although but however
TRANSCRIPT
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although, but, however
All of these words join clauses insentences, but they are differentparts of speech.
This presentation explains the impactof the word choice on sentencepattern and punctuation.
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although, but, however
Semantic similarity
These three words are relatedsemantically(in meaning):
they all signal a contrast in theinformation that follows with the
information that precedes.
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although, but, however
Structural difference
However, these words differ
structurally:they are different parts
of speechand affect sentence patternsin different ways.
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Semantic similarityStructural difference
An editor needs to know the
structuraldifference in order topunctuate sentences correctly.
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although, but, however
sentence patterns andpunctuation
Punctuation errors can result fromusing the words as
interchangeable. Misreading can result from errors.
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parts ofspeech
word part of speech effect on sentence
although subordinating
conjunction
makes clause
dependent
but coordinatingconjunction
joins like things(2 independentclauses)
however conjunctiveadverb
modifies anindependent clause
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sentence analysis
Compound sentence, coordinatingconjunction
I have studiedthe textbook, butI amstill confused.
coordinating conjunction (but)
two independent clauses (I havestudied and I am)
compound sentence:comma separatesclauses with a coordinating conjunction
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sentence analysis
Complex sentence, subordinatingconjunction
AlthoughI have studiedthetextbook, I amstill confused.
two clauses (2 pairs of subject + verb)
subordinating conjunction (although)
dependent clause
complex sentence:comma after theintroductory clause
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sentence analysis
Complex sentence, subordinatingconjunction
I have studiedthe textbook;however, I amstill confused.
conjunctive adverb(joins clauses butdoes not affect sentence pattern)
two independent clauses
compound sentence,no coordinatingconjunction-->semicolon
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sentence analysis
Two simple sentences, however asadverb in one
I amconfused.I have, however, studiedthetextbook.
howeveris anadverb
two simple sentences
the adverb is interrupting materialthat requires a pair of commas
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Review although, but, however
Parts of speech affect sentence patterns.
Although, but,andhoweverare differentparts of speech.
although--subordinating conjunction
but--coordinating conjunction
however--conjunctive adverb
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Review: sentence types
compound sentence =two independent clausesjoin with comma plus coordinating conjunction
join with a semicolon
complex sentence =one independent clause,one dependent clausejoin with a comma or nothing (never a
semicolon)
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Review although, but, however
Althoughmakes a clause dependentand the sentence complex.
Butjoins independent clauses in acompound sentence.
Howevercan join independentclauses but does not change their
independence.
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Editing:original sentence (punctuationerror)
When editors analyzesentencestructure, they punctuate
correctly;although it iseasy toconfuse different parts of speech.
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Editing: analysis
When editors analyzesentence structure,
they punctuatecorrectly
althoughit is easy to
confuse different parts ofspeech.
dependent clause(when is asubordinatingconjunction)
independentclause (S+V)
dependent clause
(S+V +subordinating
conjunction)
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Option #1 for punctuation
Delete the semicolon (or replace it with acomma): maintain complex sentence
When editors analyze sentencestructure, they punctuatecorrectly although it is easy to
confuse different parts of speech.
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Option #2 for punctuation
Replace althoughwith howeverand retainthe semicolon: create a compound-complexsentence(includes 2 independentclauses)
When editors analyzesentencestructure, they punctuatecorrectly; however, it iseasy to
confuse different parts of speech.
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Choosing an option
In this case, the second option isprobably better.
The sentence is long and difficult.Subordination and lack of punctuationincrease reading difficulty. Coordinationcreates parallel structure, which aids
comparison.
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although, but, however
know parts of speech
know the ways these words affect
clauses punctuate according to structure