all living things are made of cells and -...
TRANSCRIPT
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All living things are made of cells and show 7 characteristics of life
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• View the pictures of animal, plant and bacteria cells.
• Use the pictures and your knowledge of cells from Y8
to make a list of the similarities and differences
• Share your list with your pair & class.
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LEARNING OUTCOMES
ALL MUST…
Know the structure and function of animal cells, to include
● nucleus and chromosomes,
● cytoplasm, and
● cell and nuclear membranes
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cell membrane
cytoplasm
chromosomes
nucleus
nuclear membrane
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Contains chromosomes made up of long lengths of DNA that
code for many characteristics
Chemical reactions occur here
Controls movement of substances in + out
of cell
Short lengths of DNA on a chromosome form genes that code for a single characteristic
It is selectively permeable as only some substances can pass through.
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LEARNING OUTCOMES
ALL MUST…
Know that plant cells have additional structures not found in animal cells:
• cellulose cell wall,
• large permanent vacuole and
• chloroplasts
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The cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, nuclear membrane and chromosomes found in animal cells are also found in plant cells. Plant cells also contain:
Stores water and sugars as sap and provides shape + support
Made of cellulose Provides support and protection, fully permeable
Contains chlorophyll to trap sunlight for photosynthesis to make glucose
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nucleus
chloroplast large
permanent vacuole cytoplasm
cell membrane cell wall
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These are very simple cells, they have a cell membrane and cytoplasm but have a number of differences to plant and animal cells. They have:
Smaller rings of DNA that contain genetic information
NOT made of cellulose Provides support and protection, fully permeable
A loop of DNA is found loose in the cytoplasm
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flagellum tail enables bacterium to move ( not always present)
Plasmid circular piece of DNA
DNA long coiled loop of genetic material lies free in the cytoplasm
cell membrane lies between cytoplasm and cell wall
cell wall a thick strong layer containing murein (not cellulose)
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LEARNING OUTCOMES
ALL MUST…
Compare and contrast the structure of bacterial cells with plant and animal cells: ● non-cellulose cell wall, ● absence of nucleus and ● presence of plasmids
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Structure Animal cell Plant cell Bacterial cell
Cell membrane Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Chromosomes Nuclear membrane
Cell wall
Large permanent vacuole
Chloroplast
Plasmid
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Structure Animal cell Plant cell Bacterial cell
Cell membrane Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Chromosomes Nuclear membrane
Cell wall
Large permanent vacuole
Chloroplast
Plasmid
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VIDEO CLIPS
1832 cells & their function
4188 plant & animal cells
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http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_aqa/
Chose: cells
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LEARNING OUTCOMES
ALL MUST…
Use a light microscope to examine and identify the structure of plant and animal cells
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• When viewing objects start with the low power objective lens first
• This ensures you can locate the object
• It also prevents damage to the objective lens
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LEARNING OUTCOMES
ALL MUST…
Prepare microscope slides to view onion epidermal cells
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QUESTION 1a & b HOMEWORK booklet
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This is the extent to which an object has been enlarged.
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To find the magnification from a microscope
Magnification = mag of
eyepiece lens mag of
objective lens x
So nerve cell viewed using the X4 objective lens and X10 eyepiece
will be magnified X40 (4X10)
Using X10 objective lens and same eyepiece They will be magnified
X100 (10 X 10)
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LEARNING OUTCOMES
ALL MUST…
Know the relationship between measurements of length to include metres, millimetres and micrometres
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COMPARE THE SIZE OF THE CELLS IN THE ANIMATION
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cells/scale/
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1mm = 1000mm
1m = 1 000 000mm
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Convert the sizes below:
Size Object Metres
(m) Millimetres
(mm) Micrometres
(mm) Plant cell 0.0001 Red blood cell 0.000008 Bacterial cell 0.0006 Hair 0.15 Chloroplast 10 Measles virus 0.2
0.1 100
0.008 8
0.6 0.0000006
150 0.00015
0.01 0.00001
0.0002 0.0000002
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LEARNING OUTCOMES
ALL MUST…
Calculate the actual size of a specimen
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I = IMAGE SIZE
M = MAGNIFICATION
A = ACTUAL SIZE
USING AN IMAGE TO FIND
Magnification and Measurement
equations
I = A X M
A = I / M
M = I / A
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1. A cell measures 20 mm in length. When it is magnified using a
microscope the image measures 3.6 mm.
What is the magnification used?
Actual size = 20 mm Image size = 3.6 mm Change to mm = 3600mm Calculate magnification M = I/A = 3600/20 = X180
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2. The bacterium E. coli is a rod shaped microorganism
that lives in the human gut. It has a length of 2mm.
Calculate its IMAGE SIZE when magnified X600.
Actual size: A = 2mm Magnification: M = X600 SIZE (I = MXA): I = 600X2 =1200mm
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3. Calculate ACTUAL SIZE of red blood cell A:
X3000
Measure cell A: I = 30mm Convert mm into μm: I = 30 000mm You are given the Magnification: M = X3000 Calculate ACTUAL SIZE (A = I/M): A =30 000/3000 = 10mm
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LEARNING OUTCOMES
SOME MAY…
Calculate magnification using a scale bar
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Calculating magnification using the scale bar:
•If a scale bar is present on a
photomicrograph then you
can measure it instead of a
part of the picture. The length
of the scale bar on the ruler is
the “Image size” (measure in
mm) and the “actual
size/length” of it should be
written under it 5μm
•We now must
convert our mm to
micrometres to make
sure the units are the
same
•Therefore using our triangle
(magnification = image size /
actual size), we can work out
the magnification of that
photomicrograph!
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Read scale bar: A = 100mm Measure scale bar: I = 12mm Convert mm into μm: I = 12 000mm Calculate MAGNIFICATION(M = I/A): M = 12 000/100 = 120mm
100μm
1. Calculate MAGNIFICATION of this plant cell using the scale bar:
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2.
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9 9000 9000 4500
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QUESTION 1C & 2 HOMEWORK booklet
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HOMEWORK
Page 13
Measuring cells
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1. Magnification = eyepiece X objective lens X6 X10 = X60 X6 X40 = X240 X10 X10 = X100 X10 X 40 = X400
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2. Magnification = X400 Image size = mm = mm Actual size = I/M = /400
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1. Read scale bar: A =
2. Measure scale bar: I =
3. Convert mm into μm: I =
4. Calculate Magnification (M = I/A): M =
0.01 mm
Note that in this case, the actual size is given in mm
3. Calculate magnification of this cheek cell:
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LEARNING OUTCOMES
ALL MUST…
Know that multi-celled organisms’ cells are organised to form specialised tissues, organs and organ systems to improve exchange with the environment,
SOME MAY…
to transport substances and to communicate between cells
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• View the amoeba, paramecium and daphnia under the
microscope
• Jot down any similarities and differences between the
3 organisms
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amoeba
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amoeba
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paramecium
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paramecium
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daphnia
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daphnia
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Cell - the building block for all living things
Tissue - containing similar cells all performing the same function e.g.muscle
Organ - made up of two or more tissues e.g.the heart
Organism - made up of all the different organ systems
Organ System - made up of two or more organs e.g. digestive system
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Organisms which are multi-cellular must
have specialised tissues, organs and
organ systems. It helps them to:
• exchange substances with the environment
• transport substances within their body
• communicate between cells
From cells to systems http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/guides/z9hyvcw/act
ivity
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Label the diagram and add labelled arrows pointing to the bladder,
stomach and skin.
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brain
lung
muscle
kidney
eye
heart
small intestine
uterus
bone
skin
stomach
bladder
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Organ System Main Organs Main Function
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Organ System Main Organs Main Function
Digestive Stomach, small + large intestine, pancreas
Large insoluble to small soluble for
absorption
Respiratory lungs Gas exchange
Skeletal Bones + muscles Support, movement, protection
Circulatory Heart, blood vessels Transport, protection
Excretory Kidneys Removal of toxic waste
Reproductive ovaries/testes Production of gametes +
fertilisation
Nervous Eye, ear,
spinal cord, brain
Detect changes, conduct messages, produce response
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reproduction
photosynthesis
support + transport
Anchorage + absorption of water
+ mineral salts
FLOWER
STEM
LEAVES
ROOTS
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http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/guides/
z9hyvcw/revision
Cells to systems
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How do these organisms differ in the way that
they grow?
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LEARNING OUTCOMES
ALL MUST…
Compare and contrast the patterns of growth and development in plant and animal cells: animals grow all over and plants grow at apices to produce a branching pattern
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Growth in plants and animals
Growth is a permanent increase in size. This can be because individual cells get bigger, or because cells divide to form more new cells.
Plants and animals grow in different ways.
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Most animal cells in an organism can reproduce to form new cells. This results in growth occurring all over the organism’s body giving a rounded shape.
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In plants growth is restricted to the tips of roots and shoots. These areas are called apices. This causes plants to grow in a branching pattern.
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Tip of roots
Tip of shoot
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LEARNING OUTCOMES
ALL MUST…
Explain the term diffusion and give examples of diffusion in plants, animals and bacteria
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Transport in and out
of cells
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perfume particles
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Body cells need oxygen and glucose to release energy in the process of cell respiration. They also need nutrients such as amino acids, fats, vitamins and minerals for healthy growth.
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And waste materials such as carbon dioxide and water must be removed.
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Plants also need carbon dioxide and water to make glucose during photosynthesis and need to remove excess oxygen.
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the movement of particles from an area of high
concentration to an area of low concentration until they are evenly distributed
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Diffusion is important in the movement of
GASES in and out of cells
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When the cell respires it uses up oxygen. Blood brings red blood cells carrying lots of oxygen to the body cells. Oxygen moves from a high concentration in the blood to a low concentration in the body cells by diffusion.
RBC BLOOD
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RBC BLOOD
When the cell respires it makes carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide moves from a high concentration in the body cells to a low concentration in the blood by diffusion. The blood carries the carbon dioxide away. This maintains a concentration gradient for movement of carbon dioxide.
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• Google an image of a cross section of an
alveolus. Print and stick in your notes.
• Draw on labelled arrows to show the
movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
• Write sentences to explain the movement of
oxygen and carbon dioxide.
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capillary
bronchiole
alveoli
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Gas exchange in the lungs
Oxygen (O2) diffuses from a high concentration in the alveoli to a low concentration in the blood.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) diffuses from a high concentration in the blood to a low concentration in the alveoli.
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1. These palisade mesophyll
cells need carbon dioxide
for photosynthesis
2. These guard cells surround pores
called stomata which allow carbon dioxide
into the leaf
3. Carbon dioxide moves from a high concentration in the
air to a low concentration in the mesophyll cells by
diffusion
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2. These guard cells surround pores
called stomata which allow carbon dioxide
into the leaf
3. Carbon dioxide moves from a high concentration in the
air to a low concentration in the mesophyll cells by
diffusion
1. These palisade mesophyll
cells need carbon dioxide
for photosynthesis
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http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_aqa/
Chose: cells
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LEARNING OUTCOMES
ALL MUST…
Describe the origin of animal cells from stem cells which later become specialised and that animal cells lose the ability to differentiate at an early stage of development
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• Video: How Do Stem Cells Work?
BANG GOES THE THEORY WATCH to 1min 17s
• DISCUSSION – Why are stem cells unique?
– Where can you get them?
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Stem cells • A stem cell is a cell that can divide into any type of cell, it is not specialised
• All animal cells originate from embryo stem cells. During the development of an embryo, most of these cells become specialised. They cannot later change to become a different type of cell. This process is called cell differentiation.
• Adult stem cells are found in organisms at all stages of their lives, not just adults. Adult stem cells are restricted to develop into the types of tissues in which they are found skin, blood & bone marrow stem cells
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• Video: How Do Stem Cells Work?
BANG GOES THE THEORY WATCH remaining video
• DISCUSSION – Why are stem cells useful?
– What is a placebo?
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Collecting stem cells
• Embryonic stem cells can be removed from human embryos that are a few days old, for example, from unused embryos left over from fertility treatment.
• Adult stem cells can be collected from most tissues e.g. blood, bone marrow, and skin tissue.
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Growing a trachea
from stem cells
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Growing skin from adult stem
cells
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LEARNING OUTCOMES
SOME MAY…
Explain:
● the ethical implications of the applications of stem cell research
● the need for government control of this research to protect the public;
● the need for validation of this research (for example by peer review)
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Uses of stem cells Stem cells can be used for:
Growing tissue
– making new brain cells to treat Parkinson’s disease
– rebuilding skin, bones and cartilage
– repairing damaged immune systems
– making replacement heart valves
Growing organs
– growing trachea
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video link: Spinal Injury: 3 mins Ballyclare
debate cards activity
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• Principles
• Morals
• Beliefs
• Ethics are the principals by which we live.
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• Removing cells from an embryo that could grow into a new individual, even if that embryo has been produced by IVF and is no longer required, is opposed for religious reason.
• The embryo is killed and will not develop into a human.
• Embryo has human rights
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Stem cell research is under strict control in most countries.
This involves:
• The need for government control of this research to protect the public
• The need for validation of this research by peer review (review by other researchers working on stem cell research)
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Advantages of using
embryonic stem cells over
adult stem cells
• Easier to grow or culture
• More plentiful and easier to extract
• Can develop into a wider range of different cell types and tissues
• There are more in the placenta and umbilical cord than in adult bone marrow
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http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/21c/
Chose: you and your genes< cloning and stem cells<