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although, but, however

All of these words join clauses insentences, but they are differentparts of speech.

This presentation explains the impactof the word choice on sentencepattern and punctuation.

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although, but, however

Semantic similarity

These three words are relatedsemantically(in meaning):

they all signal a contrast in theinformation that follows with the

information that precedes.

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although, but, however

Structural difference

However, these words differ

structurally:they are different parts

of speech and affect sentence patternsin different ways.

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Semantic similarityStructural difference

An editor needs to know the

structuraldifference in order topunctuate sentences correctly.

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although, but, however

sentence patterns andpunctuation

Punctuation errors can result fromusing the words as

interchangeable. Misreading can result from errors.

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parts ofspeech

word part of speech effect on sentence

although subordinating

conjunction

makes clause

dependent

but coordinatingconjunction

joins like things(2 independentclauses)

however conjunctiveadverb

modifies anindependent clause

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sentence analysis

Compound sentence, coordinatingconjunction

I have studied the textbook, butI am still confused.

coordinating conjunction (but)

two independent clauses (I havestudied and I am)

compound sentence: comma separatesclauses with a coordinating conjunction

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sentence analysis

Complex sentence, subordinatingconjunction

AlthoughI have studied thetextbook, I am still confused.

two clauses (2 pairs of subject + verb)

subordinating conjunction (although)

dependent clause

complex sentence: comma after theintroductory clause

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sentence analysis

Complex sentence, subordinatingconjunction

I have studied the textbook;however, I am still confused.

conjunctive adverb (joins clauses butdoes not affect sentence pattern)

two independent clauses

compound sentence, no coordinatingconjunction-->semicolon

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sentence analysis

Two simple sentences, however asadverb in one

I am confused.I have, however, studied thetextbook.

howeveris an adverb

two simple sentences

the adverb is interrupting materialthat requires a pair of commas

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Review although, but, however

Parts of speech affect sentence patterns.

Although, but,andhoweverare differentparts of speech.

although--subordinating conjunction

but--coordinating conjunction

however--conjunctive adverb

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Review: sentence types

compound sentence =two independent clausesjoin with comma plus coordinating conjunction

join with a semicolon

complex sentence =one independent clause,one dependent clausejoin with a comma or nothing (never a

semicolon)

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Review although, but, however

Althoughmakes a clause dependentand the sentence complex.

Butjoins independent clauses in acompound sentence.

Howevercan join independentclauses but does not change their

independence.

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Editing:original sentence (punctuationerror)

When editors analyze sentencestructure, they punctuate

correctly; although it is easy toconfuse different parts of speech.

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Editing: analysis

When editors analyzesentence structure,

they punctuate correctly

although it is easy to

confuse different parts ofspeech.

dependent clause(when is asubordinatingconjunction)

independentclause (S+V)

dependent clause

(S+V +subordinating

conjunction)

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Option #1 for punctuation

Delete the semicolon (or replace it with acomma): maintain complex sentence

When editors analyze sentencestructure, they punctuatecorrectly although it is easy to

confuse different parts of speech.

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Option #2 for punctuation

Replace although with however and retainthe semicolon: create a compound-complexsentence(includes 2 independentclauses)

When editors analyze sentencestructure, they punctuatecorrectly; however, it is easy to

confuse different parts of speech.

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Choosing an option

In this case, the second option isprobably better.

The sentence is long and difficult.Subordination and lack of punctuationincrease reading difficulty. Coordinationcreates parallel structure, which aids

comparison.

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although, but, however

know parts of speech

know the ways these words affect

clauses punctuate according to structure