all slides.docx

communication technologies and communication cultures

an introduction to an introduction

what is mass communication?

radio television newspapers

magazi• nes film

the big

books ?the internet ?

mass audiences popular music ?quantity & anonymity

historically modern

art ?

for profit businesses fashion?

involve industrial technologyone way communication cell phones ?

public, community, or underground media ?

the big five

"The medium is the message"Marshall McLuhan

c

ommun1•cat1•

on culture

commun1•cat1•

on

technologyoral culture speech

written culture writing/

alphabet print culture moveable

type/printing press electronic culture

telegraph

digital culture computer

technological determinism

the bias of communicationHarold Innis

time bias"Media that emphasize TIME are those thatare durable in character, such as parchment, c ay, or stone.''

space bias"Media that emphasize SPACE are apt to beless durable and light in character, such as papyrus andpaper.''

oral culture

based in speechinteraction is face to face or

generati•on to generati•onflleaning in language is local and

specificfllefllory is crucialpoetry plays a central rolefllyth and history are intertwined

written culture

met with distrust

"Ifmen learn [writing], it will implant forgetfulness in their souls; they will cease to exercise memory because they rely on that which is written, calling things to remembrance no longer from within themselves, but by means of external lllarks '

Socrates in Plato's Phaedrus

written culture

met with distrusttwo kinds of writing

ideogrammic syllabic/phonetic

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written culture

met with distrust two kinds of writingmeaning and language become

more uniformcommunication crosses distance

and timememory, history, and myth are

recordablerationality over poetry

print culture

moveable type (Korea? China?) Gutenberg revolution ( l'V 1446) Protestantism

Luther's 95 Theses (1517)

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print culture

moveable type (Korea? China?) Gutenberg revolution ( l'V 1446)Protestantism

reading becomes less a luxury and more of a necessity

standardization & preservation of knowledgeof ideologies

electronic culture

separation of communication from transportation

altered human sense of space and time altered languagechanged the nature of information

news becomes a commoditypreviously unprecedented speed of

production & organizationa new brand of imperialism

digital culture

more of the sameor something different ?

the technological sublime horror"a swift winged messenger of destruction''

awe

Rev.Ezra Gannett

"[We] border on a spiritual harvestbecause thought now travels by steam and magnetic wires"

Rev.Gardner Spring

The human brain is a curious object and operates in ways that we can't fully comprehend. That said, you can't possibly write down every single word that you see on these slides when they

appear and listen carefully at the same time. Besides, not everything that say will end up on one of these slides. Don't be fooled by the glitz and glamour of so-called "new technology." This is basically just a fancy chalk-board. There were lecture classes at Pitt well before the computer and many classes continueto use chalk-boards and even over-head projectors-which must have been viewed as a brilliant new technology at some earlier period. Ancient peoples' no doubt gave lectures using hieroglyphics and stone carvings. Medieval scholars once copied books by hand and seemed to learn things in the process. Socrates didn't need any tools of writing at all; for him, writing was apharmakon, a kind of drug that had a seductive affect on people, not to mention making it so people didn't have to memorize things in order to bring them to mind. Ifwriting was the new technology of Socrates' age, today our world seems overtaken by screens-computers, cell phones, high definition television sets,GPS units-and the more these dominate our lives the more it seems like the screen is the best source of knowledge and information. Why bother learning your way around Pittsburgh when you can simply plug an address into your GPS unit and follow the screen? While these screens have their uses, we should also think critically about them and what they mean for our culture.

How are our lives different than those of people in Socrates' time, and how much of that has to do with our different technologies? How much ofyour life has been spent looking at a tiny screen in your hand, not to mention larger screens like this one? How is a class that uses powerpoint different from one that uses a chalkboard?

How do students learn or think differently when they look at a powerpoint slide than when they see other sorts of things? Do they? If a powerpoint slide clicks

and no one is there to hear or see it does it matter ? Inany case, promise not to overdue it with the special effects and not to let the slides take the place of good preparation or talking in an organized, interesting way, ifyou promise to pay attention to me and not just this big flashy screen.

all\NBC

defining communication& culture

what is mass communication ?

what is communication?

transmission model

channel-----

N BCsender message

feedback

recei•ver

transmission model

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- PONY EXPRESS

linearsender focused efficiency and clarity

centereddenotational techno-centric

ritual model

meanings circulate around Qifferent cultural texts or artifacts

ritual model

culture-centered historical

dialogicmeaning is liminalmeaning is flexible

transmission modelV o

ritual model

what is culture ?

5 conceptions of culture

Hoch Kultur/High Culture"the best that's been thought and said inthe world"

Matthew Arnold Culture &Anarchy


Hoch Kultur/High Culture culture as a whole way of life

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Hoch Kultur/High Culture culture as a whole way of lifeculture as a prison house of language

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Hoch Kultur/High Culture culture as a whole way of lifeculture as a prison house of language culture as community


Hoch Kultur/High Culture culture as a whole way of lifeculture as a prison house of language culture as communityculture as a site of struggle

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The OlU lltlTU •m

Breakfast

zeitgeist

possibilities

zeitgeist

constrai•nts

modern

postmodern

celebration of the individual

'' think thereforeIam''

modern

Rene Descartes

celebration of the individual belief in rational order

modern

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celebration of the individual belief in rational order working efficiently

modern

celebration of the individual belief in rational order working efficientlyrejecting tradition

modern

celebrating populism rejecting hierarchy

postmodern

TOMA.. TO

celebrating populism

postmodern

diversifying and recycling culture


postmodern

diversifying and recycling culture questioning scientific reasoning


postmodern

diversifying and recycling culture questioning scientific reasoning acknowledging paradox

media and identity in a POSTMODERN age

moderncelebration of the individual belief in rational order working efficientlyrejecting tradition

postmoderncelebrating

populism diversifying and recycling culture questioning

scientific reasoning

acknowledging paradox

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ant1•-flletanarrat1•veJean-Fran<;ois Lyotard

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information

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fragmentation

glocalizationrelative to the past, we are becoming more attached globally and less , attached locally

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fragmentationpastiche

postmodernism ?

two views of postmodernism

hyper-reality

Jean Baudrillard

hyper-reality and simulacra

we have lost touch with ''The Real''

the procession of simulacra

hyper-realitysimulacrum

Jean Baudrillard


a copy with no original

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hyper-realitysimulacrum

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cosmopolitan.corn

Jean Baudrillard


Jean-Franois Lyotard

and others...

ant1• -metanarrat1•ve

the fragmentation of the human subject


and others...

ant1• -metanarrat1•vesignifyin(g)

"a repetition with a difference"James Russell Potter

C

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and others...

ant1• -metanarrat1•vesignifyin(g)

"a repetition with a difference"James Russell Potter

turningconswnpt1•on i•nto production


and others•••

antt•-metanarrat1•vesignifyin(g)

"a repetition with a difference''James Russell Potter

"It was right out of Gorillas in the Mist"

LAPDradio transmission

MASS COMMUNICATION research and MASS COMMUNICATION effects

How does

mass commun1• cat1•

onshape our lives?

behavioral effectsindividualistic

cause-effect oriented psychologistic biological

cultural effectslarge-scaleworld-view oriented sociological narratival

hypodermic needle model

foundations of mediaresearch

propaganda analysisProp '!lganda Technique in theWorld Hil r

Harold Lasswell ( 1927)TO £V£RYONE

IN 'l'HIS PI,ANT:

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OUR COVN'I'RY ISDEPENDIN& ON YOVEMERGENCY FLEET CORPORATION

''If the tnass will be free frotn chains of iron, it must accept its chains of silver''

II


propaganda analysisOffice of War Information (OWI)- 1942

When you ride ALONEyou ride with Hitler !


propaganda analysispublic opinion research

How can the media help to create an informed public?



Walter Lippmann's "Disenchanted Man"

"The Private Citizen today has come to feel rather like a deaf spectator in the back row,who ought to keep his mind on the mystery off there, but cannot quite lllanage to stay aw-aK1_.e.''

The Phantom Public (1925)



Walter Lippmann's "Disenchanted Man"

Lippmann celebrates the social scientist, who can make "unseen facts intelligible to those -who have to make decisions''

Public Opinion (1922)



John Dewey

"Tillthe Great Socie is converted into a Great Community, the Public willremain in eclipse.Communication canalone create a eat commun1.cy."

The Public &Its Problems (1927)



Walter Lippmann: better experts

John Dewey: more communication


propaganda analysispublic opinion research social-psychology studies

Payne Fund Motion Picture Studies (1933)


propaganda analysispublic opinion research social-psychology studies marketing research

11e se1i_• • • • • • • • •

proprietary research

eeoca-coia Lid. PYCD......I-.CDm

public research

I• I

selective exposureselective retention

minimal effects

models

agenda setting

"The press may not be successful much of the time in telling people what to think, but it is stunningly successful in telling people what to think al:iout"

salience Bernard Cohen

How important does an issueappear to be ?

agenda setting

"The press may not be successful much of the time in telling people what to think, but it is stunningly successful in telling people what to think al:iout"

the CNN Effect

Bernard Cohen

uses & gratifications

asks not W"hat MEDIA DO TO PEOPLE but what PEOPLE DO WITH MEDIA


the audience is conceived of as active-media use is seen as goal directed

believes that links between needgratification and media use depend onaudience choice

assumes that the media compete with other sources of need satisfaction

assumes people are a good jud ge of their own media use and need gratifications

believes researchers should suspend value

judgment s about media use

Katz, Elihu, Jay G. Blumler, and Michael Gurevitch. "Uses and Gratifications Research."The Public Opinion Quarterly 37, no. 4 (1974): 509-23.


needs satisfied by the media:strengthening information, knowledge, and

understanding (cognitive needs)strengthening aestlietic, pleasurable, and

emotional experiences (affective needs)

strengthening credibility, con6dence, stability, and status (integrative needs)

strengthening contact with family, friends,and the world (integrative needs)

escape or tension relief (weakening of

contact with self and one's social roles)

Katz, Elihu, Hadassah Haas, and Michael Gurevitch. "On the Use of the Mass Media for Important Things."American Sociological Review 38, no. 2 (I 973): 164-81.

two-step flow

PersonalInfl uence: The PartPlayed byPeop le in tbe Flow ofMass Communication

Elihu Katz and Paul Lazarsfeld (1955)

two-step flow

opinion leader

spiral of silence

"Fear of isolating oneself "is a crucial componentof the process of public opinion fortnation.

"The mass media have to be seen as creating public opinion: they provide the environmental pressure to which people respond with alacrity, or with acquiescence, or with silence."

Elizabeth Noelle-Neumann (1974)

cultivation theory

What kinds of attitudes do the llledia cultivate over tillle?

George Gerbner

"Mean World Syndrollle "

Ideological Perspectives on Media Research:

Ideology and Hegemony

quantitative researche.g.lab experiment controlled conditions nuniber & statistics centeredempirical

qualitative research

e.g.ethnography natural contexts

language &

symbolcentered

1•nterpretat

1•ve

variables

independentmanipulated by researcher"causal'' var1.able

dependentmeasure of response or outcome"ef£ect"var1.able

quantitativeresearch

variables

expert•tnent

experimental groupexposed to manipulated independent variable

control group


variables expert•tnent survey

descriptivedocument current conditions

analyticalexamine relationships between variables


-

variables

e

xpert•tnent

survey

Table 3'Jjlpesof the Products*Adrertised during the .1920s rout the .1930sProduct Category '20s (O/o) '30s (%) Total (%) I

Auto or auto related** 48 27% 55 35% 103 31%Finance and Insurance

-t 1 6% 15 90/o 26 8%

Household goods-- -

28 16% 14 90/oPersonal care

-9 5% 5 30/o

-

Home electronics - 10 6% 6 4%

content analysis

Drink Qiquor and soft) -- 5 3% 16 10% 21 6%--

provided by Ad Age,Decembr 11, 2000 Issue**Auto related products include battery, gas, motor oil, and, most importantly, tires.***Others include plumbing, electricity, engine, machinery, tools, publishers,

newspapers , and railroad.

Cigarette 7 4%-- - ----'

8 5% 15 4%

Home furniture -6 3% 0 0%

-6

-2%

Food 17 100/o 11 7% 28 8%

Travel -5

3% 6 4% 11 3%

Clothing-

19 11% 7 4% 26 8%

Others*** 10 6% 16 100/o 26 8%

Total175 1000/o 159 100% 334 100%

Spearman's r = .39, p > .20Note: *This classification system is modified by the author from pl'oduct

42 13%

14 4%

16 5%

ethnographyparticipant observation

qualitativeresearch

ethnography 1•nterv1•ew1•ng

focus groups textual analysis historical analysis

qualitative

research

How does mass communication

get us to think and behave the way we are supposed to?

Karl Marx

base & superstructure

basemode ofproduction

Karl Marx

hunter gatherer industrial capitalismagricultural


Karl Marx

superstructurestructure of social relationships

Karl Marx

etermines mode ofproduction

superstructure

structure of social relationships


Karl Marx


superstructure


Karl Marx

etermines mode of

production


In order to change the superstructure, you have to change the base

Karl Marx"The classwhich has the means of material production at its disposal, has control at the same time

over the means of mental production, so that thereby, generally speaking, the ideas of those who lack the means of mental production are subject to it:'

Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels The German Ideology

Louis Althusser

How does the State get people to behave ?

Louis Althusser

repressive state apparatuses (RSAs)function primarily through force or violence

Louis Althusser

ideological state apparatuses {ISAs)function primarily through persuasion

religious ISA

education ISAfamily ISA

Louis Althusser


COMMUNICATIONS ISA

Louis Althusser

ideological state apparatuses {ISAs) function primarily through persuasion are relatively autonomous

dominant ideology

Louis Althusser


dominant ideology

Louis Althusser


dominant ideology

Louis Althusser

ideological state apparatuses {ISAs) function primarily through persuasion are relatively autonomousfunction together ininterpellation

Louis Althusser

interpellationLouis Althusser

transforms individuals into subjects

you are ALWAYS-ALREADY a subject




"bad subjects"

Ideological Perspectives on Media Research:

Ideology and Hegemony

quantitative researche.g.l ab experiment controlled conditions nuniber & statistics centeredempirical

qualitative research

e.g.ethnography natural contexts

language &

symbolcentered

1•nterpretat

1•ve

variables

independentmanipulated by researcher"causal'' var1.able

dependentmeasure of response or outcome"ef£ect"var1.able


variables

expert•tnent

experimental groupexposed to manipulated independent variable

control group


variables expert•tnent survey

descriptivedocument current conditions

analyticalexamine relationships between variables


-

variables

e

xpert•tnent

survey

Table 3'Jjlpesof the Products*Adrertised during the .1920s rout the .1930sProduct Category '20s (O/o) '30s (%) Total (%) I

Auto or auto related** 48 27% 55 35% 103 31%Finance and Insurance

-t 1 6% 15 90/o 26 8%

Household goods-- -

28 16% 14 90/oPersonal care

-9 5% 5 30/o

-

Home electronics - 10 6% 6 4%

content analysis

Drink Qiquor and soft) -- 5 3% 16 10% 21 6%--

provided by Ad Age,Decembr 11, 2000 Issue**Auto related products include battery, gas, motor oil, and, most importantly, tires.***Others include plumbing, electricity, engine, machinery, tools, publishers,

newspapers , and railroad.

Cigarette 7 4%-- - ----'

8 5% 15 4%

Home furniture -6 3% 0 0%

-6

-2%

Food 17 100/o 11 7% 28 8%

Travel -5

3% 6 4% 11 3%

Clothing-

19 11% 7 4% 26 8%

Others*** 10 6% 16 100/o 26 8%

Total175 1000/o 159 100% 334 100%

Spearman's r = .39, p > .20Note: *This classification system is modified by the author from pl'oduct

42 13%

14 4%

16 5%

ethnographyparticipant observation

qualitativeresearch

ethnography 1•nterv1•ew1•ng

focus groups textual analysis historical analysis

qualitative

research

How does mass communication

get us to think and behave the way we are supposed to?

Karl Marx

base & superstructure


Karl Marx


Karl Marx


superstructure



Karl Marx

etermines mode of

production


In order to change the superstructure, you have to change the base

Karl Marx"The classwhich has the means of material production at its disposal, has control at the same time

over the means of mental production, so that thereby, generally speaking, the ideas of those who lack the means of mental production are subject to it:'

Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels The German Ideology

Louis Althusser

How does the State get people to behave ?

Louis Althusser

repressive state apparatuses (RSAs)function primarily through force or violence

Louis Althusser


religious ISA

education ISAfamily ISA

Louis Althusser


COMMUNICATIONS ISA

Louis Althusser


dominant ideology

Louis Althusser


dominant ideology

Louis Althusser


dominant ideology

Louis Althusser

ideological state apparatuses {ISAs) function primarily through persuasion are relatively autonomousfunction together ininterpellation

Louis Althusser




"bad subjects"

the powers of advertising:advertising, zeitgeist, and ideology

Pears' Soap

Louis Althusser

Louis Althusser

subject position

Louis Althusser



"bad subjects"

hegemony

Antonio Gramsci

a process of winning consent equilibrium

Antonio Gramsci

hegemony1•ncorporat 1•on

Raymond Williams residual culture emergent culture

Antonio Gramsci

hegemony1•ncorporat 1•on

Raymond Williamsresidual culture

incorporated

hegemony

Antonio Gran1sci

m•corporat1•onRa ond Williamsresidual culture

incorporated

Antonio Gran1sci

hegemonym• corporat1•on

Ra ond Williamsresidual

culture incorporated

hegemony1•ncorporat1•

on

Antonio Gramsci

Raymond Williams

makes resistant cultures safe

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folJ)' lei>tlfy as lO <>ur good eo1nmereu1J 41:1.liJlng and h1tcgrhy:

1

113Our Mad11 :i.ud (or1ntr lroflll wm rc-qul11: 110 ru. ht(('\'!.it)'l¢<: of our rc$pOMihili1y 1han that (urnibcd 1bcm in the prompt

:ind:!!t : ! :e \1 i s j!ii *l tCa!: s:e :· u 1 :t i i ed i;ri e /ifn::l i:n hi;.,

HOLCOMB'S PATENT

ACOUSTIC SPEAl\ING TELEPHONE.J. R . HOL COM B & CO.,

M.\KUrACT!ll9$ AND $0l£ PllOPlttCTbtS,

MALLET C REEK, MEDINA CO., OHIO.The Only Acoustic Telephone Having a Clear Title .to Patent.

It ernbraees. II tht: 1:,.test improvements in ll\$ulation and Connections, witl• new and perfect Vocalizing Chambet, atid

°""'""s:t• COMPOUND METALLIC DIAPHRAGM.It is the m0$t elegantly finished Telephone made, and with its

BURN ISHED NICKEL MOUNTI NGS,IS AN ORNAMENT TO ANY OFFICE OR PARLOR.

GUARANTEED TO WORK ON E M ILE.PRICE REDUCED TO $3.50 PER SET.

GENEBA:C. EEFEB..ENCJDS.

utility

1 860?

i--- --REMINGTON I

*''t'iu

MA:N'"UFACTU

D,

ED,

RY

' ''i 1

R EMINGTON AGRICULTUR AL CO., ILON, N. Y.CONSIS'rfNO OF

Patent Carbon, Steel & Gray Iron Plows,Right and Left Haa.d ror 1, 2 a.nd 3 Bor&e. Also all St7le•

Shovel and Turning Bl:ldes, Sweeps, Bull Tongues, &c. Shovel Plows and1 Horse Moes,

lmlPHilV] IB WIN& MC 1NJ WHEEL lIlKB WES,Handle Planter and Garden Steel Hoes and Rakes. Solid Steel Shovels, Scoops and

Spades, with Sockets from same piece of Steel, without weld or rivet, Steel Forks,CuJtivators, one and t\\ O horse, (fecth aod Points :;peeialtics,) Road Scrapers,

NEEDLE COTTON CINS.

Patent

CARBONI ron Beam

No. 25.

I i

{1880)

ii

ITo OUR PATRONS A.ND Till? PUBLIC:

l It has bwo ou r ajm tn find a asuh!;tit ute to take the phtc,:e ar SI.eel for J>low used in .stony,I {CravcHy1or any 1.Je&.\ V rnlxed soil wit.h grit, and Ly (:Ontinued ex1:>eriment we have de\'oloped the

0 Oa.rbon.. 1\1.Ce'ta.1,"

A praetical 1ub:torenf Re6ned Steel, \Vrought Iron , anrl other mtala ca$l i n for1n, harder that Steel or nny f!ltrt'Ree-chilled Iron,{theo ilted i.ron being filUhjoot to ROft $potEJ). Jly our method the metal I& unlfor1n aH thrnogh, 'Nery cafl't be nit alike; or, by change of C)Ompou ncl, oan t4;!mpe.r to any desired. f

, hardneR.._ fo.r other porpos.combln.inn •lrnplh. grea u-.ettr and dun:W illfJJ. '1J.bject to .fine pollM, it' cllliJC()W in ai•y eoil. Coat& lesa than StJ, and a trifle more than CMt Iron, but far etlperloi-, and

Ata Pl•1wTrlttl held on the ftu1nor G-overoor Seymour, In Detrfteld , Ont\lda Co-•• N, Y.,No.·.em·;- bc1·22' . 1876, tbe pfowa entered for oorutltlon were the No. 2-S Cilrbon (I1-ou Betun) Plow. m•tiu rae-. ' turl.XI by RetulngtQ Agricu ltural COOlJ>1ll\y, of Jllon. N. Y.• and the Robloson CbtlJed Iron Ptow,

nutnu rooturOO. at M,tracusc, N. Y. 'l'be co1omlttff rt-(>Otted In favor of tlte CfirOOn Plow.

PJR.:J:O :m • lR. :BJ D "CT O :BJ D.

We War.rant Them ! ·see One! Tr One I Buy One!

ABSOLUTKL

E: L E:CT

utility

(1880)1.

MASON &HAMLIN ORGANS.

.W. Oooruer trth ol. Uti1.'Cl "tA..Clnolu•..U.

0.

l\1Ul<l ..Yt-ll 1¥hlIH.'ll hl\rtlthe\IUU'tl\', W•-=-::-toI

j"Jfi T\,\·: d£i't 1'.'\hl4 {(' l!efrcular.

• 1f°'"'lliu11, 1>1ttln•a.lblf!WOC.h.._.n.. All

P"F.RF£(,TLY Rt..T4'Rt:T11t: Ht:t.Rll O

t nu 1he wu1 I( t•I' t 1111 Natturnl

DEAFGarmore 'sArtificial Ear Drums

HO PE

BOP ll1'Tl.q M.PQ, CO••....

.......T....at...W,.O.L

1cure or hclp. '

(AMcdidnt",notadrilllc,\coatai111 Hopt. Cuc;hu, )l.1ni!rn1'e, D.andclion, and the Purc"t And Dest ltcdil Qualitic' or :tll other niticrs.

l• a preventive and curo for

\\"cakneuanJCc:lcr:dDcLility, for rcvcT and As:uc, and all Kidney and Liver Dar.et..

A liule Hop lhttcn savesbir doctors biYls, and ''SJOO NEVER

FAI L

HOPmn

f"LAVORS.stUT! !E CQLTON'S

Y PUR E.

the rise of the leisure class

The Theory of the Leisure ClassThorstein Veblen (1899)"conspi.cuous consutnpt1.on"

"Since the consumption of these more excellent goods is an evidence of wealth, it becomes honorific; and conversely, the failure to consume in due quantity and quality becomes a mark of inferiority and demerit:'

T

identity

1ITF. C'O>'fO l'()J ITA="

H E smartest turnout on the fashionable drive is the surest to be equipped with the:: Kelly-Springfield Tire. It is the::

laot touch of distinction. It represents "good form " and "ooti l-en·iec." The economy of quality is the import;1Ilt cnnsitkration, for all tires look al ike and your only guaran tee is the n.u ne it hl'ars. The l\:dly-Springtield name, branded on C\ t·ry tire, h.1,; been "first choice " since the ridi ng \\'orld began to roll on rubber. Take no substitute. \\ rite for booklc..:t.

The Con,;i)liJateJ Rubber Tire Company'\ ·w \ ·k

Ohio

,,

Ai..rcti,.l? Pine S·rcc",

(1905)

identity

(1905)

ideology Ifcs; cs;(Cltbrand identity

consun1er identityhegemony

zeitgeist

l"'AND .s<Jl,Q NBO

AT Auu FOUNTti

5""5¢

AFT&

n;t;!w.

C«tL' l ·1Uf0

case study:soap and

''wh.tteness''

llARPllB'S JIAIJAZI.\"B ADl'KBTl:<BR.

Over the wa.ters of the world floa.t the ships of our white squadron. They are essential to the peace and dignity of the nation.

Over the waters of thousands of domestic seas float cakes of Ivory Soap, the white squadron of Ameri can homes.

'l'hc '"'hi tc M a11 's 13urdcn'" through tcachin t ht> '1rtues o( cleanlm<'!>-'-.

Pears' Soapj, a potent factor II\ bril{htcn111j! tlw <l;1rk <:ornt'JS of tht earth as

,-ivili....11ion ad"anc-. \\ hilt·.unon !\l the cultun:d of all nation.,it hoJ rl., tlw hihe,,t pla<'•· it i-; tlw irlr.11 toilet --oa p.

Of Alt Sccnlt4 Soap• Pc.ars·Otto ct Ro.. it th• bc1t..

Whale hand., a pure. clear complesioo, and milization, lollow 1f.t. we ol f'EARs 5oAP thr ""1y Soap u.ccl all O•'tr the civilized world.

THE B1P-Tl-I or Cw1L1ZAT10N- A Mt:sSAG : cM THE SEA ..

i- tALTH. ANO Pt.: -" ;-""( =::-=.. . ::i .. •

$f c. o·:... n r:. - S '-'! . ) :. :.,.... ,..rc:-r1 t<c ..scr PEJ... \s·S01\P.

·Ti;:. Ccl'lsu r.-PT 10N c • Sc ? : ''r .:. .;.;RE er THt: WEALTH

C1v1L1SA':'ICN '"'-'•

ideology Ifcs; cs; (Cltbrand identity

l'lw \\ h.. it( \Ian \ l

unlcn

Pears' Soap

consun1er identity

h egemony

00 ...-..... -..·-41_.. _ _

zeitgeist

case study: Listerine & social pressure

THE BEST ANTISEPTIC.For "both :tnte=na.l a.na. :External Use.

LISTE RIN E.FORMULA-Listerine is the csscnt i<ll antiseptic const ituent of Thyme Euc:t1y1•t u.B.lptUU.

1

Caultheria and lent ha Arvcnsis, in combination. Each tlu id d raclun a l?!oo coruain.s t•ograins o( refi ned and pu rified llenzo-ooracic ,\cid.

DOSE-I nternally: One tea>poonlul th ree or more tim es 3 day (as indicated I, either full mength, or diluted, IS nece>S>I)' for varied cond itions.

LISTER I N E is a "'Cll p O\'C." antieptic ai:c!'t-an antiz,r m<?tic-cspccially adapted to io. tcrn<\ l usc. :inJ to ntal.c an<l ma1nt31n surg1c:1I cle:1nlines. --ac11s1ti-lO the treat men t o( all p;1rtsof the hu tnan body, w hether by pr:l)', irrig:.tion, atomization, or sintpl loc:tl nppllc:ition. :.nJ there fore ch:ir:ictcrizcd b» its p:.rt icu l:t.r :iid.:iiptibilit) to the ficl<l o{

Preven tive Medicine-Individual Prophylax is.

Ph)-<ici•n• int erested in LISTER IK E will plense send 11s their ndd re<. ;, onJ recei ve by ,..tum ma.ii our new o.od com-rlcle µa.ntphlc t of 36 qua rto vaccs.embodying:A Tabulated Exhlbit of the act ion ol LISTERIN E upon inert Laboratory Compounds;

Full and Exhaustive Reports and Clinic:il observ:it ions from all ,;ourccs, confirmiAi t he ut ilit y or LISTER IN E OS " General A n t iseptic for both internal and external use; 2nd p:irticul:\rJy

Microscopic Observations. showini; the compa rat ive v3h1e anJ av3ilability oC.ari011.Santiseptic:> in tht: treatment of Uica$eS of the Oral Ca\•it )". b)" \V. 1>. lILLeH. A.I.,Ph.D., D .D.S... l'ro(. of Opcr.1li"·c nd Cl& nic.al Denti.str}'. U nivcrlly o( Berlin, f rom \\·hose Jcduc· tions LIST ERI N!:: appears to be t he most acceptable prophylactic for the care and prcS«· vat ion or the teeth.

(1887)

THE BEST ANTISEPTIC

FOR BOTH INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL USE.

LISTERINE.

Non·Toxlo, Non•lrrltant, Non•E1oh1rotlo-Abtolutely Safe, Agreeable and Convenient.

FORMULA.-Lurrsa111a It the eaonllal anttsecuo con1tltuen1or T?iymo, l!ucalyplus,&pU.alal Gaullherla and lllentha Arven a,1In corublnallon . Eilcb ll11ld drachma\lo con alns twograinaor reRiledand punftcd Bcnr.o-boraclo Acjd•

DOBE. !ntomally: One teaapoonflll lhreo or more llml!S 11day (ae ndlcatcd ), eitherflllt 11\nllll\h,or diluted, unecesury for varied oondlllona.

(ISERINE is a well proven antiseptic agent-an antizymotic -especially useful in the management of catarrhal conditions of the mucous membrane, adapted to internal

use and to make and maintain surgical cleanliness-asepsis-ln 1he treatment of all pa!U ol lhe hu man body, whether by •pray, injection, irrigation, atomization, inhalation, or simple local application , and therefore characterized by its particular adaptability to the f

ield of

PREVENTIVE MEDICINE-INDIVIDUAL PROPHYLAXIS .LISTERINE destroys promptly all odors emanating f rom diseased gums nnd teeth, and will be found of great. value when taken inlernall)·, in teaspoonf ul doeea, to control the

fermentatlvo eructations oC dyapopsia, and to disinrect the mouth,throat and stomach. It.ia a perfect tooth and mouth wash,

JNl>JSl'SNS&BLB Jl'Oll. TllB DBNTAL TOILBT.

(1895)

L

.Antiseptic:;

FOR

'r:S::a:J J3ES'r .A.:N"'r:CS:BJ:l?'r:CO

BOTH INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL USE•Non•Toxlc,

Prophylactic,

Deodorant.ISTERIN E

Non•l rrltant,

Non-Bscharotlc.

ISTERI NE is a \YCll·proven antiseptic ngent-.'ln antiy1notic-espcci3Uy u&e(ul In the rnanngernent of catarrhnl ondillop• of the mucous mernbrane; adapted to lnternnl use; nnd to make and maintai n surgical clean1iness-

ascpsisin .tliO treatment of all parts of the human body, \Yhether by spr:l.y, irrigation, atomization, or simple loco.I o.pp1icndon, a.nd.thcrcfOiO

characterized by its particular adaJ>labihty to t ho ficJd of

PREVENTIV .B MSi>iC.INE..:.:..:INDiVIDUAL .PR.

OPHYLAXIS.

LISTERINE d1&ttoy• promptly eU odort et"lanating·f,on\ diseas.ca g'unu' and.le-•ih,.and will be found.of gt••t 11h.1• when tal"n internally, In t•••p-oon · ful do11i, to control .th fctmonto.t:...o e1u ctaticins of dysj,optia •.nd ·to.'ditinfict tho .mouth; thr oat, end •lomach.

It is a pe.roct tooth and mouth w•sh, INl;>ISP. !"fSABLE FOR TH.E DENTAL:TOILET.

(1895)

Y

-

cAsk Y-OUrbestfri endifyou dare!ou may even get intimate enough with some friends

of yours to swap the real truth about your income tax and about many other very per sonal things..But how 1nan)• people do

They say itbehind your back

,.--

·you know well enough to.en able you to get on the subject of Halitosis with them? Not very many, probably. Hali tosis is the medical term mean ing unpleasant breath.

As you know yourself, Hali tosis is one of the least talked about huma.n afflictions and at onceone of the most commonly prevalent ;tilments.

Nine out of ten people suffer

E

r'fr;!'dsr=,':Cis;!;i:;i!about you.

H:t1icosiJ (une;luunt bzath) i.

;':d,f;tt;; e:!!:1: ::among clo<e friends.

Ytt p]J thewhile,quitt innoc:wit..

7,{ dy l> in°!i nt:a= H21itosi.s bec:Clil'M! silf n[, un mtntio11ed indictment ch2t holds back m::anr a m;tn. Alld he is the Jut one t0 know whr.

• Everyone ia eenmtive about the little pe"onal thing. that quickly identify you

•

-

•from Halitosis either now andthen or chronically. Usually they are unconc1ous of it themselves.

H:1litosis may come from smoking, drinking, eating. Itmay be due to a disordered stomach, b:i.d teeth, lung trouble otsomeother organic disorder. If it's a·chronic ailment, of course, then it i:s a symptom of a condition)"our doctor or dentist ought to look after.

But very often it is only temporary and then you may overcome it by bk·

Why entertain uncomfortable doubts about )"OU.r brc:1th wMn ihtte i:S ;i sirnpl", <citntilic prtt.lu.. tion th.2t will r )'bUOt\

thecde and polite-sul<1

1,ista!ne,the1--popubr,liquid&.a!JS9'UC, wsU defeat .most Casc!Iofhahrosis. lt iJ awonderfully <f·

!ective: Diouth dfodontnt th:uquidJy a.rrest:1 food ftrmentatiM.

Of COW"Se, irh•litosls is • srmp. tom of some more dcep..se:tted, Ol'J.anic disorder you will wotnt tc l'Onlult your physicla11 dentist.N:itunU.ly you trouldn't aptt:t :i

• u a deairable auociate in busineu or • 80cially. Halitoeia (unpleaaant breath) ia •

• prevented by the daily uae of Llsterine,• which aleo keeps the teeth clean and pre· •

vents fermentation in the mouth . Pro- •• vide yourae!f with a bottle today and re•• lieve the uncertainty aa to whether your II• breath is alwo.ys sweet. clean and fresh. ..

Price, per bottle. 23c, 45c. 89c.

ing a very simple pcrsonn l precaution that will mean case of mind for you

and comfort for your friends. Listerine,

for forty yen.rs the safe household antiseptic, is a

wonderfulcomb:unnt of

Halitosis. J.ist use it

ForHALITOSIS

useLISTERINE

.

,

-j 8 Jflrlo h=· iwash and gargle.

mouth ontRptic to cure ;iotomadl. But so ofc.n h"1itosit i! mcrclr Jou! and ttmpomy. Th• rqular use of. rhis txccllt:n r and plca.pnt Antiseptic M :t mcutll wash and gargle will suffi.

T1'f r..Uterine thiA W:&)' tod.lf.N ,

-_.... - 'lh"Son

;r-u-

gCn-....-..

ote the dea.n frtsh ftt:ling it

You prob3.b[y no\V have Listerine in the house and know all

about its many other uses as a safe antUcptic.

1/you Jon'1,;'11st stml ttS )Ottr name and address and /iftun cent1 and we slral/ /Je glad loforward you a gmerotts snmplt of LiJltrint togdhtr with a tuht of lislerfot Tooth Paslt sufficimt for JO dt1ys' hruihings.

Address Lambert Pharmacal Com. pany,214'2.Locu_stSt.•SaintLouis,,Mo.

?{) orHalitosisuseListerine

Jves about your mouth, ttt:tl and throat. Ac rhes1. n1c 1ime fl)( fresh 1'04Jr br3rhyou :tte8'J2.rd.he ;ic:unst thron 1nfec:donc tha1 m2)• o.nticip:tte more 'ttiOUJ ilk.

,,//,,f!Z/F:,: !;: i':'!://::pur nnm1 GnJ at!Jru1 am/ ji/tu1 emu.miw IMllhr/U lofonur,$OU 4 tmmus''""Pk el U11trimtttAtr th a tuh UJttrim Too1A Puu wfferimt/.,. JO J•:11 6nt1Ai1ffS•

Address L:1mbert Ph:trm;ca ComP.any, 2168 Lotusr Srrect Saint l..oui:,Mis:souri.

,,,-:: 21 Store• in Calif ornia.

111# 11 1 •,,..

(1922)

<JQ;HAilTOSIS

JU•LISTERINE

·

I'""

WHAT A MISTAKE TO THINK YOUNG P!OPl! ESCAPE IT..-t tued to Ulink .•llmd.ruff l.rollbkod only oldl'f' iJOOl)le.

Out l,l(lt 4111y loni:tr:Soo1t •ftet J J,:<:lt et1;;ai£..-.;I, 1dc,-clope<j 1l 1wily (lf Uto0 l11f(>tl i(Jw; lit11l (,f LmJn1tr. 1'110lt1k h'•M<c!1lll

I fotuiICMlt.1l001lt J,i;tri11ot /\11li"f'!Jt.ie 111\tl tNUWaJ:e!..

SCHOOL CHILDRIN ARf 8Y NO MEANS IMMUNEM•iiy a sclal.'lllb1 a.11cl girl 11-.. l:ll."'11) t.rQ11i)lor.. t:\'tlry sc:f1ool n1.1:nic know.s bt:>w <olleri oloudt\lff K'!•l¢J. itehin.i: 111id irtlJiiml'l:I,,.,.1,.,i in ,·'-::• "<$ M ot'l,.,llJ( ('1,:14,...,., <•f I 1Sl.Nlb

llYl'.tlJMNftll l't!:l)' 'ft'Sfl'I Gf -II itl.fl'Clioa.

IT'S A DUINITE DISADVANTAGE IN THI tUSINllS WOltll)".\n itd1lll inlb.mcd p . • • 11. t oolbr CO\>erei.I withlll.'a and 611k.••an: 111() bel11"'lien ;i.·uu'rc tr.:1•big lo llMl.kc ll lh·iug oel.liu,s.I O"''t' pkouty to l f""-00 wlw 1.<>ld wu •.!Nv U..tc:rii.c \i.U..eptj;cau J · ··

GET A FTE R IT NOW WITH

LISTERINEANTISEPTIC

IT JUST DOESN'T MAKI SENSE TO WASTt TIM! wl•on H:> kco nnd '"-"'••give yoo foir war-ni_ng thnt your hnir imd sc.1lp need SJJecia l ntlentic>n. Diuu.lrufl' is f'CJLUi7.t(I by Oulsltudiu.g llJ iuJ i.i;ls llS orteu due to gcrmi; t.11( flak<:$ 1.1od Sil'.fllcS OHty be JSignit (,( uo iufec;ti1.>ll.$ cn-.;c.

BEFORE THE TROUBLE GROWS ANY WORSE, ••tl al onre with Listerine AntiSCJllic· 1rnd mas.<mgc. Ju.st dou.sc foll strength Listerine Oll the Sc'.illp. morning and n4tl•t then mussugc vigorously uud pcrsilitentl,y. The lrci1l.m enl is si.mplc, C;)sy. unJ dcJightlul. Yet it.h1t.'1 .<sluJwr1 trulv urunzing rc.sull:s in u subs-t.u.ntinl urnjurity or cliuicuJ lc'.it Cll!ie'<:

lu cme el ni<".iLI Lc..-.t. 16% ol dundrufJ' sufferers who lL-;cd

T...isterinc Antiseptic nnd Jl)!ISSIJgc twice t1 <luy:\\'ithin t month showed co111pletc disi•1>vcnn1o<;Q. or or m11rktd itnPN"<"IUCUt in U:1c symptoms of duodrutr.t\1)J thousuud r cnthu:sinsLie letters frvm 11.ll 1n1rts of the oou.nt.rygive outstnndin.g C\'idruwc or the SUL'\.'.\'S:S of Listtrino A..utiplic nnd MtlWl#;tC: llS ttn Nisy home lr«ttment. 0•)n1L delay ir you lil've tlte

slighLt& symptom ol 1t dunclrufr (:Qndition. You ron.y have l.l re.11 iofe<: tion-.;o heght at oo<-.e with Listerine Antisuptic:. Be..suro tobuy

the la.fb'C size bottle <.>f Listerine Aot..i$Cpl ie, l.iooot1uJSC it. uclu1.1J.ly &i.vc. you money.

l...A.MJJt:t<T Pu.ut>.tA<.:.At. Com•ANY-, SI. /,rmid . Mo.

readin ads:the semiotics o desire

""""' .........._..-

...=-.-.=r..::.-

advertising in practice

fllarket research

demographics psychographicsVALS (values and lifestyles)


fllarket research

persuasi•ve

strategi•esfamous-person testimonial


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persuasi•ve

strategi•esfamous-person testimonial plain-folks pitch


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persuasi•ve

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persuasi•ve

strategi•es

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fllarket research

persuasi•ve

strategi•es

famous-person testimonial plain-folks pitchsnob-appeal approach bandwagon effect hidden-fear appeal irritation

advertising

gender advertisingErving Goffman

dismemberment

seweryone's invited..

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iore.

Introducing Blore Pore Perfect Face strips.

Only Blore has the Pore Target

System•• lhet works like o magnet to pul

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New Biore Pore Perf ect"' Face St rips.

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M A R C J A C O B S

domination

Jeff goes all 1nale 1nodel onus.When genius Alan Cumming cheekily re-created iconic fragrance ads (like the ones below) to promote his Cumming body products, we promptly ripped him off and had our Jeff re-create the gorgeous ad for the perfume we're loving most right now, EsteeLauder's Youth Dew Amber Nude. Tom Ford, we hope you're flattered by Jeff's take on it: "It's a bit absurd that prior to this photo shoot someone in the office punned that the picture would end up being a 'Youth Don't.' Why? The image turned out so ravishing, didit not? And now Ilook at people who use self-tanner as crusaders.Slightly misguided crusaders, but Iget it (despite me looking like a melting stick of adobe-colored butter)! Ball's in your court, Cumming. Can you top this?"

sem1• ot1•csthe study of SIGNS

si•gnsignifier

Ferdinand de Saussure

TL . word or imageair 1trary

signified

conceptculLe unral conventtio1l1l

/kret/

cat

••


si•gn

signifier signified

text -


a collection -of signs

signifier signified

si•gn

print and democracy ••

the newspaper and the public sphere

LOlfDONPri«clblfJf.a 1d1t11<ibt (c.1d

i1P•iltii

The First Amendment

"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances '

The Jeffersonian Ideal

''Were it left to tne to decide whether we should have a government without newspapers or newspapers without a government, should not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter '

Thomas Jefferson to Edward Carrington 1787

The Jeffersonian Ideal

free press

cr1•t1•c1•

stn

infortnation

government ---.------ people

voting

John Peter Zenger trial

1735William Cosby

Governor of New York Province

- -_- _


1735William CosbyNew York WeeklyJournal

"The loss of liberty in general would soon follow the suppression of the liberty of the press; for it is an essential branch ofliberty, so perhaps it is the best preservative of the whole. Even a restraint of the press would have a fatal influence. No nation ancient ormodern has ever lost the liberty of freely

an nnthi11g uu ht to come iu .Compet itiun\vi1h its l111crefl$. E'/Cry erimc agaiuft the J>Oblkk, is a grc;i.t crime, tho' there he fomc greater 1lie11 <>lhers. Ji;11ouir1cc aud folly may l>e pleacled in Alle1·iation

wirh rhe ntmofr Regard and :lleverence.!Tbt Sncre.J:fi iwill'4_gl .,( tbr Pcoplt,

rhr/,,-,;alahlr M11r'tfli of tbe Ptop/e, tbt

11<0f u/'.1u1krir:r 'of tbt PfPJ>lt, mid t/Jr

1<1ra;,r f<1blf Jmlv111n1 of tltt P1oflt, were

n!prl"11t e0ftt:nces ; but \\'ben 1heycom1: ]1hrafos Common in thefe wife, grea.t and·o · public!< Offences? 1'1cy h1fc all B::,. frqe Ciries. . , ,..ncfit of fuch a .('lea ; <ve are !hen 110 Ion· · &;me will 'tell us, tliis isfctting·np-tspeaking, writing or publishing

their £er to confider, to wha! Cau f<!'l they are

Mob for St tesmen, and ·rouheunfdrers

owin, but what Evils they m«y produce, «1f Srarcs. The·word Mob. dotS nol at all

me thero.fuc111s 10 be 'Ihird .fu.i:t·oi Li Is, full as OE'ftruaive anriy of th

fOr. mer <:an probably be, I mnt1 Libel1 agai111l: the People. It 1vao

c>thcrwife atAt i•cns and Rome, where ihc parciculu Mf n, nd CYCn gr<:at Men, were often tm11ed wit h much Fre.eilom ancl Se11ericy, wlien they clefervcd. 11l yet the eople; the bocly of the People, were

'mifcni ;·or 'tlbr:re·.the ·Dircnver .of- .a great Fault can Jo 110 good. tliere

ought to l>e no clifC<1vet}"ar all , ar\d to ma e f•ults where ih::rc •tc none is !\ill

1vu 1fe.But chis l}>Ciri 110 011lv h1>Jtls t ri1c

as 10 private and ller lonal fail i11gs ; aml ic is qoiteotherwirc when the C1·iines.of Men com ·to Af!<-'.t 'the Puhlick. Nothi"g our.ht to be fod<r to

ancl .thof gainft priVlltc Men. Now to

lh'c i)ifcovery of a fmall' F•ult mllf '<lo

no Coniplemcnt ; e who ;.affront<:<! al th rea<liug ofthe Tt>\ Commaoclmcnrswould mali:e the J)ccaltiguc a Libel; if he clmft, buc he Tempts m at the fame Time 10 form a Jurlgmenc of his Life a11<1 Monls, nut at all to his Advant.gc : Whoever calls puhlick anil ncccffary Trnchs Libels, docs ap1>rife us l)f his ""11 Cllataae.-. ai1cl Arms us.with Caution !lgainfr his Dcligns.. ..;

I hafe long thought, that the World arc11ery much milbken in thdr Idea .and nifiin.!tion of ·Liheb, it h r.i been

"'llerc. for E.tam1lle,

110t Ii i co be tulcl ;

·A Lihl !•.not the lor ;·Lil>

..in.. true, tn1s m•y fcem a Cont r•<liCl>' on ; but ir is 11cir her one in bw. tlr'fn·(ornm"n Sq>ie. Tllefe are fome

1'-tr. 'lrt1g, r ;. ·;f 1 Libd;•t /""" Ill Pre/ml t&

</Of ickt l•.;t i.< uw:·11U;d l-01!1 "' Courf mrd a•11.011x tbt,,;. /> op/( IIJIJlft /J({. you <JJ;JIiufm fit·1"'"' rnal; l bt f f..lo:.in li't/iJi11 1tpQlot

. . .T ·lI E •

New - Yor-ki ·, eeIy J O U . R N L

Mid here \ve lha)l r<!idily ftncl , that Folly .move 'me,' on cthis fio1r, nor weakenhasovenurn ed &ates, nnd -priv3te liuecdl 'the GtC>ttml I !;O upon, it ;, ccttain thatsentiments, but forthwith lost their liberty ·been the parenr of publick

Confot1ou.the whole ople, wno are tbc. publidr,

The J (>nli11g therefore ofpublick Wick· arc the befl Judges, whe1her Things go i lled11 . as'it i• a l>nl\' which every Man or well,IV ith the i111blick•.: It is true

in general and became slaves:'

.,we$ to Tmth and his "Gi>un r rv, can ne· rhey can't allof them foe difianl Darigcrs, vcr be a l..i I in the Narure of• Thi11g• 1 ·nor ·watch the'Motiinu,"nor guefs the and they who call it fo, maIce thcmfelvcs ·dcligns of neighbouring States: llilt every

· :Oiblc


1735 T T-I E "· +

J O U.RNA L,

William CosbyNew York WeeklyJournal 1'-tr. 'lrt1g,r ;.

t[J.t frejhcft Advicu, Foreign, 1111d Do111ftick.

no Coniplemcnt ;he who;.affront<:<! al th

;f1 ·Libd;•t /((ml Ill Pre/ml t& </Of ick rea<liug of the Tt11 Commaoclmcnrs wouldmali:e the J)ccaltiguc a Libel,·if he clmft,tl•.;t i

.<uw:·11U;d

l- 1!1 "'

Courf mrd a•

11 011.( th(,;. /> op/( IIJIJlft /J({. you <JJ;JI but he Tempts m at the fame Time to form

seditious libel

iufm fit·""''" rnal; lbt r j..lo:.in li't/iJi11 11pQlot .lh<1lSubj.tt, "1!dJ,. . .•· lour i

'··A !•.

a Jurlgment of his Life a11<1 Monls, nut at all to his Advant.gc : WhQCvet calls puhlick anil nccoffary Trnchs Libels, docs ap1>rifc us l)f his ""11 Cllataac.-, ai1d Arms us.with Caution !lgainfrhis Dcligns.. ..;

thought, that the World arc

Lihl not thelor ;·Lil>..in.

IJContr•JiCl,..:

I hafe long11ery much milbkcn in thdr Idea .and

. true, tn1s m•y fcem aoil ; but ir is 11cirher one in bw. tlr'fn

"(01nm"n Sq>ie. 'f hefe are fome T1u1hs 1mt Iii co be tulil ; "'llerc. for E.tam1lle, lh·e i)ifcovery of a fmall' F•ult mllf '<lo"mifcni;·or 'tlbr:re·.the ·Dircnver .of- .a great Faull can Jo 110 good. tliere ought to l>e no clifC<1vet}'• ar all, a1\d to ma e f•ults where ih::rc •tc none is !\ill 1vu1fe.

But chis l}>Ciri110 011lv h1>Jtls tri1c as to private and llerlonal faili11gs ; aml ilis qoiteotherwi rc when th C1·iines-of Men com ·to Af!<-'.t .the Puhlick. Nothi "g our.ht to be fod<r to 11s as c,ur Cm111try,_ an nnthi11g ouht to come iu.Competitiun\virh its l11tcrefl$. E..-cry erimc agaiuft the Jioblkk, is a grc;i.t crime, tho' there

he

ni1li11.!tion of ·Lih eb, it hr.i been hitherto gt!lera ll\' u11der!lccxl. that th.re was no ot)icr Libels but rbofe ,:.g.tinn Mar,ifmres ancl .thof gainft priVlltc Men. Now to me tro.fuc111s ro beThird .!OJ:t• oi Li

Is, full as OE'ftruaive anriy of th fOr.mer <:an probably be, Imnt1 Libel1 agai1)1l: the People. It 1vao c>thcrwife at Ati•ens and Rome, where the particulu Mf n, nd eYcn grrat Men, were often tmtted with much Fre.eilom ancl Se11eriry, wlien they defervccl. 1t l yet the eople; the body of the People, were fpolien'c:i wirh rhe ntmofr Regard and 1leverence.

!Tbt Sncre.J: fii will'"._gl .,( tbr Pcoplt, rhr/,,-,;alahlr M11r"tfliof tbe Ptop/e, tbt 11<0fu/'.1u1krir:r 'of tbr PfPJ>lt, mid 1/Jr '"'"F

,rf<1b/( Jmlv111n1 of tltt P1oflt, were

n!prl"11te0ftt:nces ; but \\'lien theycom1: ]1hrafos Common in thefe wife,great and·o · public!< Offences? they h1fc all B::,.

ncfit of fuch a ·Plea ; <ve are !hen 110 Ion·£er to confider, to wha! Cauf<!'.l they are

frqe Ciries. . , ,.-, &;me will 'tell us, tliis is fctting·np-tMob for St tesmen, and·fouhe-renf.irers

owin, but what Evils they m«y produce , «1f Stares. The·word Mob. dotS not at allMid here \ve lha)l r<!idily find, that Follyhas overturn ed &ates, nnd .priv3te litrecdl·been the parenr of publick Confot1ou .

.move 'me,' on cthis fio1r, nor weaken-the GrC>ttml I !;O upon, it ;, ccttain thatthe whole ople, who are tbc. publidr,

The J[>nli11g therefore ofpublick Wick· arc the befl Judges, whether Things go illed11 . as'it i• a l>nl\' which every Mao or well,with the i111blick-•.: It is true

.,we$ to Tmrh and his "0Junr rv, can ne· they can't allof them foe difianl Darigcrt, vcr be a l..il in the Nature of• Thi11g• 1 ·nor ·watch the'Motiinu,"nor gucfs the and they who call it fo, maIce themfelvcs ·deligns of neighbouring States: llitt every

:Oiblc


1735William CosbyNew York WeeklyJournalseditious libel

"traduce, scandalize, and vilify" "Supposing they were true, the law says that they are not the less libelous for that. Nay, indeed the law

- -_- _

says theirbeing true is an aggravation of the cri.me.''


1735William CosbyNew York WeeklyJournalseditious libel Andrew Hamilton

- -_- _


"It is natural, it is a privilege, I will go farther, it is a right, which

all free men claim, that they are entitled to complain when they are hurt. They have a right publicly to remonstrate against the abuses of power in the strongest terms, to put their neighbors upon their guard against the craft or open violence of men in authority, and to assert with courage the sense they have of the blessings of liberty,

the value they put upon it, and their resolution at allhazards to preserve it as one of the greatest blessings heaven can bestow:'

- -_- _


"The question before the Court and you, Gentlemen of the jury, is not of small or private concern. It is not the cause of one poor printer, nor of New York alone, which you are now trying.No! ...It is the best cause. It is the cause of liberty.And I make no doubt butyour upright conduct this day will not only entitle you to the love and esteem ofyour fellow citizens, but every man who prefers freedom to a life of slavery will bless and honor you as men who have baffled the attempt of tyranny, and by an impartial and uncorrupt verdict have laid a noble foundation for securing to ourselves, our

- -_- _

posterity, and our neighbors, that to which nature and the laws of our country have given us a right to liberty of both exposing and opposing arbitrary power ...by speaking and writing truth:'

newspapers and the public

partisan subje ctivity

partisan presses

1

- .

•••

_,. " T II·E- .. --::-

Nev - YorJ{,Wee ly J OU.R NA L

<XittJ jng tilt;fref/;eft A4vicu, Foreign, a11d Domefri ck. ':lif JL -

.. tr Un::r ; · •

Ai /,;M ;•t fu m1 at Pu/rut tlx 'lO' fi<k'"'' ;, r1ru-:f!DLJ Nib di C6llrt ad O•

rb,.f' otlt I l1Ul/i b.'t."",,,;11

nO Complement ;hewho it afffon1cd ar the rfalSog ofthe Ten Commandmc:nu would malrl: iM llccalogue • Libtl, i£ he dmll, bat ile Tcmptt us- at thefameTimtf oform

mf <1t Ii< ,.,,,.. a,lrnal; ti;, fd · • J1dgmeot o£ his life :tnd Morau, nutlt:.oi.f rt1J in up.. 1&11Subj.It,.urJ 7

J otct ·;_ 't'?,,

A Liblt' is not the lefs ;Lihliiri\in

.i. \... tcue, this JTI:'!Y fc-em a Corltrdidc>n ; hut ir is ncirhcr one in L". w• 3TSO<om1non &ofe. 'fhere ar fu1ne Tlutr.s 11.,t lit co be tultl ; where., for E.Jam,)}e; the l)i((:overy or • fmall fault mr o

>t :di to his AdvQtltage : Whocvtr callo publ ick and ne<;e{f:ary Tnuhs

Libt ls.. c!ocs s{lp:ife ns(lf his O\\ll

CfuitailC'l", and Arms os "ith Caution ,gah\fr his l)c:tignt. :

Ihatt 16ng thought, 1hat the \\'oild arc f7 much mlfi. kcn in rheir ldt-a and l:lifiintticm of Lihtb, it h;u bct1\

hi1hc:rto gc:l rall v undeificod , tha< there was no QtjJt( Libds but 1boft

;againtl. 1'b1iQr:ucs 8nd .1hofc sgainft private Men. Now ro

mirchi;' ot wbcre .1he Di(Qlve T-'· f..a .me.h<ro.fe<111S<o bcThir!I .lbrt·ot Li·g ·eat Fault cao Jo no good there OJJgbttc. be no tli(C(IVtl'}'

1at all, :t1\d to 1nal.:eF';.uh& where there arc 11one is 1liil" \

ll'01fe. Uut ihis l)aChi111? onlv fiohls trur: a$ to

})rivatc e:nd per(ona l fitiHngs ; antl it iS q11ite01hcr\\•ir( \,•litn the- c;d1nes.of Mell

f' c:o1nC ·to·AffC t 'the 1.,uh lick.

Nothi:}gou rht to be fodr.ar to t1s:i.s our Ol\1ntry;. a1:1:f nnthiogou ht co coniciu.Con11>eti1ion\vit h its lutc(cl r\ s. E''t'ery t.tio1e·agaiuft 1r.c':_.()C1blick. s a gre<J.t'c rimc, tho"·'thcrC be fi 1nc greatcr'rhcn oi)ler.s. . ,Jguornnr,c

.,d Folly mov l>e pleoded in Alle,·iatiori ot \lfltc Offi:11c.es ;but u•ht-Jl they com,to 'be pub1ick OJfcncc, thi:y loofC aH ·s.n:fit of fuch a·Pka;'ve a.re J1en no lon·ff:r to confide(,. to what Ca.ufcs they ate

'

b<lst foll :is li.flruitive •• ariy of tht fOr> met. 'can probably' be, Imun Librl• agai11fl the·People-. It was othcrwire at Athens and Rome, \\'here t11c patticulat Men, . and c•c-n gre<\t ?.1cn, wete olicn tre.Med\Vith nntch Frecilon\ and Severity',\vhtn tl1c-y d('lervr:d. it \ yet 'the P.eoplc.the body of the People,were Cpoun 'c£

witb the tHmoft Regard• ·a1)d'R:tverel'l c:c. fT'be.Yntrc.-.J:f iii-ilt<tl_JI gf thf Ptoplr, tbt l•oiolabk Md itfliof tbe "Ktop/ e, tb< t1<•ful'llu1 ?itJ "Y>f th( Pto;lt, a11d tl<t '"'"Pfi."''blt ]11tltmm1 of t·q, P'of lr, Wero phr,.rc·s Commo11 in thefe tviCC',gccat and freeCi1ies. . j· .9.>mc \\•ill tell us, tbi.s is fc.tting op the]'.Ito) for Statesmen, and fdr rhocenrOrcrs

oiving'1 but what ·Evils they nl<l.y pf9dUcc, ·of S1a10s. The·1v<'1rd Mob.does 001•t u':ud hc<e ,, lh.Jl readily find.that 'folly .rito'IC 1-ne,• on·tlrr, OCO.fiorr, nor wcaJtenlw overturned State$, JtTid -Pri" te l1ltettll""b cn the pa(ent nf publick c nft.Jftot1. ;

-the Ground I go u n, it is certain thM:the whoki><ople, who are the publiclt,

l'he t'JJ). ftn thcreFvreof publick \Vick·a:cthO bell fodRes. whethu Thi•lt' f!.O illcdntG-,as jc is a l>ut 'I' w.hich every ?.1an oNes to Tnuh and his C?.Ounrrv, ca:n ne

r well,\Vii'h ihc pllblick. It ts truethey can't allof them f:c <lillanl Daogc11,

wr be a Li ) in the Nature of Things ; ·nor w.11ch the" Motio1l'-nor g_ntfs 1),e;ind Ibey \V"ho call it fo, nuke chemlelvcs

·dCf;gns "of neighbouring Saa1cl: Btu every· Coble

"I am aware that many object to the severity of my language; but is there not cause for severity? willbe as harsh as truth,and as uncompromising asjustice. On this subject, do not wish to think,or to speak, or write,with moderation. No!no!Tell a man whose house is on 6re to give a moderate alarm; tell him to moderately rescue his wife from the hands of the ravisher; tell the mother to gradually extricate her babe from the fire into which it has fallen; --but urge me not to use moderation in acause like thepresent. am in earnest --willnot equivocate

BnsTo:"l, j}f•S9•CHUIGM't.J OUR COO:rr.'f'&T s TH£ \VORLO-Otllt cousTaYx'l!s A.a MA'.CJC.L'.\D. S•TllRDA1'1A uovST IS, 18$1.

(NO. 33.

'\'I L L l \1'1 J,.LOYD GA U R JSON A N D ISAAC KN Af f , P U BLlSH E:llS.

VOL. J.)

-- Iwill not excuse .... Iwillnot retreat a single inch ....AND I WILLBE HEARD."

-

f RbO&RU.:: \Klt;OL.1,

l

e•

T H E N O R T tI ST A R.

=\\ J.Lt.l\'1 c·, )-'.I.I., l'Ur.J...llr:r..

M. n. 1n:L.\'\\, t..nv11.t. RIGHT I 01" :\0 :')EX-TRliJ'll l:i OF o fX)l,Olt-(:ou JS TIU: r.\1'111;1t Ol" n; AI.I., AJ) Al.t. Wi': AIU:

nn1'71'HIH:S.

JOIJ.\ UWK l'1mr11..

YOL. I. O. 2:3. RO<'lll TEH. X. Y., FHIDAY. JC'>E 2, J ,sJ8. WHOLE :l\0.-23.•

k----

., ·o r 1

'"The object of the NORI H STAR will be to attacSLAVERY inall its forms and aspects; advocate

UNIVERSAL EMANCIPATION; exalt the standard of PUBLIC MORALITY;promote the moral and intellectual improvement of the COLORED PEOPLE; and hasten the day of FREEDOM to the THREE MILLIONS of our ENSLAVED FELLOW CONTRYMEN."

Frederick Douglass 1848

partisan subje ctivity

partisan presses

rational-critical debate

°'axR("

telegraph

the rise of objectivity

.. 1_

telegraphic realism; • 'T'1'bttt,er to be unborn dlM unr":gm irg•OQQCC bciog_cbc modW $(alt

II etrwl;bUndl!'$ u Knfn.allCl mial::!fi tlu;..touHnaeblc ti!un.derA:aaLIng, :•thcf Dtvll1C1 M Qra.U J O>C ·lcm f&ot w•a·the tees, nor '"'

. - ··tblids whJC knoWI IT1mc an IM no ater Ca itl IAatDltilM tlea, ,bl)•f tlf ; '1ufe Ole de.Areys{t/(forwmt Of lmlcigf: :_Hau th¢ o!

id tbn•,·and Councclsofchc 11lalc wt1tl4; flanto •och 9mpl

_ ._ !u -'- t' ' - --- -'e ¢Pf ! ng r- iL ' _. !'.- '

"t j'{ ]Here is King Cb,r/11? Whtt"s become of himThe RumouriV V ftrangc variety of opinions leav nothing : for:

ema"'· lome 6y, when he &w the Scorm commmg after hrm as fat u in BriJg1J1atn-, he ran away to his t/114.,.J7 J,t/ov1tl inlr11'111J ; yt,-S• Xing.they ay he r"°" 4'R'>IJ out of his own King,,,, very M11jefl #.MIJ : Others will have him cred:ing a new Monie 'l"Ch1 in

the Hb of A. gl1fa1 : A third fort there 1.re whch &y he huh hid him(elfe. I will not now determine the muter, beaufe there is uch a dealc ofuncertain ty ; and tht:refore ( f or the fausfa.dion of my Coan• trymen) it welt beft to {c.:nd H'" """Cr1after him.

telegraph


telegraphic realism information economy

news becomes a commodity transmission over discussion

telegraph


commercialismrising costs of news production from party to audiencewi•re servi•ces

Associated Press (1848)United Press International (1907)International News Service

(1909)

telegraph


commercialismmiddle-american obje ctivityphotographic realism

l 6 0 ?

Lamentdb/ene-wes out of c!Jvfon1nouth...!hirein Wales.CONT'A Y N I N G ,

'l1ie wondcrfuJland moll fearcfull accidents ofthc gtcac ouerflowing ofwaters in thcfaidcCoun rye,

"1Wtri11g illfoitt 1111""7"1efC,1ttP1f J1HnJ.s, lf s Shaft•<Jxt11, Eiad IJ#f,1s,'11'11h others:IO!tl htT

fli ththtl#fo efl#tUIJ 111t1','IPnfJt1' 111JClli/Jr111,,,.,,J tluf11611trfio"of x:n;i

PM./&tt ;,,1AllHAYJ'"ffI 6 O 7•

Printed forW.W. nd arcto be fo1dein paures Cburchyardc at thc Ggnc ofthc Grcy ho11ud.

LO NDO N

A N T H O N YP A I N T IT HE

'Blafpheming Caryar.WhoJunkeinto thegr<>UndtVJ> to the neck,antithereflooJ two tidy

tWO nightS:, and not to bee drawnc outbythe l\rcoEth of Horordiggcd out bythe help of man: and thercdyc4the

3.ef N#t1116tl'. 1613.Al{othe punilluncnt ofN h#U1M1k :imoft wicked &Tafthemcr.

Rl11tk it1tA trtr116/,.PublUhcd bT Alltbodt .

At London printcdfor loh11 Trflml/j i and are tobe foldat. Cbriftdmh Gacc• .Jdl4.

Gods Handy-vvorke inW ON DER S.

M'tramlofJj1J fo ewen "1pon t1'o Wome>1, late!J dtliuered of t1PoMonficrs :with a moll firange and cerri ble Earth·qltakc, by

whkh,Field1411J Pthtrgro"11dt, were qH1tere:moued to other places :

'The prodigious births,being at aplace called Perre-.farmt,within a'11'4rler oj' 11 111ik o/ FeuerihaminKenc,the i5.if luly

Sall, being S,14111tt his day. 1611.

-- --=-==-=---::

telegraph



daguerreotype (1840s)

telegraph



daguerreotype (1840s) celluloid film (1880s) half-tone (1880s)

telegraph



daguerreotype (1840s) celluloid film (1880s) half-tone (1880s)the rhetoric of the photograph

telegraph


commercialismmiddle-american obje ctivityphotographic realismthe transformation of the public

sensationalism 1•nvest1•gat1•on

JVUA•'I

JOSEPH PU Ul'ZLR

Pulitzer,New York World

yellow journalism

Hearst, New Yorkjournal

models of journalism

American Journalistic Professionalism

"obj ectivity"

inverted pyramidMost important, newsworthy, or dramatic

information answer who,what when, where, why, and how questions

Key quotes, supporting evidence & details

Supporting facts & explanations more quotes

Leastt

•mportant

Supporting quotes andalternative explanations

the

..<t .DE..A.DLY P R E M..d.: J .' UBB

;1JLAST. IBO UR MX N KILLltD A ND Fl"'nil MORE

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New .JOrkTimes (1891)

ROCIIEST&R, N. .• Dao. Sl.-;-AD .!,Ocldent ocf'tLtTed ntiar the vf llago of 8'81f9l'd. :.tonr mllea-weat ot Leroy, GPtn111ee County;· la ·afternoon, by whJoh tour men wcro 1Datantly l:llled, tour o her meD TeOelvecl iDjurJea which "lll"Jll probably re11ult fa,ally, 11.nd a foreman wiw ·aerioualy hurt.

The acof dent hsppene•1on '·4)Ugb 87ten· alo11, whero tl:e men we.ro Dl•Jl. blaattng tho trov=.n ee-.rth. Tho witncafle9 of the aooldent-wLo can apeiuc .EngUah are so bM1.IY1J!Cl't that I& is im1•088ible to obtain an AOOW"O? c\oaorlp::!rin ot tbe mlt.Cller ID whloh'be exploalon ooourred, but enouirh.. baa 'been go.tberod io a11.ow'bat clll'el11aan11& bad a 1004 deal to clo wlU. it. From tb.e facts obtainable Co-nigh t ft GJtpe11ra that a blaat had been axploded and 11rep&raUon e were at 01100 mode for a110\hor.•.r1.te blsettng J>OWdor was put too near the phtce wbero the Jo11c e:r.11101Jon had boon. and nt"rrllto report tollowtkl. The rooks and earth wcro toru up ond deDtb-de11llog wlullea were burled tbrouirh tbe otr ln every direC1tlon. IC la tbouirht tbat some or tho t!N rrom the tlrot e::i:- 1•lo1tun bacl rewoiood 1n the irrouud, and that it lu&d. lgat tbe powder plaoed tor \be second bl111t. Tlu, acoic.lent too plaoo fD o Cleep cat, W.'Dtl'·h e doalS aud SoJu1·ed were ooTered by eanh nt.d 11nu.,. Tbe orlea ao.d ln'Olllllll ot the dfinit a11<1 the ehrloks or tile maimecf.were .beArtrend· lnic. •.

.,Tbt: work ot reooverlng lajllred and tb•

bo1tle11 or tbe c.lec.d tro:i1 the dd»rie jl 'OOW under·way, aud It!11 tbO.Jlrht tbat tliroe Of t.hb SDJured meu 1VU1die. a.u. 1nqaoat wlll 'be 11ld to-morrow morning. Tho men killed WCJX'O :&:•drew HWlt·and tiu.,., Huogarlau. 1abori!tl.'trbuae 1.nmea

·woTe not learned. Tbe 11>.)ured

!ltoall unknowo Buogarl

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inverted pyramidMost important, newsworthy, or dramatic

information answer who,what when, where, why, and how questions

Key quotes, supporting evidence & details

Supporting facts & explanations more quotes

Leastt

•mportant

Supporting quotes andalternative explanations

Limits of the professional objectivity model

reliance on official sources"balanced"points of view"a fl.gleaf for covert prejudice"

Wilderness

The SPECTATOR

'ft18 Future of

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alternatives to objectivity

interpretive journalism

responsibilities of the press (Walter Lippman)

1) "to make a current record"2) "to make a running analysis of it"3) "on the basis of both to suggest

plans"

Tom Wolfe

new journalism

Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test

4 Characteristics of New Journalism scene by scene construction realistic dialogmanipulation of point of view to put

readers inside the mind and emotional reality of characters

recording of everyday gestures,

manners,habits, and other symbolic details

Tom Wolfe

new journalism

Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test

4 Characteristics of New Journalism : scene by scene construction realistic dialogmanipulation of point of view to put

readers inside the mind and emotional reality of characters

recording of everyday gestures,

manners,habits, and other symbolic details

contemporary issuescorporate concentrati•on

loss of diversityfewer multiple paper townsfrom small market to large market

contemporary issuescorporate concentrati•ondeclining subscriptions

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concentrati•on declining

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OP4TALK

The Opinion PagesEDITORIAL NOTEBOOK

'Utter Chaos'inWake of Fatal Train CrashBy MA1TFLEGENHEIMER9:01 PM ET

Thequestion persisted 24 hours after an inferno had engulfed the first car of a Metro-North train in Westchester County, N.Y., killing six people: What was the S.U.V. doing on the

tracks?

Recalling Victims of.L _ T..-· ·- /"'..-·_ L

OUT THERE

Living With a Volatile NeighborBy DENNIS OVERBYE

Even a slight change in the

precariously controlled violence oftho c:nn ;i;n onnrmnnc: thormnnnrlo;i;r fnrn::iro r;i;n h::ivo rlr::iidir

Wednesday.February 4.2015 @ Today's Paper •• Vid eo Nikkei-0.86%

EXPAND T

lrat oducirag

How Movies Can Change Our MindsByJOHN GUIDA

Research suggests that Americansbringtheir ambivalenceabout government to the multiplex. Sometimes they come away with less of it.

• Edsall:The Problem With Middle-Class Populism

• Room for Debate:Treating the Internet Like a Utility

·Taking Note:No, tlhe F.C.C. Isn't Destroying the Internet

Wait, What, I'm a Millennial?ByJUUET LAPIDOS

Neither digital-world natives norvictims of the Great Recession,the children of the early 'Bos deserve adifferent label.

• The Stone: Philosophy's Lost Body and Soul

• Editorial: Bill de Blasio's Big Plansfor New York

• Friedman: A Bad Mistake

·Op-Ed:150 Years of Working on the Railroad

contemporary issuescorporate concentrati•on declining subscriptions

economi•c pressuresnews dot com

local

shared

daily

a brief history of magazines

elite mass specializedTHE SJlTUl{D.flYEVENIR POST An llluatrate.t We•kay M•ga1!:ine

Pound•d A D 1728 6.JI Benj.Franklin

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The Spe ctator (1711) Joseph Addison Richard Steele

elite magazines

The SPECTATO

The Spe ctator (1711)

elite magazines

"The Mind that lies fallow but a single Day, sprouts up inFollies that are only to be killed by a constant and assiduous Culture.It was said of Socrates, that he brought Philosophy down from Heaven, to inhabit among Men; andIshall be ambitious to have it said of me, that have brought Philosophy out of Closets and Libraries, Schools and Colleges, to dwell in Clubs and Assentblies, at Tea-tables, and in Coffee-houses:'

Joseph Addison (March 12, 1711)

general interest magazines

democratization of educationlate 19th century rising literacy rates

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specialized magazines

magazines meet television niche marketing

targeted demographicsless money in exchange for targeted ads

Cut YourCarbonInHalf

GreenGearThat Really Works

Aans toBrightenYour Life

-=jFat.111.·Fur i.\ ::;t -

Perception.

Perception. Reality.

complementary copy

ig

of pros to go high style, get aload of these real-life makeovers-and discover

15hot looks straight from the runways that'll work with y:our reality.i

By Allison Schwartz Photographs by Keith Lathrop ti

the sexy short cutThisseason'schopped shapes are lo-o-ong onstyle.The key: "They're not perfect-they look like they've grown out !a bit," saysCoby, astylist at New York City's Bumble and Bumble salon.Our reader at right, Cristy Salvi,wanted 11 swingy hair; haphazard, taperedlayers did the trick, whileextralength around the chinand the soft edgesgive her tonsof ways to play. STYLESTRATEGY: Suds upwith a gentle body bui der like Neutrogena Clean Volume BodyEnhancing Shampoo ($4,at drugstores), thenstrokein pomadeto definelayers.Other new takes for short strands:

ie

Iii

STYLE STRATEGY: Part damp hair to one side,and windone-inch pieces around flexiblehot rods. Let air-dry,unwind,

finr-comband wo

instylig STYLE STRATEGY:Apply

straightening balm to damp hair from roots toends.Part hair on the side, and blow straight with a paddle brush (it

Ifyou thinkyou need ateam

bed. head.

what about bob? pure pixie

making waves

ISTYLE STRATEGY: Towel-dry,rub hair wax between palms (no worries,it's not sticky) and spread through hair. Blow-dry, then tweak the tendrils around

STYLESTRATEGY: Work in I

a Ping-Pong-ball-size puff ofmousse. Ruffle with hands while blow-dryingfor asexy,tousledlook.For extra volume, I

cream to create tsunami waves.

gives you the most control). your face witha bit more wax.

blast hair from underneath.

202

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therapeutic ethos

HERE'SA STANDARD

codeamong job inten iewees. Whenasked I<>identifyyow- biggestcharacter flaw, you should al\\--ays answer,..rm aperlectionist." (Sigh.) "I'm just really banionmyself."InOlherwords;"never think I'm goQ<I enough, but myconstant seeond-gueO!ling will be an asset to your company.WhendoIswt?"Hrrun, when did chronic perfectionism become a selling point? Probably around the timethe first capitalist highlighted our inadequacies to hawk products.Now whene\·erwe think we're goodenough. we're urged to buy something that's going tomake use,en better...right?

Wrong, says Lisa Earle llcLeod, author of the new book Forget Petfed (Perigee). "Women tend to think that ifwe're not perfect, we'readisappoin ment toothers,"McLeod says."Butthe whole 'perfect' thing isabout trying to achieve some image we think we should be stli>'ing for.It ha,,nothingI<> do with actually erijoying life."Sofor the laot time, stopt.rying tode-quirkify yourself via endless control tops and conceaJe.r sticks, and keep your rough spotsjust theway they are.

Glamour identified someof the most common insecurities women face-b g and littl4>--on thejob. inbedorinfi-ontof themirror.Then wefoundjust theriiht reaoons foryou I<> say,"Screw perlect!" and lo\'eyourselfferyourimperfections, not despite them. Here'sMw to st.art.

206

learn to love your imperfect bodyMaybe you have a weirdfeature... Big schnoz, gangly limbs, bug eyes? Those sideshow features are part of the main attraction: you! Get rid of them and you might end up feel ing like a generic, mass-market edi tion of your formerly unique self. Dirty Dancing star Jennifer Grey famously regretted ha\"ing her once prominent. nose whjttJed down to abutton in 1992."I woke up [after

the surgery] and never looked like myself again,"she said after what she referred to as "the accident." Your bod-ditiesarewhatseparat..eyou from the pack. In fact, while some studies ha\·e found that symmetrical faces are more attractive, studies by Ludwig-Boltzmann- Institute for Urban Ethology in Vienna and the University of New Mexico found that those same faces can also be the most forgettable. What'stheuse inmakinga good first impression if no one will remember it? Besides, the real-you look isin, says celebrity makeup mtist Sue Devitt."Sometimes inexpe1ienced models will request heavy makeup

without realizing how a\\ful it lookson film,"saysDevitt."Seasoned actresses know tousealight touch becausetheir unique features are fun."

Or maybe you're not a stick figure... Unless you're a lingerie model. itsnot your job to look like a human coat hanger. "'Focus on your health rather than your weight,"says Robert Billing ham, Ph.D., associate professor of applied health science at Indiana Uni versity. "'Health is something you can work toward,"heexplains, "asopposed toworking againstsomenumber onthe scale."Thi1ty-twe>-year--0ld beUy dan cer Nadia Moussa, who has perfonned with the baad Jane's Addiction, appre ciatesher womanly curves.''What'snot to lo,e?"she asks. "My body is strong, and my dan<eisacelebration of female power.Infact,it'shardto watch skinny beUy dancers because t.he movements aren'tsensual."Gyrate, baby, gyrate!

learn to love beinganimperfect mateMaybe you're a!Taid you're not

hisfan tasy woman...You're a hot commodity and he's lucky to ha\'C you,no damn

love thgangly,curvy,odd,crooked, put meon the-defect-rack physical f

resthat make you...you!

Perfect isa great scorefor an O yrnpic figure skater,but it's a dull routine for your life Learnhow to make your so-calledfla sworkfor you so that every da comes off asyour best performance. By Jessie Knadler

Si

ll

Q

h

itS Lf! QY.tyoudew a

lkSurvey.Whatdo

•youneed inlifeto betruly happy?

• ra:..''Self·confidence.Itlots me put myself O<rt there and take

risks toget closer topeople thanImig;rt ij wereInse cure. Evetything'sharder when you're down on)'OU<·

sel."-cARRIEMcLAREN,27,NEWYORK CITY

"f'e<lceond serenity. I try to let

go what'sout of myof

of finding The One isfor peoplewho think small (why not The Five)...you've never thought twice about crying in public...you think pajamas and cowboyboots should be wom together out of thehouse.

control and just dothe best Ipossibly canwith '#hat is. Imean, eve<ything else isjust going to happen anyway."

MONICA RIC£,29.

and up? Face it: You'reweird. And that's wonderful!Expressmg your nonconformist streak mayeYen be good for your ealth,says David

healthy immune system and blood pressurelevel,not to mentKlll 11keeps depression at bay."

One woman who'sivingproof of Weeks' theory1s Erm Brockovich, the self-taught law clerk who

LONG ISLAND. N V

.,needlots oflaughs.

Joseph Weeks, Ph.D.,a consultant

faced down corporate America and won-<:lad in

and to

neuropsycholog1st at the Royal Ed nburgh Hospital in Scotland and author of Eccentrics: A Studyof Sanityand Slraf111"11"SS Ml· lard). After 10 years of researct, Weeks found that eccentricslive longer, see their doctors less fre quently,have higherIQs and sufferfewer psychiatricillnesses than their conformist :ounterparts. Why? "Curiosity, creativity and not caringwhat the neigh bors think arethemain ingredientsinthe eccentric's personality," Weeks explains. "And when you don't carewhat other people think,you cutawhole source of anxiety out of your life.That helps maintain a

off 1ce-mappropr1ate attire all the while."Peoplestop themselves from doing what they really want to do way too often," Brockovich tells Glamour. "But 1f you wear that outrageous outfit or say that outrageous thing, what's the worst that can aJ> pen? You might think you'll become an outcast or peoplewon't like you,but evenif oneor two poople are offended. almost everyone else admires you for being aleader. f 'd stuck with the suppQSEd-to path in life, I'd be broke and doing nothing. It's much better to just go for what moves you. That's when you really start living!" -t.tZ LA/¥GtEY

keep myfriends

chucking, too. Laughter is anall·natural stress reliever.After Icrack up, Ifeel so much better!"

SHELLEY EPSTEIN,29,BOSTON

"Ineed to be outside. Running outdoon

like Ididthis

mom ingcan be so beautiful. After e..ercislng, Ifeel so peaceful and slable, like all the clutter n my ife

RULE TOLIVE BY:

''Don't compromise yourself.You're

...you've ordered fast food justfor thetoys...you feel thewholeidea

has gone away."EILEEN LOVERN.33,

MINNEAPOLIS

117

RULE TOLIVE BY:

''Don't compromise yourself.You're

It-Wallow inItYou can't y cheer up until you face your blues. Here'show.

o one likes to drown in t pasting a happy

face isn't the answer. "It's a to just

try to cheer down," notes Alan

Downs, Ph.D., author of Why Does This Keep Happening to Me? (Fire· side). "But facing unpleasant emo tions 1s the only way to start fixing what's bothering you." When AlanBall-Oscar-winningscreenwriter of American Beauty and creator of HBO's Six Feet Under-was 13, his older sister was killed in a car accident whi e driving him to a music lesson. For 25 years, he tried to ignore his sorrow, but it caught up with him. "Grief is a primal thing, and the only way out of it is through it," he has said. "Having come out on the other side...really made me a stronger and richer person." No matter how great or small }<)Ur pain, healthy wallowingis a crucial part of handling it. Here,Downs' tips for feeling what's real:

Dig into your dumps. Oon't just dwell on negative feel ngs if you don't know why you have them. Instead, Downssays toask your self, What's changed for me recently? Oon't leave anythingout-the culprit could even be a physical factor like lack of sleep or exercise.

Ment.alhealthun-bulletinThediseases feel real, but no HMO will cover them.

•ApologitisA needless-blame-takingdisorder signaled by owruse of the phrase "I'msosorry." Acute cases have been known to apolog12eto people who bump into them.The cure: Try "Oops."

•lndecisionism Whenit's 4:30 but there are stillseven restaurants under consideration for tonight's dinner, indecisionism is to blame. The wish toabandon responsibility isa risk factor. A radicaltreatmentinvolving flipping a coin isin final testing.

•Man-orexia This insatiable hunger for anythingmale causes the sufferer to put her life on holdwhenever a set of "t:fchromosomes crosses her path. One remedyis an all-girl retreat, but more serious cases may need a few hoursin front of WWF Smackdo.vn to remember just how unappealing men can be.

•Screw-you-enza Morecommon duringwarm weather, thisailment prompts sufferers to cancel prearranged plans "just because."It wasonce thought to becontagious, but clingy relativesand oversocial peers are more likely the cause. Treatment includes, but is notlimited to, high doses of guilt.

--ALEXANDRA MARSHALL

118

FEELINGBAD?

Don't Swallow

Watch your timing.It's not smart to wallow in the middle of a meeting, but you can devote your lunch hour to a box of Puffs Plus. If the cause of your grief is profound, take a mental health day--0r even a vacation-andgive yourself the OK todo 100 percent nothing.

Don't stew si ently. The point is toidentify what's botheringyou and get it out. So instead of just letting your feelings circle around inside your head, write them down or contact a palwho really lstens.

Slowly smileagain.limeto rejoin theliving? Visit aspot

you'resure will make you feel good. "A change of scenery gets your mind moYing forward," says Downs. But if more than a week passes and you feel thingswon't get better, it may be timeto seek counseling.--LESLIE YAZEL

Because there'sa fine linebetween Oy! and joy.

Hassled vs.Happy you

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magazine specialization

How tork His

Desire(AgaD & .Aga9)& AgainJ

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regional editionscontent tailored to geographyTV Guide Reader'sDigest


regional editions split-run editions

advertising tailored to geographySports IllustratedTime


regional editions split-run editionsdemographic editions

advertisements targeted todemographic groups

i•nserts

ridin

radio & t

the early waves:e birth of broadcasting

aA0.0 CORPORATION OF ,\MERIC\

· -.&l'lld bt itlil m. l"""-'"""-"'•W. R.d.11C...,._n._ ,. A ...l...,_lnot"o1ol k---""

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National Broa4easling Company, 11<.Nt11 nd" Weaku•"'l •lh tn:n

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contemporary issues

corporate concentrati•on

contemporary issues

corporate

concentrati•on alternative voices

electrical telegraph

Samuel Morse1861:coast to coast telegraph wires 1866: transatlantic cable limitations:

w

i•re code

1840s

1860s-1870s

electromagnetic waves

theoreticalproof of radio waves James Maxwell

unified theory of electromagnetism

1880sHeinrich Hertz

wave propagation

transmission and reception of radio wave spark-gap transmitter

1890s

Guglielmo Marconi

spark-gap transmitter + telegraph key

1890s

Guglielmo Marconi

spark-gap transmitter + telegraph key wireless telegraphyBritish Marconi {1897)

Anne Jameson

1890s

Guglielmo Marconi

spark-gap transmitter + telegraph key wireless telegraphyBritish Marconi {1897)American Marconi {1899) 1899:English Channel1901:Atlantic Ocean ''S''1902: Atlantic sentence distance vs. control

revolutionizes reception audion (1906)

Lee De Forest

Reginald Fessendenrevolutionizes transmissionelectrolytic converterBrant Rock, MA

December 24, 1906

patent battles

early issues

No. 624,516. 6. MARCONI.

Patented May 9, 1899.

No. 841,386. L. DE FOREST. PATENTED JAN. 15, 1907.

APPARATUS EULOYED IN WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY .

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patent battles business models

Marconisell apparatuses sell service

early issues

''non1.ntercommun1.cat1.on''

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early issues

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early issues

goverrunent intervention & regulation Radio Act of 1912

R.M.S. Titanic,April 14, 1912''etheric bedlam''

license systemamateurs assigned to short wave

1•ntercommun 1•cat1•on Secretary of Commerce


early issues

goverrunent intervention & regulation Radio Act of 1912NavyWWI

US takes over American Marconi Radio Corporation of America

Formed on October 17, 1919

RCA

Only US Citizens can be directors/officers No more than 20% stock for foreigners Government Representative (Navy Admiral) GE & AT&T buy stockDavid Sarnoff

KDKA

the '20s & the birth of

broadcasting

November 2, 1920

KDKARCA vs.AT&T


broadcasting

KDKARCA vs.AT&TWEAF

AT&T


broadcasting

"toll broadcasting"

KDKARCA vs.AT&TWEAF


broadcasting

New York

Providence

affiliate

WFAADallas

San Francisco

KDKARCA vs. AT&TWEAF


broadcasting

Telephone Group vs.Radio GroupWEAFGE, Westinghouse, RCA

KDKARCA vs.AT&TWEAF


broadcasting

Telephone Group vs.Radio Grouplong distance

listening silent nightclear channels

KDKARCA vs.AT&TWEAF


broadcasting

Telephone Group vs.Radio Group long distance listening Dr.Brinkley

John Romulus Brinkley KFKB-Milford, Kansas

radiopersonalityRadio Del Rio

KDKARCA vs.AT&TWEAF


broadcasting

Telephone Group vs.Radio Group long distance listening Dr.BrinkleyWCFL

Chicago Federation of Labor

soaps, news, and sitcoms:

listening in on American culture

RADIO CORPORATION OP AMDUCA

Announcing theNational BroadtaSling Company, 111e.

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@westinghouse

National Broadcasting Company1926

NBC

RCA (50%); GE (30%); Westinghouse (20%) AT&T controls phone lines, stops broadcasts predict bill of $800,000 for 1st

yearmulti-year contract

National Broadcasting Company1926

NBC

RCA (50%); GE (30%); Westinghouse (20%) AT&T controls phone lines, stops broadcasts NBC buys WEAF network

$1,000,000AT&T must return $800,000 if they

start broadcasting again

National Broadcasting Company 1926

NBC

RCA (50%); GE (30%); Westinghouse (20%)AT&T controls phone lines, stops broadcasts NBC buys WEAF networkNBC-Red (WEAF)NBC-Blue (radio group)

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Announcing the

National Broadcasting Company, Inc.N ational radio broadcasting with better programs permanently assured by this im·

portant action of the Radio Corporation of America in the interest of the listening public

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:iW.-\ng KU! "' the wo.r Ld. II 1and.ln tht enrite uutrut tr. <hU field oi tht- Wt$tjDC houx and Gcnual Elurric fattonQ.

11 doa ft6t UJ ihU boutfwll)·. It d{l(3 not t-A :' it witl! • it fot 1ht: JNf· p:.«olm&kif'IC t\us the fan that it iIDOn:

l.uyci1 i.•ara1u1,morT w.tsshJr in1ua1ed,U yOl.I s>'n..c, in •M: kn pci»1bte

ie the Uni1cd Stalo than Vt,.::.OC:

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·.Radio /err 26,000,000 HomoT4t _.ltt/• rur;.e,.,JrlJ i!'l,#.,f M111&r1 willlit ltJn'Wt i•ul l.ril'IJ tJ 1>.i ffll!lllf'llJ

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Wt w.y qua.l'\lif1 btt&..Ja tbc:1m\Ut be dt.'ftt'ilftcd O\l:ah 10 th•t tom< Q( them will•f'pc:al lD all po:Wbk li.ataicl'L

Wt w.y qaJiry becaua url: pmgn.m 11\

U.St be ihc hoot of i ijod. 1(d\.at M:!ul · to bt: f'Uehed, no in tb.r. Unum Stun cuuld Jf(,lf'd to bt ...thoe.1 a Nrid.to f'ttt'!Titi«

T00 7 thc b.:,,t •.-Ul t.tc: •t•t-.,.da kw:ilc:alt

1ho:st ,000,())) homo an equipped.. &NI:10)),(XX} horn<C$ remain ro b.e

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The •h:"' l'!u l"Ont t>y •hen the o.J-., U:<C•"·

inc •ti,• ph.)'t hu'8. h ITl\IU nu-. l>t anlll:lHIJn'lC",,! ol )ltf"ltt.

WEAF Purcluutcl/err $1,000,000

Thc- lhoi;.., C«po tlun Qf .\mer! "• thr:tt. fort', i,1ntrl'n tc-d, ju1( :u 1hc public i , 111 h..a• ,f( tht tt\OH .Acqv-.tt pn:1gr.m) b:ut h U in1crcucd, u Ute: public 11, 111 h all'l.n@ ill.em compr·cht'\,i•t and Im frt1t11d•J<tn.ina1H:>n.

Any uw. r;{ r io 1ra1nm1uiM •tuch t:•UW: ie pvbtic (0 fed t.ht tt\c: (it,1•fit,!' o:.f the ptuGUna A tt<.H the ?\i6;hat, that th-t UloC" ol

adiabroa.d1bla.:

the pob}it u1ura,;;,l u: fut·o1d"""'lif'C'topo...be. dr.uJ1hlb1nt';,,v:hn: U.C RaCouk>n ..f,\..trt(;n(

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Amnic..a hi pt.irchutd for tine mi11KJO lla.n •taoon Wt:'..A.f ftoat Ult lunentao TdpluHw: •Ad Tclqr.•rh Comp.-ny, rh•t

.cotrtr•tr'f h.v;ng de(1,,fcd 10 1irt lf'OCI\ diebroadcuri ng b"'siiicn.

1lw. Ra.diet Corpontft of Amerio YiU m<:· tc:ti"''" contml M t.h1t 1:ition onNo\'t.mb«:r IS.

National Broa<kaslingC-.pan'.'I Organ4ed

llu R.1 roti tiun of AMtiic•ha.to de. t"idt'd toinrorpontc U1t uuiol't,•hich hu ctu9""d nt(h a C"liir lt?'J.t&tlon

!or 1hcqutlit •nd chsnrtu<Jf 1Ul, u.mkr th<: f'll.mC or th( r-;',,tJunaJ But·ina: l:ompanr, Irie,

TM Pinposc of !heNav Company

TN PtlrJ'Ol' *f t.AM .;n.k 1o ,.,.,,._riJ IAI- lw1t pnr.- Jw '--'·

,61,;,,1'" 1:M lJ•Uftl SJMn.TM NatiorW Bn..rl!uti.o.a C00t 1•ill OOf oolJ broa:ita:t 1:-.:x thmqh. uaMn WF.Af ,but 1c Y\lJ ou.i.t the"tO a-.ii-.

.biet...rlhtTbrwd< l.illnf ltlt;OM t h

OU I the. COU!\tr)' '°ht .U H nu , be p!'&C!1C.

·,ble 10 do so, "nd rht·pn.iy d1 to 1ake

Lbt.m./1 H /."ti IA.I.I V14ffJf"fll'lr t4t1......, itor 111tM!r •

lhM ·,.,_., of rt.ia/10"4/ ••f>"'1-U ••.YH ;,-,,. .,, ,nJd T'""'"'tf.111111 1Jv L"111rtlS 1111n.

No Monopoly of IN Ai•1 < N1Jio Cor'f!Ot•tioA <if..\merio is. not in 1n" .1oer.K te'f'i.1n1 • monopolr oi 1hc: a1,. 'fhat woold be 1 l.i1biht r rather than u1:nS<I. Ii ii\.t'let.rng, l\Q•e\-tf ,!o ptQ•>le muh111oe:rv •h;cJ-, .-Jll tasurt • 1ut){Jn,1J d1 1nbuuCJ11 of ..ti..nal pn:igrun,, nd 1,w 1dtr

do.mbu 11on· of ptng:>ms al the: b.Jahnt f.i\uJu v.If tJJJ:,.,-, s;;f/ '"loJtt ;n t4i; "11;i'ft1t tJ:t

P.10 Cvtp;>r•Iu.itt,4 _ f ,..l"l'"•t4 -r /I •"rt1•rrlit "' ..-11011, irNf fo. tT 11 roou1:x r:lt' rot11t.IW

1f 01hcr nd10o m.:in11hc.nmna: COtTip&llio.(Ofnpc:'tllnn af the: Radio Corpnric:m of

;\mc.na, •i,.h O MX ht: f .ctliilo of w!'ation1I Bro.du..10,i Compa.n (cw tht po.i ;,( ma!<it'lf, ltne>..rn to t.ht 9'1bht thor rn:.cl -cu., 1hc1 ni"'J do 90 on 1hc

umc ·M u:ecnied tel otbu o. 11:t.:n«c.W 11of pro>tidicc t.deqntt btOMi..

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rue-lng iiappent.The problem of fiadi"lt the 'best mcui ol doUi, lt lt '(Tt up«i.. mental l"hc RM:Sio CC>t"pOnt.tioo (]/ Amtric-a is makin1 this ttpcrimcnt in ch iacuat af che a:rt a.nd the furtMn.ntt of the U:iihutry.

A Pwblic Ad..._,. CouncilIn ordc:t that the NarionaJ 8road<"m.tri111 Camp.anr m11be &dT\xd u to 1M c typt of ·£hat d.Ucri.oWa .1Ucn may bo: uQ4dc-\I, tb•t che J*bJ.iC M•Y bit1hu tht brmck ..,t"'a "' t:.a,. done iD tk(1i.rat and bt3:way, .u...,..!\umvi fr-Ult &nd hwnao pnfOl'"tn , it tu,t=roted an Advi.xy Cou.nc-l), ccapcllilCd of l•chc. mutibc.n. to d.okn u-.nr•11Tt C)f £>,Mia f>( public opil).

toa, )Uc.h .il!fnmi !1mc to tirnt: gin: ii the bt.ne£t of tha.r judgrn<.n ( aod ll<llL.

Tht: Cbtnlkn of t.U. C<iune1I .\1l be .,...,,,oun.cfti u "'°" al tber acta:a d..&Uhut" he-en obrut1td.

M. H.A,lcswcrr1h"' Ii< Prc:sMknt

Th.c. i4ttit ot the M9' N•tiona.! tlrtlll.d.. cComf:",Oy will k M. H.. Arla

W"!)'f'I .for many t:&r:t M..n-c'ns °'"::c&orc! 1b<- •iooal Eltttric Llgiu Aacxi1cioo..

He trill r-=-. form tht n hn •nd

admUn.,.. H•on .ru,ia of the C'Of"porat.ioa.

ff. A)ltt.-onh, •hik 001 "icht1't0 i.dc-nt'i Std •\d1, the tt.d10 indu.>try or bn::.iwfr&,Jt.\f\P., u had public apc:nwc:t '"ol 11\e Co&or.ido f\iic Utilities COf'D.mi''°"• and, through b1.3 worl rlth the usoua.110"' •'hich "':prn.enci the dtttric-a.I if\dustry, hu. • brQ.ld und1uWn1 1>( the rn:hni.caJ pf'oblc:nu •·hi(h me tur't the p1 (I( broad o.ai.itl.i.

One of h;1 m.1jor t'C'IJ'O"'•b;IH_H:a .ill be to in: th1t t*'c optruion• o( th.: N1riorl Broad<a;$t1t\J Co.::np1.111 l'T6ttt c.N'th n1':'11c opin1, whic.h uprn1a1 iud( IWI?'Of!lPth th< momint. .Jta _, dTW

or tiut (M' Judfment or de: ftvim r..i.r pia;r.

Wt Jwk ot• 4..1iJMi•l'f iJt t'tt'OM-..ftl#i11f d:t:•iMmt.ol BrwJuuriwc,_p1, oj t4it t""l,UC' Swn

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RADIO CORPORATION OF AMERICAOWEN D. YOUNG, a...;.- •I "'- - }AMES 0. HAR.BORD, l'r"*'-

National Broadcasting Company 1926

NBC

RCA (50%); GE (30%); Westinghouse (20%)AT&T controls phone lines, stops broadcasts NBC buys WEAF networkNBC-Red (WEAF)NBC-Blue (radio group)

comcast®

Arthur Judsonartist management

CBS

Judson Radio Program Corporation (1926) rejected by Sarnoff & NBC

Arthur JudsonUnited Independent

Broadcasters Judson &

George Coats January 1927

CBS

Arthur JudsonUnited Independent Broadcasters

CBS

Columbia Phonograph Record Company April 1927CPBS


CBS

Columbia Phonograph Record Company Columbia pulls out (CBS)William Paley

1928Congress Cigar Company


CBS

Columbia Phonograph Record Company Columbia pulls out (CBS)William Paley''opti.on ti.me ''

NBC charges affiliates for "sustaining" programs, but pays them to broadcast "sponsoredprograms "


CBS

Columbia Phonograph Record Company Columbia pulls out (CBS)William Paley''opti.on ti.me''

CBS pays affiliates hourly feeCBS offers sustaining programs for free CBS gets firm option to all of

affiliate'sbroadcast time


CBS

Columbia Phonograph Record Company Columbia pulls out (CBS)William Paley''opti.on ti.me''

Paramount Pictures

Radio Act of 1927

Signed by President Coolidge on February 3 "public convenience, interest, or necessity" Federal Radio Commission (FRC)

5 members appointed by President no more than 3 from one party General Order 40

How should radio be paid for?endowment by a "public-spirited citizen" municipal financingstate financing"common fund" controlled by elected boardtax on radio receivers

levy on sale of radio equipment advertising"It is inconceivable that we should allow so great a possibility for service to be drowned in advertising chatter:'

Secretary of Commerce, Herbert Hoover

Communications Act of 1934

Federal Communications Commission (FCC) includes radio and telephone


Federal Communications Commission (FCC)Commercialism Triumphs

corporate lobbyingNational Association of Broadcasters

commercial stations will provide publicservi•ce


Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Commercialism TriumphsWagner-Hatfield Amendment

Robert Wagner, Senator-NY Henry Hatfield, Senator-WVSets aside 25% of stations for non-profitdefeated in 1935

"the golden age of radio"

Situation Comedy (Amos 'n'Andy )Soap Opera ( The Guiding Light)

genres

Variety Shows ( The Fleischmann YeastHour)News (Edward R. Murrow) Sports (Ronald Reagan) Horror ( The Shadow)

Amos 'n'AndyFreeman Fisher Gosden (Amos) Charles].Correll (Andy) Minstrelsy

Amos 'n'AndyFreeman Fisher Gosden (Amos) Charles].Correll (Andy) MinstrelsySam 'n'Henry

1926WGN ChicagoThe Mutual Broadcasting Network

Amos 'n'AndyFreeman Fisher Gosden (Amos) Charles].Correll (Andy) MinstrelsySam 'n'HenryAmos 'n'Andy

WMAQ1928''chainless chain''

Amos 'n'AndyFreeman Fisher Gosden (Amos) Charles].Correll (Andy) MinstrelsySam 'n'HenryAmos 'n'Andy Syndication July 17, 1928

:'

CBS

Edward R. Murrow

Begins in supervisory role in 1935 Becomes European News Director in 1937 Short wave transmissionsCBS "news roundup" D-Day broadcast :

Orson Welles

The War of the Worlds

Mercury Theater of theAirH.G. Wells October 30, 1938

Orson Welles

The War of the WOrlds

Mercury Theater of the AirH.G. Wells October 30, 1938 Invasionfrom Mars

Hadley Cantril, 194028% surveyed believed it a news bulletin

"I knew it was something terrible and I was frightened. But I didn't know just what it was. I couldn't make myself believe it was the end of the world. I've always heard that when the world would come to an end, it would come so fast nobody would know-so why would God get in touch with this announcer ?

When they told us wliat road to take and get up over the hills and the children began to cry, the family decided to go out. We took blankets and my granddaughter wanted to take the cat and the canary. We were outside the garagewhen the neighbor's boy came back and told is it was a play:'

"Mrs. Ferguson;' Northern NewJersey housewife

"I went home. My knees were shaking so I could hardly walk up the stairs.Ifound my nephew had come home and gone to bed. woke him up.

looked in the ice-box and saw some chicken left from Sunday dinnerIwassaving for Monday night dinner. said to my nephew, 'Wemay as well eat this chicken-we won't be here in the morni.ng.'"

Sylvia Holmes, Newark, NewJersey housewife

"I thought the best thing to do was go away, so I took$3.25 out of my savings and bought a ticket. After

had gone 60 milesheard it was a play. NowIdon't have

any money left for the shoes was saving up for. Would you please have someone send

me a pair of black shoes, size 9- B:'George Bates, laborer, Massachusetts

The Emergence of

Recording Culture

ABCAmerican Broadcasting Company (1943) FCC challenges "chain broadcasting"

1938-1941upheld by Supreme court in 1943challenges "option time"

ABCAmerican Broadcasting Company (1943) FCC challenges "chain broadcasting" RCA must sell NBC-BlueEdward ].Noble

Lifesavers

/'

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ENVELOPE (1JAR'ilNG AMPLll UCIE)

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FREQUENCY l

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VARYING FREOUEHCV

frequency modulation (FM)

Edwin Armstrong1933Experiments with RCASarnoff 's

''sabotage''

W2WMN (1939)experimental 50,000 watt FM station Alpine, NewJerseyan FM ''boom''

FM

Edwin Armstrong1933Experiments with RCASarnoff 's

''sabotage''

W2WMN (1939)WWIIIn 1948 Armstrong sues RCASettles in 1953

FM

radio meets television

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RAD10 CORroRATION OP AMElllc.A

specialized

FormatCountry News/Talk/Infortnation

specialized

Adult Contemporary (AC)Pop Contemporary Hit Radio (CHR) Classic RockClassic Hits Rhythmic CHR Urban ACHot ACUrban Contemporary All Sports

the birth of recorded music

talking machine 1870swax cylinder non-duplicable

Thomas Edison

Thomas Edison_ 1. Letter writing and

all kinds of dictation withou t the aid of a stenographer. 2. Pho nographic books,, which would speak to blind peop1c without et!ort on their part. 3. The teaching of elocution. 1. Repro duction of music. 5. The ''Family Record "-a registry of say i11gs, reminiscences, etc., by members of a family, in their own voices,. and of tl1e last \Vords of dying persons. 6. Iusic boxes aud toys. 7. Clocks thnt sl1011lcl annonnco in articulnto spooch tho tin1c for going 11on1c, going to mea1s, etc. 8. 'l1hc preserva tion of languBgcs, by exnct reprodnction of the n1anner of pro nouncing. 9. Educatio11al purposes ; such ns preserving tho ex planations made by a teacher, so that the pupil can refer to them at any moment, and spelling or otl1er lessone placed n11on the pl1onograph for convenience in committing to memory. 10. Connection \Vitl1 the telephone, s.o as to make that i11vention an auxiliary in the transmission of p<n·n1anent and invaluable rec ords, instead of boing the recipient of n1omcntnry and fleetingcommunications.

Gramophone1880sflat disk record labelmass production

Emile Berliner

Victor Talking Machine Company1906

Victrola

V>' et_,,r Talldn ad • e Co Camoden. J,

wire recordingtelegraphone 1890sValdemar Poulsen

magnetic tape

wire recording Magnetophon

1940sGermanyJohn T. (Jack) Mullin

magnetic tape

Mullin demonstrates the Magnetophon to the San Francisco Institute ofRadio Engineers,May 16, 1946

wire recording Magnetophon

1940sGermanyJohn T. (Jack) Mullin Ampex Model (1948)

magnetic tape

wire recording MagnetophonMulti-track Recording

Edison's cylinderBerliner's DiskLes Paul &

Ampex (1940s-1950s)

magnetic tape

wire recording MagnetophonMulti-track RecordingThe Recording Studio

magneti• c tape

the roots of popular music

sheet musictin-pan alley Vaudeville MinstrelsyStephen Foster

-

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sheet music race records

1920-1945Okeh, Paramount, Vocalion,

Columbia, Victor popularization of

phonograph copyright act of 1909

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RED HOT DANCE TUNESSERMONS

SPIRITUALSRELIGIOUSVOCAL BLUES

11·cense''


sheet music race records

1920-1945Okeh, Paramount, Vocalion,

Columbia, Victor popularization of

phonograph copyright act of 1909 blues

RED HOT DANCE TUNESSEP.MONS

SPIRITUALSRELIGIOUSVOCAL BLUES


sheet music race records hillbilly music

American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers (ASCAP, 1914)

The Carter Family (1920s)

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sheet music race records hillbilly music folk music

John Lomax



John LomaxArchive of American Folk Song (1928) Library of Congress



John LomaxMoses Asch

Folkways Records (1948)Smithsonian Institution (1987)



John Lomax Moses Asch Lead Belly Woody Gutlirie

the roots of popular musicand the Rise of

the culture industry


sheet music race records hillbilly music folk music electric guitar

Hawaiian Steel Guitar -


sheet music race records hillbilly music folk music electric guitar

Dobyera Brothers "Dobro" (1928)


sheet music

race records

hillbilly

music folk

music electric

guitar

George

Beauchamp

"frying pan"

(1934)

magnetic

"pickup"

Aug. 10, 1937. G.D.BEAUCHAM P 2;089,171ELECTRICAL STRINGED MJ' SICAL INSTRIJMEll'r

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sheet music ·race records hillbilly music folk music electric guitar

Gibson ES SO (1936)Charlie Christian -·

music & commercialism

Theodor Adorno


"On Popular Music" (1941) standardization

pre-digested''hears£IOr the

11·stener''

Theodor Adorno


"On Popular Music" (1941) standardizationpseudo-individualization

''a halo of free choice''

Theodor Adorno


"On Popular Music" (1941) standardizationpseudo-individualization passive consumption

''The less the mass discriminates, the greater the possibility of selling cultural commodities indiscritninately"

Theodor Adorno


"On Popular Music" (1941) standardizationpseudo-individualization passive consumption social cement

''consume music in order to be allowed to weep"

payolatransi• stors

1947portability

i•ssues i•n pop musi•c

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