Page 11: AMATEUR RADIO OPERATOR INTRODUCTION January 2013 Active Devices Diodes, Transistors, and Tubes

Diodes (i-v curves)

Page 12: AMATEUR RADIO OPERATOR INTRODUCTION January 2013 Active Devices Diodes, Transistors, and Tubes

Diodes

Page 13: AMATEUR RADIO OPERATOR INTRODUCTION January 2013 Active Devices Diodes, Transistors, and Tubes

DIODE APPLICATIONS SWITCH RECTIFICATION DEMODULATION REGULATION LIGHT EMITTING (LED)

Page 14: AMATEUR RADIO OPERATOR INTRODUCTION January 2013 Active Devices Diodes, Transistors, and Tubes

RECTIFIERS

Page 15: AMATEUR RADIO OPERATOR INTRODUCTION January 2013 Active Devices Diodes, Transistors, and Tubes
Page 16: AMATEUR RADIO OPERATOR INTRODUCTION January 2013 Active Devices Diodes, Transistors, and Tubes

ZENER DIODES

Used to regulate voltages

Behaves normally when forward biased

When reversed biased, non destructive voltage breakdown

Page 17: AMATEUR RADIO OPERATOR INTRODUCTION January 2013 Active Devices Diodes, Transistors, and Tubes

ZENER Voltage

Page 18: AMATEUR RADIO OPERATOR INTRODUCTION January 2013 Active Devices Diodes, Transistors, and Tubes

ZENER Regulation

Page 19: AMATEUR RADIO OPERATOR INTRODUCTION January 2013 Active Devices Diodes, Transistors, and Tubes

TRANSISTORS 3 TERMINAL DEVICE 2 JUNCTIONS P-N-P N-P-N ALSO KNOWN AS

“BIPOLAR TRANSISTOR”

BASE CURRENT CONTROLS EMITTER/COLLECTOR CURRENT

Page 20: AMATEUR RADIO OPERATOR INTRODUCTION January 2013 Active Devices Diodes, Transistors, and Tubes

NPN TRANSISTOR

Page 21: AMATEUR RADIO OPERATOR INTRODUCTION January 2013 Active Devices Diodes, Transistors, and Tubes

PNP TRANSISTOR

Page 22: AMATEUR RADIO OPERATOR INTRODUCTION January 2013 Active Devices Diodes, Transistors, and Tubes

FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTOR TWO TYPES

JUNCTION FIELD EFFECT or JFET METAL OXIDE SILICON FIELD EFFECT or

MOSFET A CONDUCTIVE CHANNEL WITH 2

JUNCTIONS N-CHANNEL P-CHANNEL

Page 23: AMATEUR RADIO OPERATOR INTRODUCTION January 2013 Active Devices Diodes, Transistors, and Tubes

FETS

Page 24: AMATEUR RADIO OPERATOR INTRODUCTION January 2013 Active Devices Diodes, Transistors, and Tubes

TRANSISTOR - FET EMITTER, BASE,

COLLECTOR FOR BIAS INCREASES

CURRENT CURRENT CONTROLS LOW INPUT Z

SOURCE, GATE, DRAIN REV BIAS DECREASES

CURRENT VOLTAGE CONTROLS HIGH INPUT Z

Page 25: AMATEUR RADIO OPERATOR INTRODUCTION January 2013 Active Devices Diodes, Transistors, and Tubes

VACUUM TUBES Developed in late

1800’s and early 1900’s Still used in

applications requiring high power or high voltages (power amplifiers)

Page 26: AMATEUR RADIO OPERATOR INTRODUCTION January 2013 Active Devices Diodes, Transistors, and Tubes

Tube Construction Thermionic emission Filament (Heater) used to heat cathode Cathode made of tungsten and thorium Heated cathode emits an electron cloud Positive potential placed on Plate (Anode) to

attract electrons Negative potential Grid used to control

electron flow

Page 27: AMATEUR RADIO OPERATOR INTRODUCTION January 2013 Active Devices Diodes, Transistors, and Tubes

Vacuum Diode

Page 28: AMATEUR RADIO OPERATOR INTRODUCTION January 2013 Active Devices Diodes, Transistors, and Tubes

Vacuum Triode

Page 29: AMATEUR RADIO OPERATOR INTRODUCTION January 2013 Active Devices Diodes, Transistors, and Tubes

Tubes – Take Aways Grid current – minimal or zero as long as

Grid is negative relative to cathode Grid is usually a mesh Grid is closer to cathode Heater is farthest from Plate Used in high power applications Inside of envelope is a vacuum

Page 30: AMATEUR RADIO OPERATOR INTRODUCTION January 2013 Active Devices Diodes, Transistors, and Tubes

Tubes, transistors, FETS

Tubes Transistors FETS

Charge Source Cathode Emitter Source

Control Terminal Grid Base Gate

Charge Collector

Plate (Anode) Collector Drain

Control Voltage Current Voltage

Page 31: AMATEUR RADIO OPERATOR INTRODUCTION January 2013 Active Devices Diodes, Transistors, and Tubes

AMPLIFICATION Produce an output which is an enlarged

reproduction of the input. Device is called an AMPLIFIER An accurate reproduction is called “LINEAR” Imperfections in reproduction are called

“DISTORTION” Tubes, Transistors, and FETs can all be

amplifiers. Typically gain is measured in dB

Page 32: AMATEUR RADIO OPERATOR INTRODUCTION January 2013 Active Devices Diodes, Transistors, and Tubes

Amplifier Applications AF (Audio Frequency) RF (Radio Frequency) IF (Intermediate Frequency) PA (Power Amplifier)

Current, Voltage and or Power can all be amplified

Page 33: AMATEUR RADIO OPERATOR INTRODUCTION January 2013 Active Devices Diodes, Transistors, and Tubes

Distortion

Page 34: AMATEUR RADIO OPERATOR INTRODUCTION January 2013 Active Devices Diodes, Transistors, and Tubes

Homework Review Class Notes and Handouts

Read ahead for next week

Page 35: AMATEUR RADIO OPERATOR INTRODUCTION January 2013 Active Devices Diodes, Transistors, and Tubes

QUESTIONS????

Page 36: AMATEUR RADIO OPERATOR INTRODUCTION January 2013 Active Devices Diodes, Transistors, and Tubes

THANK YOU!!!!!!!!


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